Central Committee elected by the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was elected by the 27th Congress, and was in session from 1986 until 1990.^[1] Its 1st Plenary Session elected the 27th Politburo, the 27th Secretariat and the 27th Party Control Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

History

Election and composition

The 27th Congress witnessed the greatest turnover of Central Committee members in the party's history since 22nd Party Congress (held in 1961) during Nikita Khrushchev's leadership.^[2] The numbers of full membership were reduced from 319 in the 26th Central Committee to 307, while candidate membership was increased from 151 to 170.^[3] Of the 307 full members elected to the 27th Central Committee, 102 (making up 33 percent of membership) were newcomers.^[4] 25 officials, who had previously served as candidate members in the 26th Central Committee, were promoted to full membership.^[4] In total 125 new full members were appointed, making up 41 percent.^[4] 182 members (59 percent) were reelected to the 27th Central Committee, a decrease from the 26th Congress, in which 238 (75 percent) were reelected.^[4] Of the 170 candidate members, 54 (32 percent) were reelected, while the other 116 were newcomers.^[4] The 1st Plenary Session elected Lev Zaykov (then First Secretary of the Leningrad City Party Committee) to full membership in the Politburo, while Nikolay Slyunkov (Communist Party of Byelorussia First Secretary) and Yuri Solovyev (First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Party Committee) were given Politburo candidate membership.^[5] The plenum elected five newcomers to the Secretariat; Alexandra Biryukova (the first women to hold high party office since Yekaterina Furtseva in the Khrushchev era), Anatoly Dobrynin, Vadim Medvedev, Georgy Razumovsky and Alexander Yakovlev.^[5] The 1st Plenary Session reelected Mikhail Gorbachev to the office of the general secretary.^[6]

In a similar vein, Gorbachev managed to get close advisers elected to the Central Committee.^[3] Anatoly Chernyaev (Gorbachev's foreign adviser) and Anatoly Lukyanov, (head of the party's General Department) were promoted to full membership, while Valery Boldin was elected to the 27th Central Committee as a candidate member.^[3] Several figures within the Central Academy of Social Sciences, most notably Evgeny Velikhov, were appointed to the Central Committee as candidate members.^[3] Notably the 27th Congress did not reelect Richard Kosolapov, the longtime editor of the party's theoretical journal Kommunist, and was replaced by Ivan Frolov.^[3] Several Brezhnev appointed heads of Central Committee departments failed to be reelected to the Central Committee; Ivan Sakhnyuk (Agricultural-Machine Building Department), Kirill Simonov (Transport and Communications Department) and Vasily Shauro (Culture Department).^[7] Nikolay Savkin (Administrative Organs Department) and Vladimir Karlov (Agriculture and Food Industry Department) were the two last remaining Central Committee departments heads appointed by Brezhnev.^[7] Of the 23 department heads, fourteen were replaced by the 1st Plenary Session.^[8] Four leading officials from the Brezhnev era, who retired from the Politburo and the Secretariat at the 27th Congress, were reelected to the Central Committee; Nikolai Tikhonov (former Chairman of the Council of Ministers), Nikolai Baibakov (the former Chairman of the State Planning Committee), Boris Ponomarev (former Head of the International Department) and Vasili Kuznetsov (the former First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet).^[9]

Tenure

Combating party formalism; 1st–2nd Plenary Sessions

The newly elected leadership was united in supporting reforms, principally behind the slogan uskoreniye (literally "acceleration"), which called for improving the Soviet economy,^[6] and to combat formalism, corruption, nepotism and centralism within the party.^[6] Beginning in March 1985, the Central Committee (through the Soviet press) began criticizing the norms and organizational habits of the party; criticism increased by the discovery of corruption rings in the communist parties of Kazakhstan (CPK, Kirghizia (CPKi), Turkmenistan (CPT), Moldavia (CPM), Uzbekistan (CPU) and Azerbaijan (ACP).^[10] The policy of appointing officials on the basis of "personal loyalty, servility and protectionism" were blamed on the party's subpar performance in certain areas, and in areas in which this was not the case, the Central Committee focused on the lack of inner-party democracy.^[11] To strengthen party democracy, Gorbachev called for an increase in criticism and self-criticism (claiming it was as critical "for us as air")^[12] to overcome "'paradeness, ballyhoo . . . [and] the embellishment of reality".^[13] An article in Pravda noted that "In some places people try to 'prepare' the discussion in such a way as to avoid any tricky issues in it. Speeches are usually made only by 'staff' speakers, usually in a predetermined order. Things even go as far as the editing of draft texts of speeches."^[13] Meetings became ceremonial, and lacked effective power—which led local authorities to misinform the central authorities on the situation in the given area.^[13] All forms of "window-dressing", or hiding abuses of power in general, were to be stopped.^[14] In the current situation, Solovyev noted;^[14]

The main demand which the party makes under modern conditions on the party committee secretary and the staff officer is ensuring that nowhere, under no circumstances, does word part from deed since any discrepancy here causes palpable damage to the authority of our policy and cannot be tolerated in any form.^[14]

Boris Griaznov, the First Secretary of the Frunze District Party Committee, was signalled out as an official "'accustomed to stagnation, encouraged ostentation, ignored collective opinion, lost the feeling of party comradeship, and only pretended to be carrying out restructuring",^[14] while party leaders in Kazakhstan had difficulty of ridding"themselves of elements of excessive administration and a commander-like style [behaviour]".^[14] The central leadership continued to highlight the party work ethics of first secretaries at every level; at the 2nd Plenary Session Gorbachev condemned certain localities of not committing themselves to the new work-style.^[14] In other cases, as noted by Gorbachev, party leaders did not know how to react to criticism or how to introduce changes, noting that "Sometimes words are substituted for deeds, no action is taken in response to criticism, and self-criticism takes the form of self-flagellation."^[15] Historian Graeme Gill asserts;^[16]

"complaints about the way in which the party was operating which resounded through the press in 1985 and 1986 amounted to a condemnation of the party's organisational culture. [...] During the first eighteen months or so of Gorbachev's tenure as General Secretary, there seems to have been a general underestimation of the strength and sources of this culture and of what was necessary to eradicate it. The heart of the solution the Gorbachev leadership pursued was thoroughly traditional in the Soviet context, personnel.^[16]

Collectivity of leadership, and collectivism in general, was hailed as "a reliable guarantee against the adoption of volitional, subjective decisions, manifestations of the cult of personality, and the infringement of Leninist norms of party life."^[17] In tandem, the Central Committee began calling for psychological restructuring of party members.^[17] However, since the 27th Congress failed to create institutions which oversaw the implementation of these measures (and others), individual members who had no interest in changing their work habits were not punished.^[17] The reason for the lack of oversight was Gorbachev's belief that the party was a "healthy organism", and as Graeme Gill concludes, "A healthy organism clearly did not need radical institutional surgery."^[18] When it became clear to Gorbachev that the reforms to "invigorate" the party had failed, the reform consensus within the leadership was split asunder.^[19] Gorbachev began moving in a more radical directions, while several prominent colleagues in the Politburo, Secretariat and the Central Committee opposed his new measures.^[19] The schism in the leadership led to the failure to convene the 3rd Plenary Session in the last half of 1986 (being postponed to January 1987).^[19] Nonetheless, before the 3rd Plenary Session, the Central Committee was able to remove Dinmukhamed Konayev, the CPK First Secretary.^[20] The removal of Konayev, who was widely perceived to support an out-dated work ethic and to be corrupt, led to the Jeltoqsan riots when it was discovered that Konayev would be replaced by Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian who had never lived in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.^[21]

