Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system

An Amtrak HHP-8 under 25 Hz wire

Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system is a traction power grid operated by Amtrak along the southern portion of its Northeast Corridor (NEC): the 225 route miles (362 km) between Washington, D.C. and New York City[1] and the 104 route miles (167 km) between Philadelphia and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Railroad constructed it between 1915 and 1938. Amtrak inherited the system from Penn Central, the successor to Pennsylvania Railroad, in 1976 along with the Northeast Corridor. In addition to serving the NEC, the system provides power to New Jersey Transit Rail Operations (NJT), the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) and the Maryland Area Regional Commuter Train (MARC). Only about half of the system's electrical capacity is used by Amtrak. The remainder is sold to the commuter railroads who operate their trains along the corridor.

History

25 Hz Power Supplies on the ex-PRR System
Legend
 Amtrak Hell Gate Line (12 kV 60 Hz)
 Bowery Bay Phase Break
 Sunnyside Static Converter
 LI City GS (Ret)
 Waterside No.1 GS (Ret)
 New York Penn Station, NY

KearnyPhase Break NJT M&E (25 kV 60 Hz)

WaterfrontPhase Break NJT M&E (25 kV 60 Hz)

MatawanPhase Break NJT NJCL (25 kV 60 Hz)
 MetuchenRotary Converter
 Richmond Rotary Converter (Ret)
 RichmondStatic Converter
 Somerset Rotary Converter (Ret)
Zoo Sub
SEPTA ex-Reading Lines25 Hz from Wayne Junction
Girard Ave. Phase Break

Philadelphia 30th Street Station
LamokinRotary Converter
Parkesburg Sub
Safe Harbor Dam
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Perryville Sub
 Jericho ParkStatic Converter
 Benning GS Rotary Converter (Ret)
 Washington, DC
 Potomac Yard
Old substation built for the 1915 electrification project at Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Outdoor yard is an addition.

The Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) began experimenting with electric traction in 1910, coincident with their completion of the trans-Hudson tunnels and New York Penn Station. These initial systems were low-voltage direct current (DC) third rail systems. While they performed adequately for tunnel service, the PRR ultimately determined them to be inadequate for long distance, high-speed electrification.

Other railroads had by this time experimented with low frequency (less than 60 Hz) alternating current (AC) systems. These low-frequency systems had the AC advantage of higher transmission voltages, reducing resistive losses over long distances, as well as the typically DC advantage of easy motor control as universal motors could be employed with transformer tap changer control gear. Pantograph contact with trolley wire is also more tolerant of high speeds and variations in track geometry. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad had already electrified a portion of its Main Line in 1908 at 11 kV AC 25 Hz and this served as a template for the PRR, which installed its own trial main line electrification between Philadelphia and Paoli, Pennsylvania in 1915. Power was transmitted along the tops of the catenary supports using four single phase, 2 wire 44 kV distribution circuits. Tests on the line using experimental electric locomotives such as the PRR FF1 revealed that the 44 kV distribution lines would be insufficient for heavier loads over longer distances.

In the 1920s the PRR decided to electrify major portions of its eastern rail network and because any sort of commercial electric grid simply did not yet exist at the time the railroad constructed its own distribution system to transmit power from a select number of generating sites to trains possibly hundreds of miles distant. To accomplish this the PRR chose to implement a pioneering system of single-phase high voltage transmission lines at 132 kV, stepped down to the 11 kV at regularly spaced substations along the right of way.

The first line to be electrified under this new system was between Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware in the late 1920s. By 1930, catenary extended from Philadelphia to Trenton, New Jersey, by 1933 to New York City, and by 1935 south to Washington, D.C. Finally in 1939 the main line from Paoli west to Harrisburg was completed along with several freight-only lines. Also included were the Trenton cutoff and the Port Road Branch. Superimposed on these electrified lines was an independent power grid delivering 25 Hz current from the point of generation to electric locomotives anywhere on nearly 500 route miles (800 km) of track, all under the control of electric power dispatchers in Harrisburg, Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York City.

Northeast railroads atrophied in the years following World War II; the PRR was no exception. The infrastructure of the northeast corridor remained essentially unchanged through the series of mergers and bankruptcies which ended in Amtrak's creation and acquisition of the former PRR lines which came to be known as the Northeast Corridor. The circa 1976 Northeast Corridor Improvement Project had originally planned to convert the PRR's system to the utility grid standard of 60 Hz. Ultimately, this plan was shelved as economically infeasible and the electrical traction infrastructure was left largely unchanged with the exception of a general traction power voltage increase to 12 kV and a corresponding transmission voltage increase to 138 kV.

During the 1970s, several of the original converter or power stations which had originally supplied power to the system were shut down. Also the end of electrified through-freight service on the Main Line to Paoli allowed the original 1915 substations and their 44 kV distribution lines to be decommissioned with that 20-mile section of track being fed from 1930s-era substations on either end. In the decade between 1992 and 2002, several static converter stations were commissioned to replace stations that had or were being shut down. Jericho Park, Richmond, and Sunnyside Yard converters were all installed during this period. This replaced much of the electrical frequency conversion equipment, but the lineside transmission and distribution equipment were unchanged.

In 2003, Amtrak commenced a capital improvement plan that involved planned replacement of much of the lineside network including 138/12 kV transformers, circuit breakers, and catenary wire. Statistically, this capital improvement has resulted in significantly fewer delays, although dramatic system shutdowns have still occurred.

Specifications and statistics

West Philadelphia Substation 1915

The 25 Hz system was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad with a nominal voltage of 11.0 kV. The nominal operating voltages were raised in 1948 and are now:[2]

As of 1997, the system included:

Over 550 GWh of energy are consumed annually by locomotives on the system.[3] If this was consumed at a constant rate over the entire year (although it is not in practice), the average system load would be approximately 63 MW.

The system power factor varies between 0.75 and around 0.85.

Power sources

Electrical power originates at seven generation or conversion facilities. The nameplate capacity of all the power sources in the system is about 354 MW. The instantaneous peak loading on the system is between 210–220 MW (as of c. 2009) during the morning rush hour, and up to 225 MW during afternoon.[4] Peak load has risen significantly in the last decade – in 1997 the peak load was 148 MW.[3] As a point of comparison, an HHP-8 electric locomotive is rated for a 6 MW (equivalent to 8,000 hp) mechanical output, after conversion and Head End Power losses.

Regardless of the source, all converter and generator plants supply power to the transmission system at 138 kV, 25 Hz, single phase, using two wires. Typically at least two separate 138 kV circuits follow each right of way to supply the lineside substations.

Currently, the following converter and generating plants are operable, although all are rarely in operation simultaneously due to maintenance shutdowns and overhaul:

Location Capacity (MW) In-service Comments
Sunnyside Yard (Long Island) 30 c. 1996 Static Inverter
Metuchen 25 1933 Motor Generator
Richmond 180 2002 Static Inverter
Lamokin 48 1928 (3) Motor Generators
Safe Harbor 81 1938 (2) Water turbines; (1) Motor Generator
Jericho Park 20 1992 Static Cycloconverter
System Total Capacity 354

Three types of equipment are currently in operation: hydroelectric generators, motor-generators (sometimes called rotary frequency converters), and static frequency converters.

