2009 flu pandemic by country

This article deals with the status and efforts regarding the 2009 flu pandemic by country and continent/region.

  Confirmed cases followed by death

  Confirmed cases

  Unconfirmed or suspected cases

See also: H1N1 live map, WHO updates

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  suspected deaths

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See also: H1N1 live map, WHO updates

  Confirmed community outbreaks

See also: H1N1 live map, WHO updates

  Confirmed mutation of H1N1 virus

  Confirmed double infections

  Confirmed cases of tamiflu resistance

As the pandemic progressed, laboratory testing and confirmation decreased. Confirmed figures for the United Kingdom, in particular, are only meaningful up to 2 July, when routine testing stopped and presumed cases were treated without laboratory confirmation of diagnosis. Following the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), many countries stopped issuing estimates of the infected population, making this list inaccurate.

The ten countries and territories with most confirmed cases per capita

Pos.	Country	Population[nb 1]	Confirmed cases	Confirmed cases per 1,000 inhabitants
1	Iceland	306,694	8,650	28.20
2	Portugal	10,707,924	166,922	15.59
–	Cook Islands	11,870	106	8.93
3	Belgium	10,414,336	214,531[201]	20.59
–	Macao	559,846	2,625	4.68
–	Hong Kong	7,055,071	31,554	4.47
4	Spain	46,700,000	(155,051)	3.32
5	Kuwait	2,691,158	8,622	3.20
6	Brunei	338,190	972	2.87
–	Jersey	91,626	234	2.55
7	Germany	82,080,000	(192,348)	2.34
8	South Korea	48,600,000	107,939	2.22
9	Palau	20,796	46	2.21
–	Cayman Islands	49,035	105	2.14
10	Malta	405,165	718	1.77
	World	6,790,062,216	25,584,595	3.76

*Includes countries with over 40 confirmed cases only.

Affected continents/countries

Africa

2009 flu pandemic in Africa:   Confirmed deaths   Confirmed cases   Suspect cases   No reported cases

No deaths   1+ deaths   5+ deaths   10+ deaths   50+ deaths   100+ deaths

The Egyptian government ordered the mass slaughter of all pigs in Egypt on 29 April,^[202] even though the current strain was a human-human transmittable, human influenza that had previously hybridized with avian flu and swine flu. The World Organization for Animal Health called the swine killing "scientifically unjustified".^[203]

The first case of the H1N1 virus was discovered in Cairo, Egypt on 2 June 20, in a 12-year-old girl coming from the US with her mother. Only the girl was infected and the officials caught the case before letting her out of the airport. A second and third case were discovered on Sunday 7 June, two students at the American University of Cairo.^[204] On 11 June 2 more cases were discovered, bringing the total number of cases to 12.^[205]

The swine flu was confirmed in 21 African countries: Egypt, South Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Côte d'Ivoire, Seychelles, Cape Verde, Libya, Kenya,^[206] Uganda, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Mauritius, Somalia, Sudan, Namibia, Zambia, Gabon, and Rwanda.

The H1N1 virus was a concern in the months leading up to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which took place in June 2010 in South Africa.^[207][208]

Asia

2009 flu pandemic in Asia   Deaths   Confirmed cases   Suspected cases   No reported cases

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Western and Central Asia

H1N1 in Central Asia

  Deaths

  Confirmed cases

  Suspected cases

  No reported cases

H1N1 in Southwest Asia

  Deaths

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On 27 April, Azerbaijan imposed a ban on import of animal husbandry products from America.^[209] AZAL took additional safety measures and a sanitary quarantine unit of the Health Ministry started to operate in Heydar Aliyev International Airport, checiking all aircraft and passengers.^[210] On 2 May Border checkpoints with disinfection barriers for both cars and pedestrians were installed at the Samur, Shirvanovka and Khan Oba checkpoints in Qusar and Khachmaz Raions.^[211] The veterinary services at checkpoints intensified their activities while hog farms in the northern regions switched to a closed farming regime.^[211]

Seventy-seven cases were confirmed in Israel.^[212] In response to the outbreak, the Israeli Deputy Minister of Health, Yaakov Litzman, suggested that out of respect for the religious sensibilities of Jews and Muslims, the flu should be called "Mexican Flu." This was done so as to not confuse the population into thinking that they could not acquire the virus if they did not eat pork.^[213][214] The Israeli government retracted this proposal following Mexican complaints.^[215]