Democratization: 3rd–7th Plenary Sessions

On 23 December 1985, the Politburo appointed Boris Yeltsin, an official from Sverdlovsk, First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee (de facto mayor of Moscow).^[22] Gorbachev had endorsed the appointment, heeding the advice of Yegor Ligachev (the party's informal second-in-command) who personally recommended him.^[23] In contrast, Nikolai Ryzhkov told Gorbachev in private that "He [Yeltsin] will cause you only grief. I would not recommend him."^[23] Yeltsin, who had introduced himself as something of a centrist at the 27th Congress, proved himself to be a supporter of radical change, going even as far, as on 19 January 1986, of criticising Gorbachev personally for "exaggerat[ing] the changes that had occurred" during his leadership.^[24]

Gorbachev opened the 3rd Plenary Session by criticising the party's performance, claiming the party's failure to reform was due to "conservatism and inertia, lenience and lack of demandingness, toadyism and personal adulation, red tape, formalism, intolerance and suppression of criticism, ambition and careerism, administration by decree, permissiveness, mutual coverups, careerism, departmentalism, parochialism, nationalism, substitutionism, a weakening of the role of party meetings and elective bodies,embezzlement, bribery, report-padding and violation of discipline."^[25] The cure for this "disease" was "demokratizatsiya", literally the democratization of society.^[25] He called for open, democratic debates in the primary party organizations and to allow a secret ballot during plenary sessions of the district, area, city, region and territory party committees and the central committees of the republican parties to elect the executive organs.^[25] This was an attack on the nomenklatura, a system in which leading officials appointed the cadres at the level below, the basis of the Soviet system.^[26] The plenary session opposed his suggestions, and while his criticisms were mentioned in the Resolution of the 3rd Plenary Session, the idea of multi-candidate elections within the Party were omitted from the text.^[27]

In preparation of the 4th Plenary Session, Gorbachev had prepared a speech on Soviet and Party history.^[28] In it he condemned the rule of Joseph Stalin and Stalinism in general, but the speech was amended by Politburo.^[28] Conservatives such as Ligachev, Andrei Gromyko, Mikhail Solomentsev and Vitaly Vorotnikov did not share Gorbachev's views, or at least, did not support a public anti-Stalinist proclamation.^[28] Despite the conservative reaction, Gorbachev was able to rehabilitate Nikolay Bukharin and Nikita Khrushchev, while referring to Stalin's repressive regime as "immense and unpardonable".^[28]

"People have often asked me—and later I asked myself the same question—why didn't Gorbachev decide to get me out of the way once and for all [in 1987]. . . . I could easily have been pensioned off or sent as ambassador to some faraway country. Yet Gorbachev let me stay in Moscow, gave me a relatively high placed job, and, in effect, kept a determined opponent close by him. It is my belief that if Gorbachev didn't have a Yeltsin, he would have had to invent one.... In this real-life production, the parts have been appropriately cast, as in a well-directed play. There is the conservative Ligachev, who plays the villain; there is Yeltsin, the bully-boy, the madcap radical; and the wise omniscient hero is Gorbachev himself. That, evidently, is how he sees it."

—Boris Yeltsin on his appointment as First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Construction.^[29]

The 4th Plenary Session was supposed to discuss economic reforms, but instead of focusing on the matter at hand Yeltsin, according to Gorbachev, attacked the speed of perestroika, the work of the Secretariat and Ligachev personally.^[30] From this point on, the relationship between Gorbachev and Yeltsin would only grow worse—however, by this time, the press mistakenly had begun to present Yeltsin as Gorbachev's closest reformist associate in the Politburo.^[30] In the summer of 1987, when Gorbachev was on vacation, Ligachev (on Gorbachev's bidding) led the party apparatus (and chaired the meetings of the Politburo).^[31] On 10 September he organized an Inquiry Commission of the Central Committee to investigate the performance of the Moscow City Committee under Yeltsin's stewardship—Yeltsin reacted to the inquiry by becoming the first Politburo member in history to willingly resign from his seat.^[30] In respsonse Gorbachev told Yeltsin they could discuss the situation after the 70th Anniversary of the October Revolution.^[32] At the 5th Plenary Session, which was devoted to the aforementioned anniversary, Yeltsin completely broke by protocol by denouncing Gorbachev and Ligachev personally, and resigned from the Politburo.^[32] The central leadership reacted in kind, by criticizing him at the plenary session; Yakovlev contended that he had been "reacting immaturely to 'petty offenses'", while Ryzhkov accused him of being driven by "ambition pure and simple".^[33] Soon after his resignation, Yeltsin was hospitalized, either for suffering a heart attack (as Yeltsin contends) or for "a fake suicide attempt with scissors" (as Gorbachev and the members of the central leadership contends).^[34] At a session of the Moscow City Committee on 11 November 1987, the party leadership dragged Yeltsin out of the hospital and forced him to attend the meeting in which he was relieved of his duties as First Secretary and unceremoniously humiliated.^[32] The meeting proved to be a mistake; the Soviet populace began sympathising with Yeltsin—a problem which was compounded "by the mistake" of Gorbachev attending the Moscow City Committee session.^[34] In the aftermath, Yeltsin was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Construction (chaired by Yuri Batalin), but was told on the day of his appointment by Gorbachev that he could not participate in politics.^[34]

At the 6th Plenary Session Ligachev delivered the first speech, the first time that Gorbachev had not done so himself.^[35] Ligachev attacked what he perceived as the excesses of glasnost, the influence of rock music in society, "the blackening of Soviet history" and the failure of the leadership to do anything with the growing nationalism in the republics.^[35] Gorbachev did not speak until the second day of the plenum, and gave a defensive speech in which he defended his reform efforts but called for the establishment of a "middle ground" in which balanced Soviet historiography and supported using Soviet patriotism to counter the rising nationalism in the republics.^[36] The plenary session relieved Yeltsin of his duties as candidate member of the Politburo and member of the Secretariat, and elected Razumovsky (Head of the Organisational-Party Work Department) and Yuri Maslyukov (Chairman of the State Planning Committee) to Politburo candidate membership.^[36] Leading conservative figures, such as General Dmitry Yazov, had begun criticising Gorbachev's democratising policies openly in December 1987, claiming they weakened the honour of the Soviet military, while party first secretaries in the republics called for a tightening of party control in reaction to the growing nationalism amongst the populace.^[36]

In between the 6th and the 7th plenary sessions, the Nina Andreyeva Affair took place.^[37] Andreyeva, "an hitherto unknown lecturer at a Leningrad chemical institute, wrote an article in Sovetskaya Rossiya titled "I Cannot Forsake My Principles".^[37] She condemned Gorbachev's reforms and called for their reversal.^[37] She criticized the Gorbachev leadership's habit of opening the previous black spots in Soviet history, which she claimed only helped to denigrate the Soviet past.^[37] In addition, the article is notable for its anti-semitism; of all the Jews mentioned, only Karl Marx was not accused of participating in blackening of Soviet history and destroying the Soviet order.^[37] The importance of the article does not lay in its author, but rather how it was interpreted by the forces in the Central Committee — both conservatives, centrists and reformers fought Nina Andreyeva was a pseudonym used by a high-standing official.^[37] It was consistently referred to posthumously as "an anti-perestroika manifesto".^[37] The publication of the article had been chosen carefully by conservative forces within the Central Committee apparatus and Valentin Chikin, the editor-in-chief of Sovetskaya Rossiya, and it was published on 13 March to coincide with Gorbachev's visit to Yugoslavia and Yavkovlev's visit to Mongolia on 14 March.^[38] With both of the leading reformers gone, the conservative Ligachev was in charge of the Central Committee apparatus.^[38] Ligachev endorsed the article, stating it was "a benchmark for what we need in our ideology today."^[38] In the words of historian Archie Brown "Old habits of prudence rapidly reasserted themselves in the face of an apparent signal of change in the balance of forces at the top of the party hierarchy and of a return to a time when dissenting intellectuals would no longer be treated with tolerance."^[38] Upon his return on 18 March, Gorbachev discussed it with the Politburo.^[38] To his surprise several of his colleagues supported the content of the article, among them Vorotnikov, Gromyko, Ligachev, Solomentsev and Viktor Nikonov.^[38] The article was discussed in the 24–26 March Politburo meeting, in which the aforementioned conservatives alongside Viktor Chebrikov, the Chairman of the KGB, and Anatoly Lukyanov, a close associate of Gorbachev and the Head of the General Department, supported the article.^[38] Chebrikov condemned the criticisms of the Soviet system which had appeared with Gorbachev's reforms, and lamented the scheming "of our ideological adversary".^[38] Despite forming a majority, the conservatives did not opt for removing Gorbachev, largely because the institution of General Secretary still meant something in Soviet politics.^[39] Gorbachev insisted that every Politburo member had to openly state their position on the matter; Yakovlev, Ryzhkov, Medvedev and Eduard Shevardnadze condemned the article.^[39] In light of the pro-reformist stance of this mentioned, and Gorbachev himself, they managed to push the conservatives on the defensive, and got their approval to publish a formal reply to the article.^[39]