Hydroelectric generators

The Safe Harbor Dam generates 25 Hz railroad power via two turbines in the east end of the turbine hall and an M-G set outside against the Dam face.

The 25 Hz machines at the dam are scheduled by Amtrak but owned and operated by Safe Harbor Water Power Company. Amtrak typically uses this source as a peaking power source, similarly to most hydroelectric plants in the US . Like other hydroelectric plants, it also has excellent black start capability. This was most recently demonstrated during the 2006 blackout. After a cascade shutdown of converters had left the network de-energized, it was recovered using Safe Harbor's generators, and the other converters subsequently brought back online.

During the twelve-month period ending August 2009, Safe Harbor supplied about 133 GWh of energy to the Amtrak substation at Perryville.[5] Typically, two thirds of the Safe Harbor output is routed through Perryville, the remainder being sent through Harrisburg or Parkesburg. This suggests that Safe Harbor supplies around 200 GWh of energy annually into the 25 Hz network. 39°55′36″N 76°23′6″W / 39.92667°N 76.38500°W / 39.92667; -76.38500 (Safe Harbor Dam Power Plant)

Motor generators (rotary frequency converters)

Motor-generators and steam turbine generators were the original power sources on the PRR traction power network. The last steam turbine shut down in 1954, but some of the original motor generators remain. Although the converting machines are frequently called 'rotary converters' or 'rotary frequency converters', they are not the rotary converter used frequently by subways to convert low-frequency alternating current to DC power. The converters used are more precisely described as motor generators and consist of two synchronous AC machines on a common shaft with different ratios of poles; they are not electrically connected as in a true rotary converter.

Principal advantages of motor generators include very high fault current ratings and clean output current. Solid state electronics can be damaged very quickly, so the microprocessor control systems react very quickly to over-correct conditions to place the converter in a safe, idle mode; or to trip the output circuit breaker. Motor generators, being of 1930s design, are heavily overbuilt. These rugged machines can absorb large load transients and demanding fault conditions, while continuing to remain online. Their output waveform is also perfectly sinusoidal without noise or higher harmonic output. They can actually absorb harmonic noise produced by solid-state devices, effectively serving as a filter. These attributes, combined with their high fault-current capability, make them desirable in a stabilizing role within the power system. Amtrak has retained two of the original converter plants and plans to overhaul them and continue their operation indefinitely.

Disadvantages of motor generators include lower efficiency, generally between 83% (lightly loaded machine) and 92% (fully loaded machine). In comparison, cycloconverter efficiency can exceed 95%. Also, motor generators require more routine maintenance due their nature as rotating machines, given the bearings and slip rings. Today, the outright replacement of motor generators would also be difficult due to the high manufacturing cost and limited demand for these large 25 Hz machines.

Static frequency converters

The static converters in the system were commissioned during the decade between 1992 and around 2002. Static converters use high-power solid-state electronics, with few moving parts. Chief advantages of static converters over motor generators include lower capital cost, lower operating costs, and higher conversion efficiency. The Jericho Park converter exceeds its efficiency design criteria of 95%. Major disadvantages of solid state converters include harmonic frequency generation on both the 25 Hz and 60 Hz sides, and lower overload capability.

Jericho Park was the first solid-state power supply introduced on the Amtrak network. It suffered from some filtering network problems caused by the highly distorted voltage present on the catenary and was ultimately downgraded from its original design capacity of 25 MW to 22 MVA.[7] Amtrak has requested funding to rehabilitate portions of the converter in an ARRA request.[6] During the twelve-month period that ended in August 2009, the Jericho Park converter used about 70 GWh of energy. Note that SEPTA's static converter plant at Wayne Junction is also based on this technology, although it was supplied by a different company; see SEPTA's 25 Hz Traction Power System. 39°0′56″N 76°46′9″W / 39.01556°N 76.76917°W / 39.01556; -76.76917 (Jericho Park Static Converter)

Former converter and power stations

Waterside Power Station in Manhattan, New York

The majority of power sources in the original Pennsylvania Railroad electrification were built prior to 1940. Some have been retired out-right, others have been replaced with co-located static frequency converters, and others remain in service and will be refurbished and operated indefinitely. The following tables lists sources which are no longer in service.

Location Type (Number)Capacity (MW)Dates in Service Comments
Long Island City Steam Turbines (5) 18 / 32 1910–1954 [10] Three turbines originally, five from c. 1910. 32.5 MW total capacity.
Waterside Steam Turbines (3) 24 c. 1910–1978 [11]
Richmond Motor-Generators (2) 60 1932–1996 Replaced with co-located 180 MW Static Frequency Converter
Schuylkill Motor Generator 18 1914–1971
Somerset Motor Generator 18 c. 1933–c. 1990s Demolished circa 2011. Power at 13 kV, single phase, 25 Hz, ran from four switches at NE corner of building NE along Trenton Ave and connecting rail line to Frankford Junction, where they ran along Delair Branch to Richmond Sub 31. Also supplied Reading Railroad system via Wayne Junction. Transmission lines have also been removed. 39°59′11″N 75°07′04″W / 39.98639°N 75.11778°W / 39.98639; -75.11778 (PECO Somerset Substation (Disused))
Benning Frequency Changer 25 1934–1986 Operating contract expired.
Radnor Synchronous Condensers N/A 1917–c. 1930 Power factor correction and voltage regulation
Long Island City Power Plant under construction in New York in 1905
The Pepco Benning Road power station in Washington, D.C., supplied 25 MVA of 25 Hz power via a rotary frequency changer in the hall nearest the Metro tracks from 1935 until 1986.
A picture of one of the 1916 Radnor Synchronous Condensers from Electrical World

Declining need for 25 Hz power

During the beginning of the 20th century, 25 Hz power was much more readily available from commercial electrical utilities. The vast majority of urban subway systems used 25 Hz power to supply their lineside rotary converters used to generate the DC voltage supplied to the trains. Since rotary converters work more efficiently with lower frequency supplies, 25 Hz was a common supply frequency for these machines. Rotary converters have been steadily replaced over the past 70 years with, at first, mercury arc rectifiers and more lately solid-state rectifiers. Thus, the need for special frequency power for urban traction has disappeared, along with the financial motivation for utilities to operate generators at these frequencies.