The first confirmed cases were reported in Kuwait on 23 May, after about 18 people on U.S. military bases tested positive.^[216]

On 30 May 2009 the first three cases were confirmed in Lebanon. "One Lebanese man who was in Spain and two Canadians who arrived in Lebanon a week ago are suffering from swine flu," the health minister said. "We put them in quarantine and the blood samples we have taken every day have proven to be positive. The Lebanese man and the two visiting Canadians – a woman and her daughter – were given the proper medical treatment in time and they are well now." The Lebanese Health Minister had previously asked citizens to stop the habit of social kissing, that affected schoolchildren be kept at home and that travel to countries in which cases have been confirmed be avoided.^[217] Beirut also banned the import of pork.^[218]

In Saudi Arabia, the first case, which affected a Filipino nurse working at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, was confirmed on 1 June. The Health Ministry, in cooperation with the hospital, applied the national plan for the prevention of swine flu in accordance with WHO's recommendations. Accordingly, the patient was isolated and treated.^[219]

Southern Asia

H1N1 in South Asia   Deaths   Confirmed cases   Suspected cases   No reported cases

H1N1 in Southeast Asia   Deaths   Confirmed cases   Suspected cases   No reported cases

All people entering India via the main airport hubs of Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Goa, Jaipur, Kochi, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad were screened. The primary focus was on passengers entering from the US, The United Kingdom, Canada, Mexico, France and New Zealand.^[220] As of 25 October, over 13,000 cases had been confirmed in India, with 444 deaths, starting with a 13-year-old girl's death in the city of Pune, where almost 91 people died.^[221]

In the Maldives, a ministerial committee was established to supervise preventive measures to avoid an outbreak. All visitors arriving at the Malé International Airport and the country's three commercial seaports were screened.^[222]

Pakistan took precautionary measures at its international airports to check passengers coming from affected countries.^[223] Doctors checked incoming passengers and allowed entry only to those with no symptoms. Major hospitals were placed on high alert.

Southeastern Asia

Since 8 July a total of 207 cases were reported in Brunei.^[224]

The Cambodian Pig Raiser Association told the government it should ban live pig imports. But Khlauk Chuon, the deputy director of Camcontrol at the Ministry of Commerce, said they would only ban live pig imports from affected countries.^[225]

The Indonesian government halted the importation of pigs and initiated the examination of 9 million pigs.^[226] Thermal scanners that can detect human body temperature were installed at Indonesian ports of entry.^[227]

The Lao government bought 10 thermal imaging machines to install at the country's major immigration border checkpoints. The Prime Minister Bouasone Bouphavanh said masks should be made available and health officials would be assigned to border checkpoints.^[228] On 22 July, Laos recorded its first death.^[229]

In Malaysia, health screenings were carried out on passengers traveling to and from Mexico via sea, air and land beginning 17 April.^[230][231] The Health Ministry's disease control division activated its operations room to monitor the situation and informed medical practitioners treating suspicious cases to inform the district health office immediately.^[232] Thermal scanners were installed at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.^[233] Screenings were imposed in Pengkalan Hulu, at the border with Thailand, in late April.^[234] Quarantine rooms were allocated in 28 hospitals^[235] and the country stockpiled more than 2 million doses of Tamiflu, as of May 2009.^[236] Schools were issued strict hygiene procedures on 16 May to contain any outbreak.^[237] On 15 May, the Health Ministry confirmed Malaysia's first case: a male student who had arrived via air from Newark.^{[231][233][238][239]} The first death was reported on 23 July.^[240] As of 11 August there were 2,253 confirmed cases.^[241] As of 12 August the total number of deaths in Malaysia stood at 44.^[242]

In the Philippines, thermal imaging equipment at airports was implemented to screen passengers coming from the US.^[243][244] The Philippines quarantined travelers arriving from Mexico with fever.^[245] The importation of hogs from the U.S. and Mexico was banned and the restriction of vaccine use was retracted.^[246] On 18 May, a Filipina girl who arrived from Houston was the first confirmed case in the Philippines.^[247] As of 15 June, there were 193 confirmed cases.^[248] On 22 June, the first death was reported.^[249]