In light of this event, Gorbachev would seek to consolidate his power within the apparatus even further, especially in the Secretariat (which oversaw the work of the Central Committee apparatus).^[39] In his first years as General Secretary, Gorbachev had never chaired a meeting of the Secretariat, leaving that responsibility to the conservative.^[39] But in light of the strong backing the Andreyeva article had in the Central Committee apparatus, Gorbachev chaired the first Secretariat meetings in the affair's aftermath.^[39]

Plenums

1st Plenary Session (6 March 1986) 2nd Plenary Session (16 June 1986) 3rd Plenary Session (27–28 January 1987) 4th Plenary Session (25–26 June 1987) 5th Plenary Session (21 October 1987) 6th Plenary Session (17–18 February 1988) 7th Plenary Session (23 May 1988) 8th Plenary Session (29 July 1988) 9th Plenary Session (30 September 1988) 10th Plenary Session (28 November 1988) 11th Plenary Session (10 January 1989)

12th Plenary Session (15–16 March 1989) 13th Plenary Session (25 April 1989) 14th Plenary Session (22 May 1989) 15th Plenary Session (2 June 1989) 16th Plenary Session (19–20 September 1989) 17th Plenary Session (9 December 1989) 18th Plenary Session (25–26 December 1989) 19th Plenary Session (5–7 February 1990) 20th Plenary Session (11, 14, 16 March 1990) 21st Plenary Session (29 June 1990)

Apparatus

Departments Administrator of Affairs: Nikolay Kruchina (1986–1988) Administrative Organs Department: Nikolay Savinkin (1986–1987), Anatoly Lukyanov (1987–1988) Agriculture and Food Industry Department: Vladimir Karlov (March–October 1986) Cadres Abroad Department: Stepan Chervonenko (1986–1988) Chemical Industry Department: Veniamin Afonin (1986–1988) Construction Department: Alexander Melnikov (1986–1988) Culture Department: Yury Voronov (1986–1988) Defense Industry Department: Oleg Belyakov (1986–1988) Economic Department: vacant (1986–1987), Nikolay Slyunkov (1987–1988) General Department: Anatoly Lukyanov (1986–1987), Valery Boldin (1987–1988) Heavy Industry and Energy Department: Ivan Yastrebov (1986–1988) International Department: Anatoly Dobrynin (1986–1988) International Information Department: Leonid Zamyatin (1986) Light Industry and Consumer Goods Department: Leonid Bobykin (1986–1988) Machine-Building Department: Arkady Volsky (1986–1988) Organizational-Party Work Department: Georgy Razumovsky (1986–1988) Propaganda Department: Yuri Sklyarov (1986–1988) Relations with Communist and Workers Parties Department: Vadim Medvedev (1986–1988) Science and Education Department: Valentin Grigoriev (1986–1988) Trade and Domestic Services Department: Nikolay Stashenkov (1986–1988) Transport and Communications Department: Viktor Pasternak (1986–1988) After reorganization Administrator of Affairs: Nikolay Kruchina (1988–1990) Agricultural Department: Ivan Skiba (1988–1990) Defense Department: Oleg Belyakov (1988–1990) General Department: Valery Boldin (1988–1990) Ideology Department: Alexander Kapto (1988–1990) International Department: Valentin Falin (1988–1990) Party Building and Cadre Work Department: Georgy Razumovsky (1988–1990) Socio-Economic Department: Vladislav Shimko (1988–1989) State and Legal Department: Anatoly Pavlov (1988–1990)

Commissions Party Building and Cadre Work: Georgy Razumovsky (1988–1990) Ideology Commission: Vadim Medvedev (1988–1990) Socio-Economic Policy Commission: Nikolay Slyunkov (1988–1990) Agrarian Policy Commission: Yegor Ligachev (1988–1990) International Policy Commission: Alexander Yakovlev (1988–1990) State and Legal Policy Commission: Viktor Chebrikov (1988–1989), vacant (1989–1990) Journals, magazines and newspapers Editor-in-chief of Country Life: Aleksandr Baranov (1986–1989), Anatoly Yurkov (1989) Editor-in-chief of Soviet Culture: Albert Belyayev (1986–1990) Editor-in-chief of Economics and Life: Boris Vladimirov (1986–1990) Editor-in-chiefs of Communist: Ivan Frolov (1986–1987), Nail Bikkenin (1987–1990) Editor-in-chief of October: ? (1986–1990) Editor-in-chief of Party Life: Mikhail Chaldeans (1986–1990) Editor-in-chiefs of Pravda: Viktor Afanasyev (1986–1989), Ivan Frolov (1989–1990) Editor-in-chief of Socialist Industry: Aleksandr Baranov (1986–1989), Anatoly Yurkov (1989) Editor-in-chief of Soviet Russia: Valentin Chikin (1986–1990) Educational institutes Institute of Marxism–Leninism: Anatoly Yegorov (1986–1987), Georgy Smirnov (1987–1990) Rector of the Academy of Social Sciences: Rudolph Yanovskiy (1986–1990)

Membership

Key to symbols in members list(s)^[40]

	Transferred from candidate to full membership at the 4th Plenary Session (26 June 1987).
	Resigned from the CC as full members at the 4th Plenary Session (26 June 1987)
§	Transferred from candidate to full membership at the 6th Plenary Session (18 February 1988).
*	Transferred from candidate to full membership at the 7th Plenary Session (23 May 1988).
(**)	Transferred from candidate to full membership at the 13th Plenary Session (25 April 1989).
(#)	Resigned from the CC as full members at the 13th Plenary Session (25 April 1989).
(^)	Resigned from the CC as candidate members at the 13th Plenary Session (25 April 1989).
(*^)	Transferred from candidate to full membership at the 16th Plenary Session (20 September 1989).