Long Island City Generating Station

Long Island City Power Station in Hunter's Point, NY was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1906 in preparation for the North River Tunnels and the opening of Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan. The station consisted of 64 coal-fired boilers and three steam turbine generators with a total capacity of 16 MW. In 1910, the station was expanded with two additional turbine generators for a total capacity of 32.5 MW. Power was transmitted to rotary converters (AC to DC machines) for use in the PRR's original third rail electrification scheme. Like most DC electric distribution systems of the time (Thomas Edison's being the most famous), 25 Hz power was used to drive rotary converters at substations along the line. Some sources state that the station was largely dormant by the 1920s.[10] When AC overhead electrification was extended in the 1930s, Long Island City connected to the 11 kV catenary distribution system.[12] Operation of the station was transferred to Consolidated Edison in 1938, although ConEd began supplying power from the adjacent Waterside Generating Station, most likely due to declining overall demand for 25 Hz power. The station was disused and sold in the mid-1950s. 40°44′35″N 73°57′29″W / 40.7430°N 73.9581°W / 40.7430; -73.9581 (Long Island City Generating Station (Disused))

Waterside Generating Station

Originally constructed by Consolidated Edison to supply power to their DC distribution system in Manhattan, Waterside began supplying power to the PRR's AC system around 1938 when ConEd assumed operation of the Long Island City Station. The single-phase turbine generators were retired in the mid-1970s due to safety concerns. Two transformers were installed to supply catenary power from remaining (three-phase) portions of ConEd's still relatively extensive 25 Hz system. Power flow management problems prevented usage of this source under other than emergency conditions.[11] 40°44′47″N 73°58′15″W / 40.7464°N 73.9707°W / 40.7464; -73.9707 (Waterside Generating Station (Demolished))

Benning Frequency Changer

In 1986, Baltimore Gas and Electric elected to not renew the contract under which it had operated the Benning Power Station frequency changer on behalf of Amtrak. They proposed a static frequency changer which was built at Jericho Park (Bowie, Maryland) and placed on service in the spring of 1992.[13] 38°53′51″N 76°57′33″W / 38.897534°N 76.959298°W / 38.897534; -76.959298 (Benning Frequency Changer ( demolished))

Radnor synchronous condenser

Although reactive power has primarily been supplied along with real power by the steam turbines and motor generators of the system, the PRR briefly used two synchronous condensers. Shortly after commissioning the 1915 electrification, the railroad discovered that the 44 kV feeders and large inductive loads on the system were causing significant voltage sag. The supplying electric utility (Philadelphia Electric) also discovered that power factor correction was needed. In 1917, the PRR installed two 11 kV, 4.5 MVA synchronous converters at Radnor, the approximate center point of the system load.[14] This substation was located at the site of water tanks used to supply water to track pans which supplied water to conventional locomotives. At some later time, the converters were shut down and removed. Dedicated machines for reactive power support have not been used subsequently by either the PRR or Amtrak. 40°02′41″N 75°21′34″W / 40.044725°N 75.359463°W / 40.044725; -75.359463 (Radnor)

Substations

Frazer substation on the Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line
Old substation remote control panel at Paoli interlocking tower
A one-line diagram of the 1930 era substation at Bowie, MD
The large substation at the Safe Harbor dam is one of the minority that steps-up 25 Hz power to 138 kV for long distance transmission.
One-line diagram of Zoo Sub 9, circa 1997, on the Load Dispatcher mimic board in Philadelphia
The Power Dispatcher's view of substation 43 (New York City Penn Station)

The PRR's original 1915 electrification made use of four substations, at Arsenal Bridge, West Philadelphia, Bryn Mawr, and Paoli. The Arsenal Bridge substation stepped-up 13.2 kV, 25 Hz power supplied from PECO's Schuylkill power station on Christian Street to 44 kV for distribution. The remaining three substations reduced the 44 kV distribution voltage to 11 kV trolley voltage. The substations were operated from adjacent signal towers.[15] They used typical period concrete buildings to house the transformers and switchgear while the line terminals were on the roof. From 1918 onwards outdoor stations were used and when the main line electrification began in 1928 the stations became large open air structures using lattice steel frameworks to mount the 132 kV terminations and switchgear. By 1935 new stations were connected to remote supervision systems allowing power directors to open and close switches and breakers from central offices without having to go through the tower operators.

Today about 55 substations are part of Amtrak's network.[3] Substations are spaced on average 8 miles apart and feed 12 kV catenary circuits in both directions along the line. Thus the catenary is segmented (via section breaks, also called 'sectionalizations' by the PRR) at each substation, and each substation feeds both sides of a catenary's section break. A train traveling between two substations draws power through both transformers.

A typical substation includes two to four 138/12 kV transformers, 138 kV air switches that permit isolation of individual transformers, shutdown one of the two 138 kV feeders, or cross-connection from one feeder to another. The output of the transformers is routed to track catenary via 12 kV circuit breakers and air disconnect switches. Cross-connect switches allow one transformer to feed all catenary lines.

The PRR substation architecture was based on a long distance, high speed railway. The substation spacing ensures that any train is never more than 4 or 5 miles from the nearest substation, which minimized voltage drop. One disadvantage to the substation design as originally built by the PRR concerns its lack of 138 kV circuit breakers. Essentially all segmentation of the 138 kV system must be done by hand. This makes rapid isolation of a fault on the 138 kV line very slow. Faults in one part of the line also affect the entire distribution system since it is impossible for the 138 kV transmission to protect or reconfigure itself during a fault condition. High voltage faults generally are cleared by opening converter output breakers, which causes a concurrent loss of the converter. The system does not degrade gracefully under high voltage faults. Rather than isolating, for example, the south 138 kV feeder between Washington and Perryville, the system would require opening converter output breakers at Jericho Park and Safe Harbor. This results in loss of much more of the network than is required to simply isolate the fault.