The first case in Singapore was confirmed on 27 May. It was announced on 18 June that Singapore appeared to have its first case.^[250] As of 7 July 1,217 confirmed cases had been reported.^[251] As of 25 July, there were 4 confirmed deaths.^[252][253]

Vietnam's Ministry of Health released an emergency dispatch and urged agencies to take precautionary measures.^[254] Thermal imaging devices were dispatched to airports and border gates to screen passengers.^[255] In response to WHO's warnings, Vietnam on 30 April raised its alert level to 4, which indicated a "threat of community level outbreaks" while local authorities executed precautionary measures.^[256] On 1 May 2009 a Ministry of Industry and Trade official said that the Ministry was considering a ban on pork import "under certain situations".^[257] On 31 May Vietnam announced its first case, a 23-year-old student recently returned from the United States.^[258]

Eastern Asia

H1N1 in Eastern Asia

  Deaths

  Confirmed cases

  Suspected cases

  No reported cases

On 26 April, visitors returning from flu-affected areas to China who experienced flu-like symptoms within two weeks were to be quarantined.^[259] On 2 May, the Chinese government suspended flights from Tijuana to Shanghai.^[260] Meanwhile, the Civil Aviation Administration of China assigned a charter to transport stranded Chinese visitors home.^[261] The first suspected case was reported on 10 May 2009.^[262]

On 29 April the Food and Health Bureau of Hong Kong^[263] advised Hong Kong residents not to travel to Mexico unless absolutely necessary. The first case was a Mexican who arrived from Shanghai. The Bureau escalated the alert level from "alert" to "serious",^[264] which activated health protection measures in all ports of entry of Hong Kong. Thermal screening machines were used to identify passengers with fever and respiratory symptoms. Any passenger who is confirmed to have a fever were quarantined and sent to public hospital for investigation.^[265] Hong Kong became one of the first jurisdictions to declare the swine flu as a notifiable disease. Much of the procedures against the contagion were learned from the 2003 SARS outbreak, of which Hong Kong was the epicenter of the outbreak.^[266][267] On 1 May, the first case in Hong Kong and also the first in Asia was confirmed. The Mexican patient arrived in Hong Kong on 30 April. Metropark Hotel Wanchai, where the patient stayed, was quarantined.^{[268][269][270][271]} After the first case was confirmed, Hong Kong's response level was raised from "serious" to "emergency".^[272]

In Japan, live pig imports were inspected.^[273] Japanese Agriculture Minister Shigeru Ishiba appeared on television to reassure customers that it was safe to eat pork.^[274] The Japanese farm ministry said that it would not ask for restrictions on pork imports because the virus was unlikely to turn up in pork and would be killed by cooking.^[275] On 8 May, the first three cases were confirmed. The infected patients had spent time in Canada and returned to Japan via Detroit.^[276][277] The first domestic infection was confirmed on 16 May in Kobe.^[278] As of 18 May 130 cases had been confirmed.^[279]

South Korea warned against travel to Mexico City and three Mexican states.^[274] The government stepped up quarantine and safety checks on travelers arriving from the United States and Mexico, and pork imports from those countries. An emergency quarantine system was instigted, with simple tests conducted on people with flu symptoms at airports.^[259] On 28 April, South Korea reported its first probable case after positive preliminary tests on a nun who had recently returned from Mexico.^[280] One case was confirmed on 30 April.^[281][282] On 2 May, the first suspected woman turned out to be infected. South Korea became the second infected nation in Asia.^[283] On 13 September, five people died, and 1 person experienced brain death. As of November, 107,939 had been infected.^[284]

On 20 May the first case of the influenza was confirmed in Taiwan.^[285] The government had previously taken steps to prevent an outbreak, including a command center, travel alerts for infected nations,^[274] and more severe health checks at international ports. Taiwan said visitors who arrived from affected areas with fevers would be quarantined.^[286] According to The Department of Health (DOH), Taiwan had a sufficient supply of surgical masks and vaccine to deal with the flu. The DOH stated that they had 50 to 60 million masks in stock and that local manufacturers had the capability of producing 200,000 doses of the flu vaccine a month.^[287] The Centers for Disease Control announced on 28 April that every flight from the Americas, specifically Canada and the United States, that arrived in Taiwan would be subject to a strict on-board screening procedure.^[288]

On 2 July, the first case of oseltamivir-resistant virus in Asia was announced in Japan, in a woman who had been taking Tamiflu prophylactically.^[289]

On 18 July 2009, Hong Kong had its first swine flu death.