Members Listed in alphabetical order Sergey Alexandrovich Afanasyev (Сергей Александрович Афанасьев)# Viktor Grigoryevich Afanasyev (Виктор Григорьевич Афанасьев) Sergey Fyodorovich Akhromeyev (Сергей Фёдорович Ахромеев) Alexander Nikiforovich Aksyonov (Александр Никифорович Аксёнов) Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov (Анатолий Петрович Александров)# Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (Гейдар Али Рза оглы Алиев)# Alexander Terentyevich Altunin (Александр Терентьевич Алтунин)# Vladimir Petrovich Anishchev (Владимир Петрович Анищев) Alexey Konstantinovich Antonov (Алексей Константинович Антонов)# Georgy Arkadyevich Arbatov (Георгий Аркадьевич Арбатов) Boris Ivanovich Aristov (Борис Иванович Аристов) Ivan Vasilyevich Arkhipov (Иван Васильевич Архипов)# Vladimir Mikhaylovich Arkhipov (Владимир Михайлович Архипов) Yerkin Nurzhanovich Auelbekov (Еркин Нуржанович Ауельбеков) Kamran Baghirov (Кямран Мамед оглы Багиров)# Nikolay Konstantinovich Baibakov (Николай Константинович Байбаков)# Vadim Viktorovich Bakatin (Вадим Викторович Бакатин) Vyacheslav Vasilyevich Bakhirev (Вячеслав Васильевич Бахирев)# Boris Vladimirovich Bakin (Борис Владимирович Бакин) Oleg Dmitriyevich Baklanov (Олег Дмитриевич Бакланов) Anatoly Nikiforovich Balandin (Анатолий Никифорович Баландин) Yury Nikolayevich Balandin (Юрий Николаевич Баландин) Boris Vladimirovich Balmont (Борис Владимирович Бальмонт)# Gennady Georgiyevich Bartoshevich (Геннадий Георгиевич Бартошевич) Sergey Vasilyevich Bashilov (Сергей Васильевич Башилов)# Gennady Sergeyevich Bashtanyuk (Геннадий Сергеевич Баштанюк) Yury Petrovich Batalin (Юрий Петрович Баталин) Vladimir Nikolayevich Bazovsky (Владимир Николаевич Базовский) Igor Sergeyevich Belousov (Игорь Сергеевич Белоусов) Oleg Sergeyevich Belyakov (Олег Сергеевич Беляков) Anatoly Ivanovich Beryozin (Анатолий Иванович Берёзин) Alexandra Pavlovna Biryukova (Александра Павловна Бирюкова) Filipp Denisovich Bobkov (Филипп Денисович Бобков) Gennady Pavlovich Bogomyakov (Геннадий Павлович Богомяков) Ivan Sergeyevich Boldyryov (Иван Сергеевич Болдырёв) Vasily Mikhaylovich Borisenkov (Василий Михайлович Борисенков) Leonid Alexandrovich Borodin (Леонид Александрович Бородин)# Viktor Grigoryevich Boyko (Виктор Григорьевич Бойко) Vladimir Ignatyevich Brovikov (Владимир Игнатьевич Бровиков) Boris Pavlovich Bugayev (Борис Павлович Бугаев) Alexander Borisovich Chakovsky (Александр Борисович Чаковский) Yevgeny Ivanovich Chazov (Евгений Иванович Чазов) Viktor Mikhaylovich Chebrikov (Виктор Михайлович Чебриков) Vasily Mikhaylovich Cherdintsev (Василий Макарович Чердинцев) Valentina Nikolayevna Cherkashina (Валентина Николаевна Черкашина) Vladimir Nikolayevich Chernavin (Владимир Николаевич Чернавин) Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin (Виктор Степанович Черномырдин) Anatoly Sergeyevich Chernyayev (Анатолий Сергеевич Черняев) Stepan Vasilyevich Chervonenko (Степан Васильевич Червоненко) Vladimir Stepanovich Chicherov (Владимир Степанович Чичеров) Vladimir Grigoryevich Chirskov (Владимир Григорьевич Чирсков) Alexey Klementyevich Chyorny (Алексей Клементьевич Чёрный) Pyotr Nilovich Demichev (Пётр Нилович Демичев)# Vasily Petrovich Demidenko (Василий Петрович Демиденко)# Karen Demirchyan (Карен Сиропович Демирчян)# Vasily Alexandrovich Dinkov (Василий Александрович Динков) Viktov Fyodorovich Dobrik (Виктор Фёдорович Добрик)# Anatoly Fyodorovich Dobrynin (Анатолий Фёдорович Добрынин) Vladimir Ivanovich Dolgikh (Владимир Иванович Долгих)# Pavel Stefanovich Fedirko (Павел Стефанович Федирко) Pyotr Nikolayevich Fedoseyev (Пётр Николаевич Федосеев) Alexander Pavlovich Filatov (Александр Павлович Филатов) Pavel Vasilyevich Finogenov (Павел Васильевич Финогенов) Vladimir Konstantinovich Foteyev (Владимир Константинович Фотеев) Ivan Timofeyevich Frolov (Иван Тимофеевич Фролов) Dmitry Nikolayevich Gagarov (Дмитрий Николаевич Гагаров) Anatoly Nikolayevich Gerasimov (Анатолий Николаевич Герасимов) Ivan Alexandrovich Gerasimov (Иван Александрович Герасимов)# Valentin Petrovich Glushko (Валентин Петрович Глушко) Mariya Arkhipovna Golubeva (Мария Архиповна Голубева) Valentina Nikolayevna Golubeva (Валентина Николаевна Голубева) Boris Trofimovich Goncharenko (Борис Трофимович Гончаренко) Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв) Leonid Alexandrovich Gorshkov (Леонид Александрович Горшков) Sergey Georgiyevich Gorshkov (Сергей Георгиевич Горшков) Boris Ivanovich Gostev (Борис Иванович Гостев) Vladimir Leonidovich Govorov (Владимир Леонидович Говоров) Leonid Ivanovich Grekov (Леонид Иванович Греков) Anatoly Ivanovich Gribkov (Анатолий Иванович Грибков)# Petras Griškevičius (Пятрас Пятрович Гришкявичус) Pyotr Semyonovich Grishchenko (Пётр Семёнович Грищенко) Mariya Sergeyevna Gromova (Мария Сергеевна Громова)# Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko (Андрей Андреевич Громыко)# Semion Grossu (Семён Кузьмич Гроссу) Alexander Fyodorovich Gudkov (Александр Фёдорович Гудков)# Vladimir Kuzmich Gusev (Владимир Кузьмич Гусев) Ivan Stepanovich Gustov (Иван Степанович Густов) Timofey Borisovich Guzhenko (Тимофей Борисович Гуженко)# Vadim Nikolayevich Ignatov (Вадим Николаевич Игнатов) Yevgeny Filippovich Ivanovsky (Евгений Филиппович Ивановский)# Yevgeny Viktorovich Kachalovsky (Евгений Викторович Качаловский) Dmitry Ivanovich Kachin (Дмитрий Иванович Качин) Boris Vasilyevich Kachura (Борис Васильевич Качура) Vladimir Ilyich Kalashnikov (Владимир Ильич Калашников) Vladimir Mikhaylovich Kamentsev (Владимир Михайлович Каменцев) Alexander Semyonovich Kapto (Александр Семёнович Капто) Vladimir Alexeyevich Karlov (Владимир Алексеевич Карлов) Yevdokiya Fyodorovna Karpova (Евдокия Фёдоровна Карпова)# Konstantin Fyodorovich Katushev (Константин Фёдорович Катушев) Vasily Mikhaylovich Kavun (Василий Михайлович Кавун) Leonid Davydovich Kazakov (Леонид Давыдович Казаков) Vladimir Yakovlevich Khodyryov (Владимир Яковлевич Ходырёв) Alexander