Former Pennsylvania Railroad Substations
Station Name Coordinates Sta. No. Year Built Comments
Early Philadelphia Lines
West Philadelphia (44 kV) 39°57′24″N 75°11′08″W / 39.95667°N 75.18556°W / 39.95667; -75.18556 (West Philadelphia Substation 1 (44 kV; Removed)) 1 1915 Removed c. 1930
Arsenal (44 kV) 39°56′46″N 75°11′30″W / 39.94611°N 75.19167°W / 39.94611; -75.19167 (Arsenal Bridge Substation 2 (44 kV portion; abandoned)) 2 1915 44 kV portions abandoned c. 1930
Bryn Mawr 40°01′17″N 75°18′51″W / 40.02139°N 75.31417°W / 40.02139; -75.31417 (Bryn Mawr Substation 3) 3 1915 Switching Station only since c. 1960
Radnor SC 40°02′37″N 75°22′07″W / 40.04361°N 75.36861°W / 40.04361; -75.36861 (Radnor Converter Station 5 (Removed)) 5 1916 Two 4.5 MVA Synchronous Condensers. Removed c. 1960
Paoli 40°02′36″N 75°29′22″W / 40.04333°N 75.48944°W / 40.04333; -75.48944 (Paoli Substation 4) 4 1915 Station expanded 1938. 44 kV disconnected c. 1960
Greentree Switching 40°02′27″N 75°30′04″W / 40.04083°N 75.50111°W / 40.04083; -75.50111 (Greentree Switching Substation) -- 1938
North Philadelphia 39°59′49″N 75°09′27″W / 39.99694°N 75.15750°W / 39.99694; -75.15750 (North Philadelphia Substation 6) 6 1918
Allen Lane 40°03′46″N 75°11′55″W / 40.062643°N 75.198652°W / 40.062643; -75.198652 (Allen Lane Substation 7) 7 1918 Switching Station only since c. 1960. Components replaced 2013
Arsenal (138 kV) Step-Up 39°56′45″N 75°11′31″W / 39.94583°N 75.19194°W / 39.94583; -75.19194 (Arsenal Step-up Substation 2A) 2A 1928 Step-up capability removed c. 1971
Morton 39°54′26″N 75°19′56″W / 39.9073°N 75.3321°W / 39.9073; -75.3321 (Morton Substation 01) 01 1928
Lenni 39°53′38″N 75°26′33″W / 39.89389°N 75.44250°W / 39.89389; -75.44250 (Lenni Substation 02) 02 1928
Cheyney 39°55′45″N 75°31′21″W / 39.92915°N 75.5225°W / 39.92915; -75.5225 (Cheyney Substation 03 (Removed)) 03 1928 Reduced to switching-only station then removed outright[16]
West Chester 39°57′26″N 75°35′37″W / 39.95722°N 75.59361°W / 39.95722; -75.59361 (West Chester Substation 04 (Removed)) 04 1928 Reduced to switching-only station then removed outright[16]
New York - Philadelphia Main Line
New Rochelle 40°54′25″N 73°47′24″W / 40.9069°N 73.7900°W / 40.9069; -73.7900 (New Rochelle Substation 47) 47 1907/1987 Originally 25 Hz; switched to 60 Hz coincident with Metro-North in 1987. No longer supplies Amtrak power.
Van Nest 40°50′31″N 73°51′48″W / 40.8420°N 73.8633°W / 40.8420; -73.8633 (Van Nest Substation 46) 46 1907/1987 Originally 25 Hz; switched to 60 Hz coincident with Metro North in 1987. Now the supply substation for Amtrak's 60 Hz system between Gate Interlocking and New Rochelle.
Bowery Bay 40°45′51″N 73°54′19″W / 40.7643°N 73.9054°W / 40.7643; -73.9054 (Bowery Bay Substation 45) 45 1917/1987 Originally 25 Hz; switched to 60 Hz coincident with Metro North in 1987. Switching only. Section break between 25 Hz and 60 Hz systems.
Sunnyside 40°44′50″N 73°55′53″W / 40.747341°N 73.931370°W / 40.747341; -73.931370 (Sunnyside Yard Substation 44) 44 1931 Switching only
Penn Station 40°45′06″N 73°59′52″W / 40.7518°N 73.9979°W / 40.7518; -73.9979 (Penn Station Substation 43 (31st St. Section)) 43A, 43B 1931 Switching only; two sections: 31st St., and 7th Ave.
Hackensack (Union City) 40°46′18″N 74°2′38″W / 40.77167°N 74.04389°W / 40.77167; -74.04389 (Hackensack Substation 42) 42 1931/32
Kearney 40°44′41″N 74°07′06″W / 40.74472°N 74.11833°W / 40.74472; -74.11833 (Kearney Substation 41) 41 1931/32 Temporarily knocked out 10/29/2012 by storm surge from Hurricane Sandy;[17] elevation above surge crest planned[18]
Waverly 40°41′24″N 74°11′54″W / 40.69000°N 74.19833°W / 40.69000; -74.19833 (Waverly Substation 40) 40 1932/33
Rahway 40°36′01″N 74°16′58″W / 40.60028°N 74.28278°W / 40.60028; -74.28278 (Rahway Substation 39) 39 1932/33
Metuchen 40°32′21″N 74°21′49″W / 40.53917°N 74.36361°W / 40.53917; -74.36361 (Metuchen Substation 38) 38 1932/33
Millstone 40°28′45″N 74°27′56″W / 40.47917°N 74.46556°W / 40.47917; -74.46556 (Millstone Substation 37) 37 1932/33
Monmouth 40°22′36″N 74°32′54″W / 40.37667°N 74.54833°W / 40.37667; -74.54833 (Monmouth Substation 36) 36 1933
Princeton 40°19′03″N 74°37′17″W / 40.317459°N 74.62145°W / 40.317459; -74.62145 (Princeton Substation 35) 35 1933
Hamilton 40°14′48″N 74°43′05″W / 40.2467292°N 74.7179233°W / 40.2467292; -74.7179233 (Hamilton Substation 34A) 34A 2014 New substation was commissioned into service in early 2015.
Morrisville40°12′04″N 74°46′38″W / 40.20111°N 74.77722°W / 40.20111; -74.77722 (Morrisville Substation 34) 34 1930
Edgely 40°07′07″N 74°50′23″W / 40.11861°N 74.83972°W / 40.11861; -74.83972 (Edgely Substation 33) 33 1930
Cornwells (Cornwells Heights, PA) 40°04′19″N 74°57′02″W / 40.07194°N 74.95056°W / 40.07194; -74.95056 (Cornwells Substation 32) 32 1930
Richmond Step-Up 39°59′10″N 75°04′26″W / 39.986241°N 75.073939°W / 39.986241; -75.073939 (Richmond Frequency Changer 31) 31 1933 138kV step-up only, fed from adjacent PECO Richmond Power Station and rotary converter. Abandoned.
Frankford 40°00′07″N 75°5′52″W / 40.00194°N 75.09778°W / 40.00194; -75.09778 (Frankford Substation 30) 30 1930 Also supplied 44 kV to Allen Lane c. 1930 to c. 19??.
Zoo (138 kV) 39°58′14″N 75°11′57″W / 39.97056°N 75.19917°W / 39.97056; -75.19917 (Zoo Substation 9 (138 kV Portion)) 9 1930 Contains 138 kV circuit breakers.
Zoo (44 kV) 39°58′13″N 75°12′00″W / 39.97028°N 75.20000°W / 39.97028; -75.20000 (Zoo Substation 8 (44 kV Portion); removed)) 8 1930 Removed c. 1960
West Philadelphia Switching 39°57′27″N 75°11′06″W / 39.95750°N 75.18500°W / 39.95750; -75.18500 (West Philadelphia Switching Substation 1A) 1A 1930 Supplied from Arsenal & Zoo
New Jersey Branches
Journal Square 40°44′00″N 74°03′53″W / 40.733284°N 74.064806°W / 40.733284; -74.064806 (Journal Square Substation 50 (Disused)) 50 1932/33 Catenary disused c. 1980. Remained for a while to supply signal power for PATH and freight on Jersey City Branch. Abandoned.
South Amboy 40°29′25″N 74°17′15″W / 40.49028°N 74.28750°W / 40.49028; -74.28750 (South Amboy Substation 48) 48 1932/33
Helmetta (Outcalt) 40°23′05″N 74°24′16″W / 40.3848°N 74.4044°W / 40.3848; -74.4044 (Helmetta Substation 47 (Disused)) 47 1938 Disused c. 1980, abandoned.
Greenville Switching 40°41′12″N 74°05′46″W / 40.68667°N 74.09611°W / 40.68667; -74.09611 (Greenville Switching (Removed)) -- 1935 Supplied from Waverly. Removed c. 1980
Philadelphia - Washington Main Line [19]