On 3 July, a case of Tamiflu-resistant virus was discovered. The woman had not previously taken Tamiflu, so concern has been expressed that she may have contracted an already resistant virus from someone else.^[290]

On 28 August 2009, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare announced that it estimated approximately 760,000 people would be infected and 46,400 hospitalized per day during the expected peak month of October. Overall they predicted that 20% of rural Japanese would become infected and 30% in city areas.^[291]

Europe

Outbreak evolution in Europe:

  Deaths

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  Suspect cases

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On 27 April, the Spanish Ministry of Health and Social Policy announced its first case (th first in Europe) in a 23-year-old man who had recently returned from Mexico on 22 April and had been quarantined on the 25th.^[292] The day the European Union health commissioner advised Europeans not to travel to the United States or Mexico unless urgent.^[293]

On 14 June, It was reported that the United Kingdom had its first confirmed death.

As of 22 December, every European country, apart from the 5 microstates had confirmed deaths. France had 27; Spain, 33; Norway, 29 (4 January 2010); Italy, 6; Belgium and Germany, 8; Sweden, 3 (3 November); Malta and Greece, 3; Denmark, Finland,^[294] Hungary and Luxemburg, 1; Ireland and the Netherlands, 10, and the United Kingdom, 79. The British government suggested 55,000 new cases in the week up to 16 July.

Hungary reported the first death in the country on 22 July.^[295] Ireland reported its first death on 7 August.^[296]

As of 19 August, all European countries with the exception of the micro states San Marino and Vatican City had reported cases.

North America

Outbreak distribution in North America:

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  No deaths

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In Canada, roughly 10% of the populace were infected with the virus,^[297] with 363 confirmed deaths (as of 8 December); confirmed cases had reached 10,000 when Health Canada stopped counting in July.^[298] Canada began its vaccination campaign in October and vaccinated a higher proportion of its citizens than any other country.^{[297][299][300][301]} The pandemic was a concern in the months leading to the XXI Olympic Winter Games, which took place in Vancouver in February 2010.^[302]

Dr. José Ángel Córdova Villalobos, Mexico's Secretariat of Health, stated that since March 2009, over 1,995 suspected cases and 149 deaths were confirmed. Twenty were confirmed to be linked to a new strain of Influenza A virus subtype H1N1.^[303][304] "'As many as 23,000 Mexicans were likely infected with the swine flu virus,' Neil Ferguson of Imperial College London and colleagues reported in the journal Science."^[305] Soldiers mobilized by the government have handed out six million surgical masks to citizens in and around Mexico City.^[306] On 24 April 2009, schools (from pre-school to university level) as well as libraries, museums, concerts and any public gathering place, were shut down by the government in Mexico City and the neighboring State of Mexico to prevent the disease from spreading further; the schools in Mexico City, the State of Mexico, and the state of San Luis Potosí would remain quarantined until at least 5 May.^[307] Marcelo Ebrard, Mexico City's mayor, asked all night-life operators to shut down their places of business for ten days to prevent further infections.^[308] On 25 April, President Felipe Calderón declared an emergency which granted him the power to suspend public events and order quarantines.^[309] On 26 April, the World Bank announced US$25 million in immediate aid loans to Mexico, an additional US$180 million for long-term assistance to address the outbreak, and advice on how other nations have responded to similar crises.^[306] On 27 April, the Secretariat of Public Education announced that all schools in Mexico would remain closed at least until 6 May.^[310] On 28 April, the Mexico City government closed all restaurants and cinemas. The National History and Anthropology Institute closed all archaeological sites and museums, including the most famous Mayan and Aztec ruins, until further notice.

A semi-logarithmic chart of laboratory-confirmed A(H1N1) influenza cases by date according to WHO reports.^[197] Mexico, USA, and Canada are shown as a breakdown of the total.