Alexandrovich Khomyakov (Александр Александрович Хомяков) Yury Nikolayevich Khristoradnov (Юрий Николаевич Христораднов) Mikhail Ivanovich Klepikov (Михаил Иванович Клепиков) Ivan Yefimovich Klimenko (Иван Ефимович Клименко)# Vladimir Grigoryevich Klyuyev (Владимир Григорьевич Клюев)# Mikhail Alexandrovich Knyazyuk (Михаил Александрович Князюк) Vyacheslav Ivanovich Kochemasov (Вячеслав Иванович Кочемасов) Gennady Vasilyevich Kolbin (Геннадий Васильевич Колбин) Alexander Ivanovich Koldunov (Александр Иванович Колдунов) Alexander Yakovlevich Kolesnikov (Александр Яковлевич Колесников) Vladislav Grigoryevich Kolesnikov (Владислав Григорьевич Колесников) Serafim Vasilyevich Kolpakov (Серафим Васильевич Колпаков) Nikolay Semyonovich Konaryov (Николай Семёнович Конарёв) Dinmukhamed Akhmedovich Konayev (Динмухамед Ахмедович Кунаев) Boris Vsevolodovich Konoplyov (Борис Всеволодович Коноплёв)# Georgy Markovich Korniyenko (Георгий Маркович Корниенко)# Anatoly Maximovich Korolyov (Анатолий Максимович Королёв) Vitaly Semyonovich Kostin (Виталий Семёнович Костин) Mikhail Vasilyevich Kovalyov (Михаил Васильевич Ковалёв) Nikolay Yefimovich Kruchina (Николай Ефимович Кручина) Zinaida Mikhaylovna Kruglova (Зинаида Михайловна Круглова)# Vladimir Alexandrovich Kryuchkov (Владимир Александрович Крючков) Fyodor Mikhaylovich Kulikov (Фёдор Михайлович Куликов) Viktor Georgiyevich Kulikov (Виктор Георгиевич Куликов)# Valentin Alexandrovich Kuptsov (Валентин Александрович Купцов) Semyon Konstantinovich Kurkotkin (Семён Константинович Куркоткин)# Vasily Vasilyevich Kuznetsov (Василий Васильевич Кузнецов)# Nikolay Vasilyevich Lemayev (Николай Васильевич Лемаев) Yegor Kuzmich Ligachev (Егор Кузьмич Лигачёв) Yury Ivanovich Litvintsev (Юрий Иванович Литвинцев) Alexey Dmitriyevich Lizichev (Алексей Дмитриевич Лизичев) Anatoly Alexeyevich Logunov (Анатолий Алексеевич Логунов) Viktor Pavlovich Lomakin (Виктор Павлович Ломакин) Pyotr Fadeevich Lomako (Пётр Фадеевич Ломако)# Vladimir Grigoryevich Lomonosov (Владимир Григорьевич Ломоносов) Fyodor Ivanovich Loshchenkov (Фёдор Иванович Лощенков) Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov (Анатолий Иванович Лукьянов) Anatoly Pavlovich Lushchikov (Анатолий Павлович Лущиков) Pyotr Georgiyevich Lushev (Пётр Георгиевич Лушев) Ivan Kondratyevich Lutak (Иван Кондратьевич Лутак)# Alexander Pavlovich Lyashko (Александр Павлович Ляшко)# Viktor Sergeyevich Makarenko (Виктор Сергеевич Макаренко)# Qahhor Makhkamovich Makhkamov (Кахар Махкамович Махкамов) Yury Pavlovich Maksimov (Юрий Павлович Максимов) Nikolay Ivanovich Malkov (Николай Иванович Мальков) Anatoly Alexandrovich Malofeyev (Анатолий Александрович Малофеев) Viktor Fyodorovich Maltsev (Виктор Фёдорович Мальцев)# Vasily Mikhaylovich Malykhin (Василий Михайлович Малыхин) Yury Alexeyevich Manayenkov (Юрий Алексеевич Манаенков) Sergey Iosifovich Manyakin (Сергей Иосифович Манякин) Gury Ivanovich Marchuk (Гурий Иванович Марчук) Georgy Mokeyevich Markov (Георгий Мокеевич Марков) Absamat Masaliyevich Masaliyev (Абсамат Масалиевич Масалиев) Nikolay Ivanovich Maslennikov (Николай Иванович Масленников) Yuri Dmitriyevich Maslyukov (Юрий Дмитриевич Маслюков) Anatoly Ivanovich Mayorets (Анатолий Иванович Майорец) Vadim Andreyevich Medvedev (Вадим Андреевич Медведев) Alexander Grigoryevich Melnikov (Александр Григорьевич Мельников) Marat Samiyevich Mendybayev (Марат Самиевич Мендыбаев) Valentin Karpovich Mesyats (Валентин Карпович Месяц) Vasily Petrovich Mironov (Василий Петрович Миронов) Oleg Semyonovich Miroshikhin (Олег Семёнович Мирошихин) Viktor Maximovich Mishin (Виктор Максимович Мишин) Fyodor Trofimovich Morgun (Фёдор Трофимович Моргун) Ivan Pavlovich Morozov (Иван Павлович Морозов) Dmitry Konstantinovich Motorny (Дмитрий Константинович Моторный) Ivan Alexeyevich Mozgovoy (Иван Алексеевич Мозговой)# Vsevolod Serafimovich Murakhovsky (Всеволод Серафимович Мураховский) Yevgeny Fyodorovich Muravyov (Евгений Фёдорович Муравьёв)# Alexey Pavlovich Myasnikov (Алексей Павлович Мясников) Vladislav Petrovich Mysnichenko (Владислав Петрович Мысниченко) Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev (Нурсултан Абишевич Назарбаев) Viktor Petrovich Nikonov (Виктор Петрович Никонов) Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov (Сапармурад Атаевич Ниязов) Anatoly Petrovich Nochyovkin (Анатолий Петрович Ночёвкин)# Genrikh Vasilyevich Novozhilov (Генрих Васильевич Новожилов) Vladimir Yevgenyevich Odintsov (Владимир Евгеньевич Одинцов)# Nikolay Vasilyevich Ogarkov (Николай Васильевич Огарков)# Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov (Владимир Павлович Орлов) Konstantin Nikolayevich Panov (Константин Николаевич Панов) Yemelyan Nikolayevich Parubok (Емельян Николаевич Парубок) Jumber Ilyich Patiashvili (Джумбер Ильич Патиашвили) Boris Yevgenyevich Paton (Борис Евгеньевич Патон) Vladimir Yakovlevich Pavlov (Владимир Яковлевич Павлов) Nina Vasilyevna Pereverzeva (Нина Васильевна Переверзева) Erlen Kirikovich Pervyshin (Эрлен Кирикович Первышин) Vasily Ivanovich Petrov (Василий Иванович Петров)# Vladislav Alexeyevich Petrov (Владислав Алексеевич Петров) Yury Vladimirovich Petrov (Юрий Владимирович Петров) Alexander Nikolayevich Plekhanov (Александр Николаевич Плеханов) Pyotr Stepanovich Pleshakov (Пётр Степанович Плешаков) Valentina Nikolayevna Pletnyova (Валентина Николаевна Плетнёва) Ivan Kuzmich Polozkov (Иван Кузьмич Полозков) Viktor Nikolayevich Polyakov (Виктор Николаевич Поляков)# Alexey Filippovich Ponomaryov (Алексей Филиппович Пономарёв) Boris Nikolayevich Ponomaryov (Борис Николаевич Пономарёв)# Mikhail Alexandrovich Ponomaryov (Михаил Александрович Пономарёв)# Nikolay Sergeyevich Popov (Николай Сергеевич Попов) Filipp Vasilyevich Popov (Филипп Васильевич Попов) Ilya Pavlovich Prokopyev (Илья Павлович Прокопьев)# Yury Nikolayevich Prokopyev (Юрий Николаевич Прокопьев) Vladimir Nikolayevich Ptitsyn (Владимир Николаевич Птицын)# Nikolay Andreyevich Pugin (Николай