Arsenal 39°56′44″N 75°11′32″W / 39.94556°N 75.19222°W / 39.94556; -75.19222 (Arsenal Substation 2A) 2A 1928 138 kV step-down
Brill 39°55′45″N 75°13′26″W / 39.92917°N 75.22389°W / 39.92917; -75.22389 (Brill Substation 10A) 10A 1981 Added for SEPTA Airport Line
Glenolden 39°53′58″N 75°16′54″W / 39.899444°N 75.281603°W / 39.899444; -75.281603 (Glenolden Substation 10) 10 1928
Lamokin (Chester, PA) 39°50′34″N 75°22′33″W / 39.8429°N 75.3759°W / 39.8429; -75.3759 (Lamokin Substation 11) 11 1928 Adjacent to Rotary Converter
Bellevue39°46′03″N 75°29′02″W / 39.76750°N 75.48389°W / 39.76750; -75.48389 (Bellevue Substation 12) 12 1928
West Yard (Wilmington, DE) 39°43′43″N 75°34′13″W / 39.72861°N 75.57028°W / 39.72861; -75.57028 (West Yard (Wilmington, DE) Substation 13) 13 1928
Davis (Newark, DE) 39°40′21″N 75°44′36″W / 39.67250°N 75.74333°W / 39.67250; -75.74333 (Davis (Newark, DE) Substation 14) 14 1935
Bacon Hill (North East, MD) 39°36′13″N 75°53′37″W / 39.6035°N 75.8937°W / 39.6035; -75.8937 (Bacon Hill Substation 15) 15 1935
Perryville, MD 39°33′23″N 76°04′36″W / 39.55639°N 76.07667°W / 39.55639; -76.07667 (Perryville Substation 16) 16 1935 Phase Break Indicator. 138 kV circuit breakers segment transmission lines North from West.
Perryman, MD 39°27′45″N 76°12′12″W / 39.462501°N 76.203256°W / 39.462501; -76.203256 (Perryman Substation 17) 17 1935
Gunpow (Chase, MD) 39°22′40″N 76°21′19″W / 39.377844°N 76.355243°W / 39.377844; -76.355243 (Gunpow Substation 18) 18 1935
North Point 39°18′10″N 76°31′02″W / 39.30278°N 76.51722°W / 39.30278; -76.51722 (North Point (Baltimore, MD) Substation 19) 19 1935
Baltimore 39°18′33″N 76°37′08″W / 39.30916°N 76.618955°W / 39.30916; -76.618955 (Baltimore Substation 20) 20 1935
Loudon Park 39°16′23″N 76°40′37″W / 39.273084°N 76.67689°W / 39.273084; -76.67689 (Loudon Park Substation 21) 21 1935
Severn 39°08′20″N 76°41′49″W / 39.13889°N 76.69694°W / 39.13889; -76.69694 (Severn MD Substation 22) 22 1935
Bowie 39°00′21″N 76°46′52″W / 39.00583°N 76.78111°W / 39.00583; -76.78111 (Bowie MD Substation 23) 23 1935
Landover 38°55′44″N 76°53′51″W / 38.92889°N 76.89750°W / 38.92889; -76.89750 (Landover Substation 24) 24 1935
Ivy City 38°55′6″N 76°58′57″W / 38.91833°N 76.98250°W / 38.91833; -76.98250 (Ivy City Substation 25) 2nd 25 2010
Union Switching 38°54′08″N 77°00′14″W / 38.9021°N 77.0038°W / 38.9021; -77.0038 (Union Switching Station 25A) 25A 1935 12 kV switching station supplied from Capitol 1935, then Landover c. 1990, then Ivy City 2010.
Capitol 38°52′50″N 77°0′30″W / 38.88056°N 77.00833°W / 38.88056; -77.00833 (Capitol Substation 25 (Demolished)) Formerly 25 1935 Demolished; concrete footings still visible
Potomac Switching 38°50′24″N 77°03′03″W / 38.84000°N 77.05083°W / 38.84000; -77.05083 (Potomac Switching) 26 1935 Supplied from Capitol. Disused c. 1980 and demolished c. 2000, New Utility Sub built.
Trenton Cutoff Freight Route
Langhorne 40°10′30″N 74°58′08″W / 40.17500°N 74.96889°W / 40.17500; -74.96889 (Langhorne Substation 61 (Removed)) 61 1938 Demolished; concrete footings still visible.
Horsham 40°08′55″N 75°08′53″W / 40.14861°N 75.14806°W / 40.14861; -75.14806 (Horsham Substation 62 (Removed)) 62 1938 Demolished; concrete footings still visible.
Earnest 40°06′24″N 75°19′34″W / 40.10667°N 75.32611°W / 40.10667; -75.32611 (Earnest Substation 63 (Removed)) 63 1930 Supplied PRR Schuylkill Branch and Trenton Cutoff. Removed.
Philadelphia - Harrisburg Main Line
Frazer, PA 40°01′52″N 75°34′27″W / 40.03111°N 75.57417°W / 40.03111; -75.57417 (Frazer Substation 64) 64 1938
Thorndale, PA 39°59′48″N 75°44′3″W / 39.99667°N 75.73417°W / 39.99667; -75.73417 (Thorndale Substation 65) 65 1938 Phase Break Indicators [20] Holds one of the three sets of 138 kV circuit breakers in the system.
Parkesburg, PA39°57′37″N 75°54′58″W / 39.96028°N 75.91611°W / 39.96028; -75.91611 (Parkesburg Substation 66) 66 1938
Kinzer 39°59′55″N 76°4′8″W / 39.99861°N 76.06889°W / 39.99861; -76.06889 (Kinzer Substation 67) 67 1938
Witmer (Smoketown, PA ) 40°2′35″N 76°12′51″W / 40.04306°N 76.21417°W / 40.04306; -76.21417 (Witmer Substation 68) 68 1938
Dillersville Switching 40°3′25″N 76°19′16″W / 40.05694°N 76.32111°W / 40.05694; -76.32111 (Dillersville Switching) -- 1938 Supplied Columbia Branch from Mainline catenary (12 kV). Disused c. 1980?
Landisville, PA 40°5′23″N 76°23′0″W / 40.08972°N 76.38333°W / 40.08972; -76.38333 (Landisville Substation 69) 69 1938
Rheems, PA 40°07′51″N 76°34′01″W / 40.130704°N 76.566996°W / 40.130704; -76.566996 (Rheems Substation70) 70 1938
Royalton, PA40°11′02″N 76°43′33″W / 40.18389°N 76.72583°W / 40.18389; -76.72583 (Royalton Substation 71) 71 1938
Harrisburg, PA 40°15′17″N 76°52′25″W / 40.25472°N 76.87361°W / 40.25472; -76.87361 (Harrisburg Substation 72) 72 1938
Low-grade Freight Routes (now only used for transmission lines)
Bart 39°55′03″N 76°04′40″W / 39.91750°N 76.07778°W / 39.91750; -76.07778 (Bart Substation 51 (Demolished)) 51 1938 Removed
Providence 39°55′42″N 76°13′51″W / 39.92833°N 76.23083°W / 39.92833; -76.23083 (Providence Substation 52 (Demolished)) 52 1938 Removed
Conowingo 39°40′7″N 76°10′15″W / 39.66861°N 76.17083°W / 39.66861; -76.17083 (Conowingo Substation 53 (Demolished)) 53 1938 Demolished; concrete footings still visible. Separate from Conowingo generating station, never connected.
Fishing Creek 39°47′23″N 76°15′46″W / 39.78972°N 76.26278°W / 39.78972; -76.26278 (Fishing Creek Substation 54 (Removed)) 54 1938 Removed. Separate from Holtwood generating station, never connected.
Safe Harbor (PRR) Conestoga Sub (SHWP) 39°55′36″N 76°23′6″W / 39.92667°N 76.38500°W / 39.92667; -76.38500 (PRR Safe Harbor Substation 55) 55 1934 Step-up station for Safe Harbor supply. Catenary facilities added 1938 then disused c. 1980.
Columbia 40°01′58″N 76°30′31″W / 40.03278°N 76.50861°W / 40.03278; -76.50861 (Columbia Substation 56 (Demolished)) 56 1938 Removed - site partially paved over.
Rowenna (Marietta, PA) 40°03′43″N 76°36′43″W / 40.06194°N 76.61194°W / 40.06194; -76.61194 (Rowenna Substation 57 (Abandoned)) 57 1938 Abandoned; concrete footings visible. Single transmission line between Safe Harbor Sub 55 and Royalton Sub 71 runs past site, but no longer terminates.
Goldsboro 40°07′18″N 76°43′54″W / 40.1217°N 76.7317°W / 40.1217; -76.7317 (Goldsboro Substation 58 (Demolished)) 58 1938 Removed
Enola, PA 40°16′40″N 76°55′13″W / 40.27778°N 76.92028°W / 40.27778; -76.92028 (Enola Substation 59&73) 59, 73 1938 Demolished; concrete footings still visible.