In the United States, initial reports of atypical flu in two individuals in southern California led to the discovery of the virus by the Center for Disease Control in mid-April. More than a hundred cases were confirmed in the following two weeks, across a dozen states.^[311] Outside of California and Texas, initial cases were all tied to recent travel to Mexico or close contact with those who had. St. Francis Preparatory School, a private school in New York, was the center of a large cluster of cases after a spring break trip by several students. It was one of the first US schools to be closed during the early outbreak.^[312] Most of the cases in California and Texas were not linked and may have reflected localized outbreaks.^[313] The disease was not as virulent outside of Mexico, for reasons not fully understood. The US declared a state of Public Health Emergency, but this was said to be standard procedure in cases as divergent as the recent inauguration and flooding.^[314] On 29 April, the US suffered its first confirmed death,^[315] and on 5 May the first US citizen died from swine flu.^[316] As of 6 June, there were 17 confirmed deaths from swine flu in the US.^[317] As of mid-May 2009 many states had abandoned testing unless serious illness and/or hospitalization were present.^[318] Because reported numbers represented only confirmed cases, they were a "very great understatement" of the total number of cases of infection, according to the CDC.^[319] The real number of cases in the United States could be 「upwards of 100,000,」 a top public health official estimated on Friday – far higher than the official count of 7,415 cases confirmed by laboratories.^[320] As of 20 October 2009, cases had reached over 256,000, with 2,800 deaths in the United States.

Caribbean

H1N1 in Caribbean and Central America

  Deaths

  Confirmed cases

  Suspect cases

  No cases

In Aruba, all passengers arriving by airplane or cruise ship were required to fill out a health questionnaire beginning on 27 April 2009.^[321] Hotels and resorts were required to report to authorities if any tourists were showing flu-like symptoms.^[321] The government ordered antiviral medication and other supplies from the Netherlands and the United States.^[321] No cases were reported.^[321]

In Barbados, the first confirmed case occurred on 3 June 2009.^[322] The second case was confirmed on 6 June.^[323] The third case was confirmed on 10 June.^[324] The fourth case was confirmed on 17 June.^[325] Twenty five samples were sent to the Caribbean Epidemiology Center.^[325]

Cuba suspended flights to and from Mexico for 48 hours.^[326] The first case in Cuba was confirmed in mid-May.^[327]

The first two cases in the Dominican Republic were confirmed on 27 May.^[328] By 7 June, 93 cases had been confirmed, primarily mild infections.^[329]

As of 7 July 2009, 33 cases were confirmed in Jamaica. Health Minister Ruddy Spencer told Parliament that the country had been placed on high alert. There was heightened surveillance at health care facilities and ports of entry.^[330]

In Trinidad and Tobago, one female case was confirmed.^[331]

In the Bahamas, ten students and teachers who arrived from Mexico in the last week of April were in quarantine.^[332]

Central America

  No deaths

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The first two cases of the 2009 flu pandemic in Costa Rica, both of whom had traveled to Mexico, were confirmed on 28 April.^[333][334] On 31 July local authorities announced that the country was among the sample countries that would test the vaccine developed by Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis. The local sample would include 784 Costa Ricans ages 3 to 64. Besides Costa Rica, this vaccine prototype would be tested in Mexico and the United States.^[335]

On 11 August, it was confirmed that Costa Rica's President, Óscar Arias Sánchez, was infected with the virus, becoming the first head of state.^[336][337] President Arias returned to normal activities after one week of isolation.^[338] As of 15 October the Costa Rican Ministry of Health had 1,530 confirmed cases, 1,242 pending cases and 38 deaths.^[339]

Guatemala checked all travelers arriving from Mexico and stopped anyone with symptoms at border crossings.^[340] On 5 May, in a meeting with Health Minister and the Vice President, it was announced that an 11-year-old girl was infected.^[341] As of 7 July Guatemala had 286 confirmed cases leading to two fatalities.^[342]

Honduras reported its first confirmed case on 27 May. By 7 June the country had reported 67 cases, mostly in San Pedro Sula and along the Atlantic Coastline. All airports and commercial sites as well as public events were monitored. As of 7 July there were 123 confirmed cases and one fatality.^[342]

As on 4 June 179 confirmed cases had been reported by Panamanian health authorities.^[343] Of these, 91 were male and 88 were female. Schools with positive cases were being disinfected. Thermal cameras had been deployed in Tocumen International Airport to identify symptomatic passengers.