Андреевич Пугин) Boris Pugo (Борис Карлович Пуго) Oleg Borisovich Rakhmanin (Олег Борисович Рахманин)# Yevgeny Zotovich Razumov (Евгений Зотович Разумов) Georgy Petrovich Razumovsky (Георгий Петрович Разумовский) Alexander Mikhaylovich Rekunkov (Александр Михайлович Рекунков)# Anatoly Antonovich Reut (Анатолий Антонович Реут) Grigory Ivanovich Revenko (Григорий Иванович Ревенко) Yakov Petrovich Ryabov (Яков Петрович Рябов) Anatoly Yakovlevich Rybakov (Анатолий Яковлевич Рыбаков) Vasily Nazarovich Rykov (Василий Назарович Рыков)# Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov (Николай Иванович Рыжков) Kakimbek Salykov (Какимбек Салыков) Nikolay Ivanovich Savinkin (Николай Иванович Савинкин)# Valery Timofeyevich Saykin (Валерий Тимофеевич Сайкин) Anatoly Pavlovich Sazonov (Анатолий Павлович Сазонов) Vitaly Mikhaylovich Shabanov (Виталий Михайлович Шабанов) Midkhat Zakirovich Shakirov (Мидхат Закирович Шакиров) Stepan Alexeyevich Shalayev (Степан Алексеевич Шалаев) Vaily Alexandrovich Shamshin (Василий Александрович Шамшин) Leonid Vasilyevich Sharin (Леонид Васильевич Шарин) Mikhail Ivanovich Shchadov (Михаил Иванович Щадов) Boris Yevdokimovich Shcherbina (Борис Евдокимович Щербина) Vladimir Vasilyevich Shcherbitsky (Владимир Васильевич Щербицкий) Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (Эдуард Амвросиевич Шеварднадзе) Valentina Semyonovna Shevchenko (Валентина Семёновна Шевченко) Mikhail Sergeyevich Shkabardnya (Михаил Сергеевич Шкабардня) Alexey Mikhaylovich Shkolnikov (Алексей Михайлович Школьников) Yevgeny Alexandrovich Shulyak (Евгений Александрович Шуляк) Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (Иван Степанович Силаев) Vasily Ivanovich Sitnikov (Василий Иванович Ситников) Yevgeny Ivanovich Sizenko (Евгений Иванович Сизенко) Yefim Pavlovich Slavsky (Ефим Павлович Славский) Nikolay Nikitovich Slyunkov (Николай Никитович Слюньков) Mikhail Sergeyevich Smirtyukov (Михаил Сергеевич Смиртюков) Pavel Alexandrovich Smolsky (Павел Александрович Смольский) Valentin Inanovich Smyslov (Валентин Иванович Смыслов) Sergey Leonidovich Sokolov (Сергей Леонидович Соколов)# Yefrem Yevseyevich Sokolov (Ефрем Евсеевич Соколов) Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev (Михаил Сергеевич Соломенцев)# Yury Filippovich Solovyov (Юрий Филиппович Соловьёв) Vladimir Sevastyanovich Stepanov (Владимир Севастьянович Степанов) Yegor Semyonovich Stroyev (Егор Семёнович Строев) Bois Ivanovich Stukalin (Борис Иванович Стукалин) Apollon Sergeyevich Systsov (Аполлон Сергеевич Сысцов) Fikryat Akhmedzhanovich Tabeyev (Фикрят Ахмеджанович Табеев) Nikolay Vasilyevich Talyzin (Николай Васильевич Талызин) Vasily Nikolayevich Taratuta (Василий Николаевич Таратута) Georgy Stanislavovich Tarazevich (Георгий Станиславович Таразевич) Nikolay Fyodorovich Tatarchuk (Николай Фёдорович Татарчук) Pyotr Maximovich Telepnyov (Пётр Максимович Телепнёв) Vladimir Ivanovich Terebilov (Владимир Иванович Теребилов)# Nikolay Dmitriyevich Tereshchenko (Николай Дмитриевич Терещенко) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (Валентина Владимировна Терешкова) Vladimir Porfiryevich Tikhomirov (Владимир Порфирьевич Тихомиров) Nikolay Alexandrovich Tikhonov (Николай Александрович Тихонов)# Alexey Antonovich Titarenko (Алексей Антонович Титаренко)# Lev Nikolayevich Tolkunov (Лев Николаевич Толкунов) Vladimir Fyodorovich Tolubko (Владимир Фёдорович Толубко) Ivan Moiseyevich Tretyak (Иван Моисеевич Третьяк) Pyotr Ivanovich Tretyakov (Пётр Иванович Третьяков)# Yury Nikolayevich Trofimov (Юрий Николаевич Трофимов) Mikhail Petrovich Trunov (Михаил Петрович Трунов)# Yevgeny Mikhaylovich Tyazhelnikov (Евгений Михайлович Тяжельников) Raisa Silantyevna Udalaya (Раиса Силантьевна Удалая) Gumer Ismagilovich Usmanov (Гумер Исмагилович Усманов) Inomjon Buzrukovich Usmonxo‘jayev (Инамжон Бузрукович Усманходжаев) Vladimir Fyodorovich Utkin (Владимир Фёдорович Уткин) Karl Vaino (Карл Генрихович Вайно) Grigory Ivanovich Vashchenko (Григорий Иванович Ващенко) Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev (Николай Фёдорович Васильев) Gennady Fyodorovich Vedernikov (Геннадий Георгиевич Ведерников) Vladimir Makarovich Velichko (Владимир Макарович Величко) Alexander Vladimirovich Vlasov (Александр Владимирович Власов) Boris Mikhaylovich Volodin (Борис Михайлович Володин) Arkady Ivanovich Volsky (Аркадий Иванович Вольский) Lev Alexeyevich Voronin (Лев Алексеевич Воронин) Yuli Mikhailovich Vorontsov (Юлий Михайлович Воронцов) Mikhail Gavrilovich Voropayev (Михаил Гаврилович Воропаев) Vitaly Ivanovich Vorotnikov (Виталий Иванович Воротников) Augusts Voss (Август Эдуардович Восс) Anatoly Fomich Voystroychenko (Анатолий Фомич Войстроченко) Gennady Alexeyevich Yagodin (Геннадий Алексеевич Ягодин) Alexander Nikolayevich Yakovlev (Александр Николаевич Яковлев) Alexander Nikolayevich Yefimov (Александр Николаевич Ефимов) Anatoly Grigoryevich Yegorov (Анатолий Григорьевич Егоров)# Yury Nikiforovich Yelchenko (Юрий Никифорович Ельченко) Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Борис Николаевич Ельцин) Nikolay Pavlovich Yemokhonov (Николай Павлович Емохонов) Nikolay Spiridonovich Yermakov (Николай Спиридонович Ермаков) Lev Borisovich Yermin (Лев Борисович Ермин)# Nelli Mikhaylovna Yershova (Нелли Михайловна Ершова) Alexander Alexandrovich Yezhevsky (Александр Александрович Ежевский)# Magomed Yusupovich Yusupov (Магомед Юсупович Юсупов) Vadim Valentinovich Zagladin (Вадим Валентинович Загладин) Vasily Georgiyevich Zakharov (Василий Георгиевич Захаров) Leonid Mitrofanovich Zamyatin (Леонид Митрофанович Замятин) Vladimir Andreyevich Zatvornitsky (Владимир Андреевич Затворницкий) Lev Nikolayevich Zaykov (Лев Николаевич Зайков) Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev (Михаил Митрофанович Зайцев)# Mikhail Vasilyevich Zimyanin (Михаил Васильевич Зимянин)# Grigory Sergeyevich Zolotukhin (Григорий Сергеевич Золотухин) Viktor Ilyich Zorkaltsev (Виктор Ильич Зоркальцев)