Transmission lines

The Load Dispatcher's Mimic Board at 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1996. The entire 138 kV transmission system is represented on this panel.
The four utility-owned 138 kV circuits from Safe Harbor (Pennsylvania) to Perryville (Maryland).
Catenary support with 6.9 kV, 100 Hz transformer for signal power
Catenary supports near Odenton, Maryland. Three-conductor 60 Hz utility lines enter from the left and are carried in either direction along the line. The remainder of the high voltages lines are 25 Hz.

All transmission lines within the 25 Hz system are two-wire, single-phase, 138 kV. The center tap of each 138 kV/12 kV transformer is connected to ground, thus the two transmission lines are tied to ±69 kV with respect to ground and 138 kV relative to each other.

Generally two separate two-wire circuits travel along the rail line between substations. One circuit is mounted at the top of the catenary poles on one side of the track; the second circuit runs along the other side.

The arrangement of catenary supports and transmission wires gives the overhead structure along former Pennsylvania Railroad lines its characteristic 80-foot (24 m)-tall 'H'-shaped structure. They are much taller than the overhead electrification structures on other electrified American railroads due to the 138 kV transmission lines. Catenary towers and transmission lines along former New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad lines and Amtrak's New England division are much shorter, and are recognizable due to different design and construction.

While a majority of the transmission infrastructure is located directly above the rail lines on the same structure that supports the catenary system, some lines are either located above lines that have been de-electrified or abandoned or in a few cases on completely independent rights of way.

The following is a list of all major segments of the 25 Hz 138 kV transmission infrastructure listing substations (SS or Sub) or high-tension switching stations (HT Sw'g) as termini. For clarity, positions of substations are not repeated in this table. A listing of the high-tension switching stations follows.

Terminus Terminus # 138 kV circuits Right of way Notes
Union City Sub 42 Cornwell Heights Sub 32 4 Main Line Philadelphia to New York
Kearney Sub 41 Journal Square Sub 50 2 Jersey City Branch Out of service, line used by PATH.
Rahway Sub 39 South Amboy 48 2 Perth Amboy & Woodbridge Branch Used for NJTRO NJCL power
Monmouth Jct 36 South Amboy 48 1 Jamesburg Branch Via Helmetta Sub 47; Out of service, lines removed.
Morrisville Sub 34 Earnest HT Sw'g 1 Trenton Cutoff Out of service and almost completely removed. Some portions east of the Earnest Junction HT Switching Station and west of the Morrisville Substation (within the confines of the Morrisville yard) remain.
Cornwells Heights Sub 32 Richmond Sub 31 2 Industrial RoW Splits from Main Line south of Holmesburg and follows alignment along Delaware River.
Cornwells Heights Sub 32 Richmond Sub 31 2 Along Main Line to Frankford Junction, then Delair Branch
Frankford Sub 30 Richmond Sub 31 2 Delair Branch 12kV catenary removed.[21]
Cornwell Heights Sub 32 Frankford Sub 30 1 Along Main Line RoW Phil to NY
Frankford Sub 30 Ivy City Sub 25 2 Main Line from north of Phil to Washington
Zoo Sub 9 Earnest HT Sw'g 2 Schuylkill Branch Tracks removed past Cynwyd Station.
Arsenal Sub 2A Lenni Sub 02 1 West Chester Branch Power for SEPTA Media/Elwyn Line.
Lamokin Sub 11 Lenni Sub 02 1 (2) Private RoW Feeds west end of SEPTA Media/Elwyn Line. Built as two (c. 1935) circuits.
Earnest HT Sw'g Frazer Sub 64 2 Runs along Trenton Cutoff Powers Main Line via Frazer Sub
Paoli Sub 4 Landisville Sub 69 2 Main Line Philadelphia to Harrisburg Frazer SS to Paoli SS dead end line.
Parkesburg Sub 66 Safe Harbor Sub 55 2 Atglen and Susquehanna Rails removed. Catenary poles removed and transmission lines replaced in 2010/2011. See section below.
Landisville Sub 69 Royalton Sub 71 1 Main Line Philadelphia to Harrisburg
Safe Harbor Sub 55 Rowenna Sub 57 2 Enola Branch After Rowenna Sub decommissioned, one circuit logically split to run direct to Royalton Sub.
Rowenna Sub 57 Royalton Sub 71 1 Royalton Branch Line now continuous from Safe Harbor to Royalton.
Rowenna Sub 57 Lemo HT Sw'g 1 Enola Branch Out of service, then removed 2011.
Lemo HT Sw'g Enola Sub 59 2 Enola Branch Served at Enola Yard, then removed 2011.
Royalton Sub 71 Harrisburg Sub 72 2 Main Line Philadelphia to Harrisburg
Lemo HT Sw'g Harrisburg Sub 72 2 Runs across Susquehanna River on Cumberland Valley RR Bridge Out of service
Safe Harbor Sub 55 Perryville Sub 16 4 Private RoW Utility-style transmission towers. P5 and P6 lines were tapped south to serve Fishing Creek Sub 54 and Conowingo Sub 53.[22] These taps were removed concurrently with their associated substations.
Landover Sub 24 Ivy City Sub 25 2 Main Line Philadelphia to Washington Portion from Landover (24) to Ivy City (25) constructed in 2010.
Landover Sub 24 Capitol (Former Sub 25) 2 Landover Line Former route to Capitol Sub 25. Out of service and partially removed.
High-tension switching stations - located outside substations, i.e. in the field
Name Location Designation Comments
Metuchen HT Sw'g 40°32′56″N 74°20′47″W / 40.548998°N 74.346318°W / 40.548998; -74.346318 (Metuchen HT Sw'g) 138M through 438M Disconnects each of main line circuits (4) from two spurs that runs via private ROW to Metuchen Frequency Changer.
Lemo HT Sw'g 40°14′54″N 76°53′19″W / 40.248454°N 76.888483°W / 40.248454; -76.888483 (Lemo HT Sw'g) West of Susquehanna River near Harrisburg; disconnects circuits running between Enola, Harrisburg, and Rowenna substations
Earnest HT Sw'g 40°6′15″N 75°19′15″W / 40.10417°N 75.32083°W / 40.10417; -75.32083 (Earnest HT Sw'g) 163, 263 (Trenton Cutoff E);
164, 264 (Trenton Cutoff W);
1ED, 2ED (to Zoo) 		Located at junction between Trenton Cutoff and Schuylkill Branch. Manually operated disconnect switches, now redundant with the abandonment of Trenton Cutoff transmission line and removal of Earnest Sub 63.
Frankford HT Sw'g 40°00′05″N 75°05′39″W / 40.0013°N 75.0943°W / 40.0013; -75.0943 (Frankford HT Sw'g 22) 22 Disconnects the feeder (42H) from Richmond from transmission line running between Frankford (22HT) and Cornwells (230E) in event of damage to catenary supports on Delair Branch. Allow limited feeding between Cornwells and Frankford to bypass Richmond. Damaged following the 2015 Philadelphia train derailment.[23]