As of 7 July, El Salvador reported 319 confirmed cases, and Nicaragua 321. Panama and Nicaragua reported no fatalities.^[342]

Oceania

Researchers in Australia and New Zealand reaffirmed that infants under the age of 1 had the highest risk of developing severe illness.^[344] Canadian health officials reported that swine flu is hospitalizing three to four times as many children as regular seasonal flu.^[345]

  Deaths

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The first confirmed case in Australia was reported on 9 May.^[346] As of 3 July, Australia had 7,290 confirmed cases. The first Australian death was on 19 June and the total death toll reached 20.^[347] The alert level was raised from "delay" to "contain", giving authorities in all states the option to close schools.^[348] Australia stockpiled 8.7 million doses of Tamiflu and Relenza.^[349] At the beginning of the outbreak airlines were required to report passengers from the Americas with influenza symptoms and nurses were deployed at international airports.^[349]

On 30 May, New Zealand had 9 confirmed cases and 10 probables. During June cases in New Zealand rose rapidly. On 14 June the Ministry of Health announced a 65% increase in cases in just 24 hours. On 4 July, the Ministry of Health announced the first New Zealand deaths. Three confirmed deaths were confirmed, however two had known underlying medical conditions. The total number of confirmed cases reached 945.^[350]

Two cases were confirmed in the Pacific Islands. Both cases were confirmed on 15 June, one in the Solomon Islands and another in Samoa.^[351][352] 5 cases were confirmed in Fiji as of 24 June and 1 case in Vanuatu.

South America

Outbreak evolution in South America:

  Deaths

  Confirmed cases

  Suspected cases

  No reported cases

  No deaths

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In Argentina, as of April, passengers with symptoms arriving from Mexico and United States were required to list where they would be should they experience any symptoms.^[353] In addition, the government stepped up safety checks, and thermal scanners were being used at airports to detect passengers with fever and other influenza symptoms. Flights from Mexico were temporarily suspended.^[354] These measures proved to be largely ineffective. As of 22 June, Argentina had 1,213 confirmed cases and 10 confirmed deaths,^[355] increasing to 52 confirmed deaths^[356] and an estimated number of as many as 100,000 infected on 2 July, as confirmed by Minister of Health Juan Luis Manzur.^[357] As of 14 July, the number of officially recognised cases skyrocketed, with 137 deaths,^[358] making the death toll in Argentina the second highest in the world, behind only the US.

As of April, Brazilian airports were monitoring arrivals from affected areas, under the direction of the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Air crews were trained on signs and symptoms.^[359] As of 4 June, there were 28 confirmed cases.

The first case flu in Chile was confirmed on 17 May.^[360] On 29 May, the Chilean Health ministry confirmed the number of cases had risen to 226.^[360][361] On 3 June Chile suffered its first confirmed death, a 37-year-old man from Puerto Montt.^[362] To the date, and since laboratory tests were no longer mandatory, the estimate of cases in Chile reached 500.000 cases.^[363]

On 3 May, Minister Palacio confirmed the first case in Colombia,^[364] in a 42-year-old, who had recently traveled to Mexico.^[365] According to Palacio, only one of 18 tests sent to Atlanta was positive. The patient was isolated and put under medical treatment. On the same day, Palacio stated there were 108 suspect cases in the country.^[365] On 27 April, the Government declared a "national disaster" state^[366] which allowed health authorities to have a special budget.^[367] The government purchased 400,000 oseltamivir (Tamiflu) doses, to be distributed through the Social Protection ministry.^[368]

Health officials examined arrivals with flu symptoms.^[369] On 29 April, Ecuador closed its borders to Mexican citizens and foreigners of other nationalities arriving from Mexico for 30 days.^[370] On 15 May, health officials confirmed the first case in Ecuador.^[371] On 20 May, the Health Department confirmed 7 more new cases, raising the total to 8,^[372] and then to 41.^[373]