Candidates Listed in alphabetical order Veniamin Georgiyevich Afonin (Вениамин Георгиевич Афонин) Geny Yevgenyevich Ageyev (Гений Евгеньевич Агеев) Timur Agzamovich Alimov (Тимур Агзамович Алимов) Georgy Vasilyevich Alyoshin (Георгий Васильевич Алёшин) Nikolay Afanasyevich Antonov (Николай Афанасьевич Антонов) Makhmut Maripovich Aripdzhanov (Махмут Марипович Арипджанов) Alexander Alexandrovich Babenko (Александр Александрович Бабенко) Anatoly Geogriyevich Basistov (Анатолий Георгиевич Басистов) Boris Terentyevich Batsanov (Борис Терентьевич Бацанов) Valery Alexandrovich Belikov (Валерий Александрович Беликов) Anatoly Mikhaylovich Belyakov (Анатолий Михайлович Беляков) Leonid Alexeyevich Bibin (Леонид Алексеевич Бибин) Ratmir Stepanovich Bobovikov (Ратмир Степанович Бобовиков) Leonid Fyodorovich Bobykin (Леонид Фёдорович Бобыкин) Valery Ivanovich Boldin (Валерий Иванович Болдин) Zoya Ivanovna Borovikova (Зоя Ивановна Боровикова) Yevgeny Alexeyevich Brakov (Евгений Алексеевич Браков) Vladimir Arkadyevich Brezhnev (Владимир Аркадьевич Брежнев) Karen Nersesovich Brutents (Карен Нерсесович Брутенц) Lidiya Dmitriyevna Bryzga (Лидия Дмитриевна Брызга) Alexander Dmitriyevich Budyka (Александр Дмитриевич Будыка) Sergey Petrovich Burenkov (Сергей Петрович Буренков) Mikhail Ivanovich Busygin (Михаил Иванович Бусыгин) Ivan Petrovich Călin (Иван Петрович Калин) Boris Nikolayevich Chaplin (Борис Николаевич Чаплин) Yevgeny Mikhaylovich Chekharin (Евгений Михайлович Чехарин) Ivan Mikhaylovich Cherepanov (Иван Михайлович Черепанов) Valentin Vasilyevich Chikin (Валентин Васильевич Чикин) Nikolay Grigoryevich Davydov (Николай Григорьевич Давыдов) Viktor Vladimirovich Dementsev (Виктор Владимирович Деменцев) Ivan Nikolayevich Dmitriyev (Иван Николаевич Дмитриев) Valentin Ivanovich Dmitriyev (Валентин Иванович Дмитриев) Nikolay Kirillovich Dybenko (Николай Кириллович Дыбенко) Ismail Dzhabbarov (Исмаил Джаббаров) Valentin Mikhaylovich Falin (Валентин Михайлович Фалин) Konstantin Yefimovich Fomichenko (Константин Ефимович Фомиченко) Konstantin Vasilyevich Frolov (Константин Васильевич Фролов) Natalya Vladimirovna Gellert (Наталья Владимировна Геллерт) Andrey Nikolayevich Girenko (Андрей Николаевич Гиренко) Ivan Ivanovich Gladky (Иван Иванович Гладкий) Nikolay Timofeyevich Glushkov (Николай Тимофеевич Глушков) Marat Vladimirovich Gramov (Марат Владимирович Грамов) Nikolay Matveyevich Gribachyov (Николай Матвеевич Грибачёв) Vladimir Viktorovich Grigoryev (Владимир Викторович Григорьев) Ivan Grigoryevich Grintsov (Иван Григорьевич Гринцов) Alexander Terentyevich Honchar (Александр Терентьевич Гончар) Leonid Fyodorovich Ilyichyov (Леонид Фёдорович Ильичёв) Tatyana Georgiyevna Ivanova (Татьяна Георгиевна Иванова) Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko (Владимир Антонович Ивашко) Alexander Ivanovich Iyevlev (Александр Иванович Иевлев) Gayrat Kamidullayevich Kadyrov (Гайрат Хамидуллаевич Кадыров) Zakash Kamalidenovich Kamalidenov (Закаш Камалиденович Камалиденов) Alexey Stepanovich Kamay (Алексей Степанович Камай) Ivan Matveyevich Kapitanets (Иван Матвеевич Капитанец) Yury Sergeyevich Karabasov (Юрий Сергеевич Карабасов) Vladimir Vasilyevich Karpov (Владимир Васильевич Карпов) Valentina Alexandrovna Kasimova (Валентина Александровна Касимова) Vasily Ivanovich Kazakov (Василий Иванович Казаков) Izatullo Khayoyev (Изатулло Хаёев) Leonid Ivanovich Khitrun (Леонид Иванович Хитрун) Tikhon Nikolayevich Khrennikov (Тихон Николаевич Хренников) Tukhtakhon Bazarovna Kirgizbayeva (Тухтахон Базаровна Киргизбаева) Gennady Nikolayevich Kiselyov (Геннадий Николаевич Киселёв) Stepan Vasilyevich Kleyko (Степан Васильевич Клейко) Leonid Gerasimovich Klyotskov (Леонид Герасимович Клёцков) Yury Petrovich Kochetkov (Юрий Петрович Кочетков) Alexey Yefimovich Kolbeshkin (Алексей Ефимович Колбешкин) Georgy Dmitriyevich Kolmogorov (Георгий Дмитриевич Колмогоров) Yury Afanasyevich Kolomiyets (Юрий Афанасьевич Коломиец) Nikolay Dmitriyevich Komarov (Николай Дмитриевич Комаров) Vasily Nikolayevich Konovalov (Василий Николаевич Коновалов) Anatoly Ustinovich Konstantinov (Анатолий Устинович Константинов) Valentin Afanasyevich Koptyug (Валентин Афанасьевич Коптюг) Alexander Gavrilovich Korkin (Александр Гаврилович Коркин) Mikhail Gavrilovich Korolyov (Михаил Антонович Королёв) Temirbek Kudaybergenovich Koshoyev (Темирбек Кудайбергенович Кошоев) Yevgeny Alexandrovich Kozlovsky (Евгений Александрович Козловский) Boris Vasilyevich Kravtsov (Борис Васильевич Кравцов) Vasily Dmitriyevich Kryuchkov (Василий Дмитриевич Крючков) Orazbek Sultanovich Kuanyshev (Оразбек Султанович Куанышев) Lev Alexandrovich Kulidzhanov (Лев Александрович Кулиджанов) Yuly Alexandrovich Kvitsinsky (Юлий Александрович Квицинский) Ivan Dmitriyevich Laptev (Иван Дмитриевич Лаптев) Vladimir Vladimirovich Listov (Владимир Владимирович Листов) Yury Ivanovich Lobov (Юрий Иванович Лобов) Vadim Petrovich Loginov (Вадим Петрович Логинов) Pyotr Kirillovich Luchinsky (Пётр Кириллович Лучинский) Vladimir Matveyevich Lukyanenko (Владимир Матвеевич Лукьяненко) Nikolay Mitrofanovich Lunkov (Николай Митрофанович Луньков) Salidzhan Mamarasulov (Салиджан Мамарасулов) Vitaly Andreyevich Masol (Виталий Андреевич Масол) Mikhail Ivanovich Matafonov (Михаил Иванович Матафонов) Tengiz Nikolayevich Menteshashvili (Тенгиз Николаевич Ментешашвили) Galina Vladimirovna Merkulova (Галина Владимировна Меркулова) Guram Archilovich Metonidze (Гурам Арчилович Метонидзе) Alexander Grigoryevich Meshkov (Александр Григорьевич Мешков) Viktor Ivanovich Mironenko (Виктор Иванович Мироненко) Pavel Petrovich Mozhayev (Павел Петрович Можаев) Salamat Mukashev (Саламат Мукашев) Rysbek Myrzashev (Рысбек Мырзашев) Mikhail Fyodorovich Nenashev (Михаил Фёдорович Ненашев) Vladilen Valentinovich Nikitin (Владилен Валентинович Никитин) Valentin Mikhaylovich Nikiforov (Валентин Михайлович Никифоров) Boris Vasilyevich Nikolsky (Борис Васильевич Никольский) Ivan Filippovich Obraztsov (Иван Филиппович Образцов) Vladimir Vasilyevich Osipov (Владимир Васильевич Осипов) Yury Anatolyevich Ovchinnikov (Юрий Анатольевич Овчинников) Valentina Romanovna Parshina (Валентина Романовна Паршина) Pyotr Andreyevich Paskar (Пётр Андреевич Паскарь) Nikolay Antonovich Pavlov (Николай Антонович Павлов) Ivan Alexeyevich Pentyukhov (Иван Алексеевич Пентюхов) Alexey Georgiyevich Petrishchev (Алексей Георгиевич Петрищев) Yevgeny Mikhaylovich Podolsky (Евгений Михайлович Подольский) Yakov Petrovich Pogrebnyak (Яков Петрович Погребняк) Mikhail Danilovich Popkov (Михаил Данилович Попков) Nikolay Ivanovich Popov (Николай Иванович Попов) Grigory Andreyevich Posibeyev (Григорий Андреевич Посибеев) Yevgeny Maximovich Primakov (Евгений Максимович Примаков) Albert Ivanovich Rachkov (Альберт Иванович Рачков) Leonid Vladimirovich Radyukevich (Леонид Владимирович Радюкевич) Vladimir Ivanovich Reshetilov (Владимир Иванович Решетилов) Viktor Smyonovich Rodin (Виктор Семёнович Родин) Dmitry Vasilyevich Romanin (Дмитрий Васильевич Романин) Ivan Kharitonovich Romazan (Иван Харитонович Ромазан) Yury Yanovich Ruben (Юрий Янович Рубэн) Alexey Mironovich Rybakov (Алексей Миронович Рыбаков) Mikhail Borisovich Ryzhikov (Михаил Борисович Рыжиков) Vytautas Vladovich Sakalauskas (Витаутас Владович Сакалаускас) Akil Umurzakovich Salimov (Акил Умурзакович Салимов) Fadey Tachatovich Sargsyan (Фадей Тачатович Саркисян) Bruno Eduardovich Saul (Бруно Эдуардович Саул) Gasan Neymat ogly Seidov (Гасан Неймат оглы Сеидов) Lev Borisovich Shapiro (Лев Борисович Шапиро) Arkady Nikolayevich Shchepetilnikov (Аркадий Николаевич Щепетильников) Sergey Georgiyevich Shcherbakov (Сергей Георгиевич Щербаков) Grigory Chooduyevich Shirshin (Григорий Чоодуевич Ширшин) Alexander Ivanovich Shitov (Александр Иванович Шитов) Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shubnikov (Николай Михайлович Шубников) Vladimir Mikhaylovich Shuralyov (Владимир Михайлович Шуралёв) Vladimir Vasilyevich Sidorov (Владимир Васильевич Сидоров) Ivan Ivanovich Skiba (Иван Иванович Скиба) Yury Alexandrovich Sklyarov (Юрий Александрович Скляров) Pyotr Yakovlevich Slyozko (Пётр Яковлевич Слёзко) Georgy Lukich Smirnov (Георгий Лукич Смирнов) Viktor Ilyich Smirnov (Виктор Ильич Смирнов) Boris Vasilyevich Snetkov (Борис Васильевич Снетков) Vitaly Alxeyevich Sologub (Виталий Алексеевич Сологуб) Alexey Ivanovich Sorokin (Алексей Иванович Сорокин) Lev Nikolayevich Spiridonov (Лев Николаевич Спиридонов) Nikolay Alexeyevich Stashenkov (Николай Алексеевич Сташенков) Vladimir Ivanovich Toropov (Владимир Иванович Торопов) Oleg Alexandrovich Troyanovsky (Олег Александрович Трояновский) Gennady Ivanovich Ulanov (Геннадий Иванович Уланов) Yury Nikolayevich Valov (Юрий Николаевич Валов) Valentin Ivanovich Varennikov (Валентин Иванович Варенников) Yevgeny Andreyevich Varnachyov (Евгений Андреевич Варначёв) Lev Borisovich Vasilyev (Лев Борисович Васильев) Igor Ivanovich Velichko (Игорь Иванович Величко) Evgeny Pavlovich Velikhov (Евгений Павлович Велихов) Ivan Maximovich Vladychenko (Иван Максимович Владыченко) Gennady Petrovich Voronovsky (Геннадий Петрович Вороновский) Ivan Pavlovich Yastrebov (Иван Павлович Ястребов) Bally Yazkuliyev (Баллы Язкулиев) Dmitry Timofeyevich Yazov (Дмитрий Тимофеевич Язов) Anatoly Stepanovich Yefimov (Анатолий Степанович Ефимов) Georgy Mikhaylovich Yegorov (Георгий Михайлович Егоров) Yevgeny Alexandrovich Yeliseyev (Евгений Александрович Елисеев) Filipp Timofeyevich Yermash (Филипп Тимофеевич Ермаш) Vladimir Andreyevich Zakharov (Владимир Андреевич Захаров) Yury Alexandroich Zhukov (Юрий Александрович Жуков)