Recent Developments

Ivy City Substation 25 under construction in Washington, D.C., in 2010

Amtrak's capital improvement program which began in 2003 has continued to the present day and has since 2009, received added support from economic stimulus funding sources (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 or ARRA).

Major improvements in 2010 included:[24]

Major improvements planned for the future include:

Ivy City Substation Project

The Ivy City substation project marked the first extension of 138 kV transmission line since Safe Harbor Dam was constructed in 1938. In the original PRR electrification scheme, the 138 kV transmission lines went south from Landover to the Capital South substation rather than following the line through Ivy City to the northern approach to Union Station. The two tracks between Landover and Union Station had no high voltage transmission line above them; Union Station catenary was fed at 12 kV from the Landover and Capitol substations (the latter via the First Street Tunnels). When the Capitol South substation was abandoned, coincident with the de-electrification of the track between Landover and Potomac Yard, Union Station and its approaches became a single-end fed section of track. This combined with rising traffic levels resulted in low voltage conditions on the approaches to Union Station and decreased system reliability.[25]

The Ivy City project resulted in the installation of two 4.5 MVA transformers in a 138/12 kV substation on the northeast edge of the Ivy City yard complex and 5.2 miles (8.4 km) of 138 kV transmission line to augment the overstretched facilities at Landover. Since the original catenary supports along this section of track were only high enough for the 12 kV catenary wire, the 138 kV lines were installed on new steel monopod poles installed along the right-of-way. Except for the fact that the new poles only carry four conductors rather than the typical six for a utility line, the new line appears as a typical medium voltage power line rather than the typical PRR style H-shaped structure.

Conestoga to Atglen transmission line

In 2011, Amtrak replaced the transmission lines that tie the Conestoga Substation to Parkesburg via Atglen. These lines were originally installed over the Atglen and Susquehanna Branch. The line was subsequently abandoned by Conrail and the tracks removed, but Amtrak has retained an easement to operate its 138 kV transmission lines over the roadbed. Towers and conductors and wire over 24 miles (39 km) of the route were replaced; work was completed in September 2011.[26] The scope of work included:

Funding for this project was included under the ARRA program. The specified number of poles, spaced approximately 500 feet (150 m) per tower, is approximately twice as far apart as the span length between the 1930s structures, which averaged 270 feet (82 m).[19]

Zoo to Paoli Transmission Line

In late 2010, Amtrak solicited design services for new transmission lines between Paoli and Zoo substations. Primary objectives of this expansion include improving reliability of transmission between Safe Harbor and Philadelphia, and reducing maintenance costs. This project complements the Safe Harbor to Atglen transmission line replacement, which has already been completed.

The Zoo to Paoli transmission line would replace the current supply scheme which uses 138 kV lines which run circuitously along the SEPTA Cynwyd Line, the Schuylkill Branch rail-trails and the Trenton Cut-off between the Zoo and Frazer substations. The new routing will reduce maintenance costs, as Amtrak must maintain transmission poles and control vegetation along right-of-way which it neither owns nor uses for revenue service. The conceptual line will run from the existing Paoli substation to the junction of the Harrisburg to Philadelphia main line and SEPTA's Cynwyd Line at 52nd Street in West Philadelphia. 39°58′43″N 75°13′41″W / 39.9785°N 75.2280°W / 39.9785; -75.2280 (End of New Construction for Paoli-Zoo Transmission Lines).

The new lines would connect to the existing 1ED and 2ED circuits, which would be abandoned between the junction and their current terminus at the Earnest Junction HT Switch. The plan also includes construction of a 138/12 kV substation at Bryn Mawr to replace the existing switching station. The existing 1915 catenary structures are planned for replacement, and new transmission supports will be compatible with catenary replacement.[27]

Hamilton Substation Project

A new substation (Number 34A) called Hamilton was constructed in Mercer County, NJ. Work on the site began in early 2013, and the substation is due to be commissioned in to service in early 2015.

Morton and Lenni

The Morton #01 and Lenni #02 substations are owned by SEPTA and supply the Media/Elwyn Line; therefore, they are not covered by Amtrak capital funding programs. SEPTA's own capital improvement plan, formulated in late 2013 after passage of funding legislation in Pennsylvania, calls for renewal of all devices at Morton and Lenni as soon as replacement of Jenkintown and Ambler substations is complete.[28][29]

Recent problems

Despite the recent capital improvements throughout the system, several high-profile power failures have occurred along the NEC in recent years.