The first case in Peru was confirmed on n 14 May. On 17 May, the second case was confirmed. He had returned from the US on 12 May, showing symptoms only two days later.^[374] On 18 May a new case was confirmed, a scholar returning from a trip to Dominican Republic. Another case of a scholar came from the same trip. The student had contact with the third victim and both studied in the same school.^[375] The Governor of Callao ordered that all passengers from any infected country be checked before their entry into Peruvian territory. The Peruvian government was to be warned of any case or symptom. This step affected the main port and airport of Peru, located in Callao. The government prepared a special area at the Hospital "Daniel Alcides Carrión" to treat cases.^[376] Slaughterhouses were inspected and screened incoming passengers from problem areas.^[377] All commercial flights from Mexico to Peru were suspended on 29 April.

In Venezuela, controls were raised at airports to prevent contagion from spreading. Travellers from the United States and Mexico with symptoms were isolated until they cleared. Pig farms in the country were "closely inspected" and medicine stockpiled.^[369] On 28 May Health Minister Jesús Mantilla confirmed the first case in a Venezuelan citizen who flew from Panama. He was isolated and treated.^[378] The following day, a second case was confirmed from another person on the same flight.^[379]

Reporting bias

Epidemiologists cautioned that the number of cases reported in the early days of an outbreak could be very inaccurate.^[380] Causes included selection bias, media bias and incorrect reporting by governments.

Selection bias in epidemiology occurs when authorities in different jurisdictions look at differing sets of patient. For example, in the early days of the pandemic, doctors in Mexico may have been concentrating on patients in hospitals, rather than the larger vulnerable population. This may in part explain the higher mortality recorded there.^[380] Conversely, it is implausible that few, if any, died in Mexico while Brazil and the United States accumulated hundreds of additional lab-confirmed deaths. Media bias may have skewed incidence maps based on these media reports. Countries with poor health care systems and poor laboratory facilities may take longer to identify suspected cases, analyse those cases and report them.^[381]

Passive data collection methodologies (waiting for the patient to arrive at a health care facility) are considered inferior to active data collection techniques (performing random stratified sampling) due to selection bias^[382] and because laboratory facilities to perform swift genetic tests on patient samples are not widely available.^[380] As of July 2009 there no properly controlled epidemiological studies had been conducted for the 2009 outbreak.

See also

• 2009 flu deaths by region

Notes

1. All population figures are estimates for July 2009 from the source: "CIA – The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 8 September 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.

References

1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Update:"ECDC Daily Update – Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 – 19 January 2010" (PDF). 2010-01-19. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
2. "Regional Update Pandemic (H1N1) 2009". Data Status Week 43 (Oct, 31). WHO PAHO. 2009-11-09. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
3. Sum of state reported confirmed cases; see US Swine Flu outbreak table for more information.
4. Sum of state reported confirmed deaths in U.S.; see US Swine Flu outbreak table for more information.
5. "Regional Update Pandemic (H1N1) 2009". Data Status Week 43 (Okt, 31). WHO PAHO. 2009-11-09. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
6. Sum of state reported confirmed deaths; see totals in 2009 flu pandemic in Brazil for more information.
7. "84 Muertes por gripe y 675 casos graves en 2010". Ansa Latina. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2011-02-07.
8. "Summary of Situation of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009". Week of 10 Nov – 16 Nov 2009. WHO SEARO. 2009-11-19. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
9. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2010-02-13). "Consolidated Status of Influenza A H1N1". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 2010-02-14. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
10. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2010-07-12). "Consolidated Status(Weekly) of Influenza A H1N1". Press Information Bureau. Archived from the original on 2010-07-25. Retrieved 2016-04-27.
11. "Regional Update Pandemic (H1N1) 2009". Data Status Week 40 (Okt, 10). WHO PAHO. 2009-10-16. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
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External links

• Influenza: H1N1 at DMOZ
• Swine influenza, at the World Health Organization
• WHO's current Pandemic Influenza Phase

• Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Swine Influenza (Flu)
• Medical Encyclopedia Medline Plus: Swine Flu
• Medical Encyclopedia WebMD: Swine Flu Centre
• H1N1 Statistics and Confirmed Worldwide Cases