Citations

1. "XXVII-й съезд Коммунистической партии Советского Союза 25.2 - 6.3.1986" (in Russian). Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898 - 1991. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
2. Central Intelligence Agency 1986, p. iii.
3. Central Intelligence Agency 1986, p. 6.
4. Central Intelligence Agency 1986, p. 5.
5. Central Intelligence Agency 1986, pp. 2–3.
6. Gill 1994, p. 17.
7. Central Intelligence Agency 1986, pp. 6–7.
8. Gill 1994, p. 24.
9. Central Intelligence Agency 1986, p. 7.
10. Gill 1994, p. 19.
11. Gill 1994, pp. 19–21.
12. Gill 1994, p. 27.
13. Gill 1994, p. 21.
14. Gill 1994, p. 22.
15. Gill 1994, pp. 22–23.
16. Gill 1994, p. 23.
17. Gill 1994, p. 28.
18. Gill 1994, p. 29.
19. Gill 1994, p. 32.
20. Gill 1994, p. 33.
21. Gill 1994, pp. 33–36.
22. Hough 1997, p. 318.
23. Hough 1997, p. 319.
24. Hough 1997, p. 320.
25. Gill 1994, p. 37.
26. Gill 1994, p. 38.
27. Gill 1994, p. 30.
28. Brown 1997, p. 168.
29. Hough 1997, p. 326.
30. Hough 1997, p. 321.
31. Hough 1997, p. 322.
32. Hough 1997, p. 324.
33. Hough 1997, pp. 324–325.
34. Hough 1997, p. 325.
35. Garthoff 2000, p. 347.
36. Garthoff 2000, p. 348.
37. Brown 1997, p. 172.
38. Brown 1997, p. 173.
39. Brown 1997, p. 174.
40. "Персональный состав Центрального комитета РСДРП - РСДРП(б) - РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Personal composition of the Central Committee of the RSDLP - RSDLP (b) - the RCP (B) - VKP (b) - the CPSU] (in Russian). Handbook of the history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898–1991, knowbysight.info. Retrieved 25 November 2014.

Bibliography

Articles & journal entries

• Central Intelligence Agency (April 1986). "The 27th CPSU Congress: Gorbachev's Unfinished Business" (PDF). Directorate of Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Books

• Brown, Archie (1997). The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192880527.
• Garthoff, Raymond (2000). The Great Transition: American–Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815730608.
• Gill, Graeme (1994). The Collapse of a Single-Party System: The Disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521469430.
• Hough, Jerry (1997). Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–91. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815737491.