May 26, 2006 Blackout

On May 25, 2006, during restoration from maintenance on one of the Richmond inverter modules, a command to restore the module to full output capability was not executed. The system tolerated this reduced capacity for about 36 hours, during which time the problem went unnoticed. During rush hour the next morning (May 26), the overall capacity became overloaded:

By 8:03 am, the entire 25 Hz system, stretching from Washington, D.C. to Queens, New York, was shut down. About 52,000 people were stranded on trains or otherwise affected. Two New Jersey Transit trains stranded under the Hudson River were retrieved by diesel locomotives. Restoration was hampered by policies which allowed the converter stations to operate unattended during rush hour periods.[31] The 25 Hz system was restored by a 'black start' using the Safe Harbor water turbines, and most service along the system returned to normal by mid-afternoon. Amtrak subsequently improved its system of maintaining 'rescue' diesel locomotives near the Hudson River tunnels.[32]

December 23, 2009 Brownout

Low system voltage around New York City caused a halt of trains in and around the New York area at 8:45 am on Wednesday, December 23, 2009. Power was never lost, and voltage was restored by 11:30 am. Amtrak stated that an electrical problem in North Bergen, New Jersey (near the western portal and the Union City substation) caused the problem, but did not further elaborate on the nature of the malfunction.[33]

August 24, 2010 Brownout

Low system voltages beginning at 7:45 am on Tuesday, August 24, 2010, caused Amtrak to order an essentially system-wide stoppage of trains within the 25 Hz traction network. Slow-speed service was gradually restored, and the power problem was corrected by 9:00 am, although delays persisted the remainder of the morning.[34]

October–November 2012: Hurricane Sandy

On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the northeast coast of the U.S. Augmented by a nor'easter, the storm surge from Sandy raced through the Hackensack Meadows, severely damaging (among other railroad infrastructure) Kearney Substation #41 and knocking it offline. This loss of electrical capacity forced Amtrak and New Jersey Transit to operate fewer trains, using modified weekend schedules. With assistance from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the substation was isolated from floodwaters and then dewatered.[17] After testing the substation's components, the degree of damage was determined to be less than initially feared, and after further repairs, Kearney Substation came back on-line on Friday, November 16, allowing the immediate return of all Amtrak and gradual return of all NJ Transit electric trains into Penn Station through the dewatered North River Tunnels.[35]

Amtrak has since requested federal funding to upgrade Kearny substation so it is high enough to not be affected by flood water.[36]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The 25 Hz system continues through New York Penn Station and Sunnyside Yard. The 25 Hz system ends at a dead section in Queens, 0.4 miles north of GATE interlocking at Bowery Bay substation, between catenary poles C-66 and C-70. Amtrak operates a short section of 60 Hz catenary between there and just south of New Rochelle (Metro-North's SHELL Interlocking) 40°45′51″N 73°54′19″W / 40.7641°N 73.9054°W. The south end of the electrification is sufficiently far into Washington's 1st Street tunnel to allow electrics arriving with a southbound train to cutoff and return north.
  2. ↑ ET Electrical Operating Instructions (AMT-2) retrieved from http://www.amtrakengineer.net/AMT2111505.pdf on 9/10/2009.
  3. 1 2 3 Eitzmann et al. (1997).
  4. ↑ Forczek 2009, p. 18.
  5. ↑ Forczek 2009, p. 12
  6. 1 2 3 Amtrak. "ARRA Project Summary FY2009."
  7. ↑ Jones (1993), p. 66.
  8. ↑ Vantuono, William C. (October 14, 2014). "Siemens equipping Amtrak NJHSRIP project". www.RailwayAge.com. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc.
  9. ↑ Siemens (Mobility) (October 14, 2014). "Siemens to design and build new static frequency converter for Amtrak". www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease.
  10. 1 2 Gray (1998).
  11. 1 2 Railway Power Stations
  12. ↑ The black-out mimic bus is visible to the right of Waterside in HABS NY,31-NEYO,78A-53.
  13. ↑ Jones (1993).
  14. ↑ Electrical World, 1917, pp. 439–440.
  15. ↑ "The Electrification of the Pennsylvania Railroad", 1915.
  16. 1 2 Cheyney and West Chester both are listed as having transformers in 1935 (WEMCO Book and ET-1 drawing). They were removed sometime between 1935 and 1945, as no 132 kV transmission lines were present in photos from 1945 of the Wawa substation. The stations were removed entirely in the 1950s.
  17. 1 2 Amtrak Media Relations. "Amtrak to Re-open Three Tunnels to Penn Station New York, Friday, Nov. 9" (PDF). Amtrak news release. Amtrak. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  18. ↑ Rouse, Karen (April 4, 2013). "Federal officials announce new standards for post-Sandy rebuilding". www.NorthJersey.com. North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  19. 1 2 Drawing ET-1
  20. ↑ "PRR Interlocking Diagram of 'Thorn'". Mark D. Bej's - Railroad related stuff. Mark D. Bej. January 1, 1963. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  21. ↑ The Delair Branch between Frankford Junction and Pavonia yard was de-electrified in late 1966. It was re-electrified on May 21, 1973. It was de-electrified again (probably in the early 1980s?). See Timeline of PRR in NJ retrieved 3/1/2011.
  22. ↑ See photograph HAER PA,51-PHILA,712B-3 one line diagram details. The tap for the line to Fishing Creek was located here: 39°47′29.83″N 76°15′0.78″W / 39.7916194°N 76.2502167°W
  23. ↑ Camardella Jr., Al (May 13, 2015). "Amtrak 188 Crash Scene - 5.13.15". Flickr. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  24. ↑ Amtrak 2010
  25. ↑ See discussion in McElligott for a detailed discussion of reasons for substation construction.
  26. ↑ "Pennsylvania Public Notices".
  27. ↑ National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), Philadelphia, PA (2010). "Request for Design Services Letters of Interest for Pre-Qualification to Develop Construction Specifications for Construction of a New Transmission Line / Electrification System from Zoo to Paoli, Pennsylvania." Retrieved 3/5/2011.
  28. ↑ SEPTA. "Railroad Substation Program" (PDF). Proposed Capital Plan: "Catching Up". Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  29. ↑ "SEPTA Projects Funded Under Senate Bill 1" (PDF). PennDOT Decade of Investment. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  30. ↑ McGeehan, Patrick (2006-05-26). "Blackout on the Rails: Overview; Thousands Are Stuck as Northeast Trains Go Dark." New York Times. Retrieved 3/5/2011.
  31. ↑ Wald, Matthew (2007-02-23). "New Gear, Not Old, Caused 2006 Amtrak Blackout." New York Times. Retrieved 3/5/2011.
  32. ↑ Wald, Matthew (2006-06-06). "Amtrak Takes Action to Ease Delays During Power Failures." New York Times. Retrieved 3/5/2011.
  33. ↑ The Associated Press (AP) (December 23, 2009). "Northeast train problems strand holiday travelers". The Seattle Times. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  34. ↑ Moore, Martha (August 25, 2010). "New York, D.C. areas hit with train delays". USA Today. USA Today (a division of Gannett Co. Inc.). Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  35. ↑ "Key Amtrak electrical substation in New Jersey to come back online Friday, Nov. 16" (PDF). Amtrak.com. Amtrak. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  36. ↑ Rouse, Karen (December 6, 2012). "Amtrak asks Congress for emergency funding for flood protection". www.NorthJersey.com. North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved August 26, 2015.

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, March 31, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.