6-inch gun M1897

6-inch gun M1900
6-inch gun M1905 on disappearing carriage M1903, Battery Chamberlin, Fort Winfield Scott, Presidio of San Francisco
Type	Coastal artillery
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1897–1945
Used by	United States Army
Wars	World War I, World War II
Production history
Designer	Watervliet Arsenal
Designed	1897
Manufacturer	Watervliet Arsenal, possibly others
Variants	M1897, M1900, M1903, M1905, M1908, M1 (aka T2)
Specifications
Weight	19,114 pounds (8,670 kg)
Length	310.4 inches (788 cm)
Barrel length	50 calibers (300 inches (760 cm))

Shell	separate loading, 108 pounds (49 kg) or 105 pounds (48 kg) AP shot & shell, 90 pounds (41 kg) HE^[1]^[2]
Caliber	6 inch (152 mm)
Breech	Interrupted screw, De Bange type
Recoil	Hydrospring
Carriage	M1898, M1903, or M1905 disappearing, M1900 or M1910 pedestal, M1, M2, M3, M4 barbette, most manufactured by Watertown Arsenal^[3]
Elevation	disappearing: 15° pedestal: 20° WWII high-angle barbette: 47°
Traverse	disappearing: 170° (varied with emplacement) pedestal: 360° (varied with emplacement)
Maximum firing range	disappearing: 14,600 yards (13,400 m) pedestal: 17,000 yards (16,000 m) WWII high-angle barbette with M1 gun: 27,500 yards (25,100 m)^[4]
Feed system	hand

The 6-inch gun M1897 (152 mm) and its variants the M1900, M1903, M1905, M1908, and M1 (aka T2) were coastal artillery pieces installed to defend major American seaports between 1897 and 1945. For most of their history they were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. They were installed on disappearing carriages or pedestal (aka barbette) mountings, and during World War II many were remounted on shielded barbette carriages.^[5] Most of the weapons not in the Philippines were scrapped within a few years after World War II.

History

6-inch M1900 gun on M1900 pedestal mount, similar to two weapons still present at Fort Hancock, New Jersey.

6-inch M1900 gun on M1900 pedestal mount, annotated.

Diagram of an M1895 12-inch gun on an M1897 disappearing carriage, generally similar to the 6-inch disappearing gun.

In 1885, William C. Endicott, President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of War, was tasked with creating the Board of Fortifications to review seacoast defenses. The findings of the board illustrated a grim picture of existing defenses in its 1886 report and recommended a massive $127 million construction program of breech-loading cannons, mortars, floating batteries, and submarine mines for some 29 locations on the US coastline. Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented. Coast Artillery fortifications built between 1885 and 1905 are often referred to as Endicott Period fortifications. The 6-inch caliber was chosen, as in many applications, for combining a relatively heavy shell with rapid hand loading. In the overall system, it was an intermediate caliber between the heavy 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch weapons and the small 3-inch guns intended to defend minefields against minesweepers. The Watervliet Arsenal designed the guns and built the barrels. Initially, most of the guns were mounted on disappearing carriages; when the gun was fired, it dropped behind a concrete and/or earthen wall for protection from counter-battery fire. Within a few years, it was realized that operating the disappearing carriage negatively impacted the rate of fire, and the M1900 low-profile pedestal mount was designed.

On the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898 most of the Endicott fortifications were still under construction. To quickly arm some works a few weapons were purchased from the United Kingdom including 13 6-inch Armstrong guns, two of which survive at Fort DeSoto near St. Petersburg, Florida. These appear to have been withdrawn from service by 1925.

Between the Endicott program and the 1905–15 Taft Board fortifications, approximately 200 6-inch guns were emplaced in the United States and its possessions, around 150 of which were on disappearing carriages.

World War I

After the American entry into World War I, the Army recognized the need for large-caliber guns for use on the Western Front. The Coast Artillery operated all US Army heavy artillery in that war, due to their experience and training with these weapons. A total of 95 6-inch coast defense guns were removed from fixed emplacements or drawn from spares and mounted on wheeled carriages for field use; most of these (along with some Navy weapons for a total of 72) equipped three Coast Artillery regiments in France.^[6] They were nicknamed "6-inch Terrors". However, due to the Armistice, none of these regiments completed training in time to see action. An additional 46 6-inch guns of other types were provided by the Navy and 30 from arms dealer Francis Bannerman; some of these were delivered to France before the Armistice. A source states that all Navy guns were cut down to 30 calibers barrel length in an attempt to standardize ballistics, as that was the length of the shortest Navy guns.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Some of the Army weapons were returned to coast defenses after the war, but most (a count of disarmed batteries shows approximately 81)^[11] were stored until World War II; one survives on a field carriage at the US Army Ordnance School, Fort Lee, Virginia.

World War II

6-inch gun M1905 on shielded barbette carriage at Fort Columbia State Park, Washington state.

Along with other coast artillery weapons, some of the 6-inch guns in the Philippines saw action in the Japanese invasion in World War II. Since they were positioned against a naval attack, they were poorly sited to engage the Japanese, and the open mountings were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack.

In 1940–44, 16-inch gun batteries were constructed at most harbor defenses to replace the aging Endicott- and Taft-era weapons. Many of the 6-inch weapons were remounted on M1 through M4 shielded barbette carriages at new locations in two-gun batteries to complement the 16-inch guns. These allowed higher-angle fire than previous mountings, and extended the 6-inch guns' range from 17,000 yards (16,000 m) to 27,000 yards (25,000 m). M1903 and M1905 weapons were remounted as the M1903A2 and M1905A2, and a new M1 gun (also called the T2) armed some batteries. A heavily concreted magazine structure with a gas-tight plotting room was constructed between each pair of guns. At one point 87 batteries were proposed, but only about 65 were built and 45 armed before construction was suspended late in WWII. Approximately 140 barbette carriages were constructed.^[12] Some of the M1900 weapons on pedestal mounts were retained in service or relocated to better positions during the war, but the disappearing guns were mostly scrapped by 1944.^[13] Following World War II the entire coast defense system, including almost all of the 6-inch guns, was scrapped.

Specifications

Gun lengths are muzzle to breech face.^[14]^[15]

Model	Length in calibers	Gun Length	Weight
M1897	44.58	277.85 in (705.74 cm)	16,216 lb (7,355 kg)
M1900	50	310.40 in (788.42 cm)	19,968 lb (9,057 kg)
M1903	50	310.40 in (788.42 cm)	19,990 lb (9,067 kg)
M1905	50	310.40 in (788.42 cm)	21,148 lb (9,593 kg)
M1908	44.58	277.85 in (705.74 cm)	12,500 lb (5,670 kg)
M1 (T2)	50	Approx. 300 in (762.00 cm)	20,550 lb (9,321 kg)

Surviving examples

Several 6-inch guns remain, mostly in the Philippines.^[16]

1. One 6-inch Gun M1905 (#30 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1903 (#1 Watertown), Battery Cooper, Fort Pickens, Pensacola, Florida (weapon formerly at Battery Schofield, West Point, New York, and before that at Battery Livingston, Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, New York.

2. One 6-inch Gun M1905 (#9 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriage M1903 (#2 Watertown), Battery Chamberlin, Fort Winfield Scott, Presidio of San Francisco, California (weapon formerly at Battery Schofield, West Point, New York, and before that at Battery Livingston, Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, New York.

3. Two 6-inch Guns M1905 (#31 & #32 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriages M1905MI (#12 & #13 Watertown), Battery Morrison, Fort Mills, Corregidor Island, Philippines.

4. Two 6-inch Guns M1905 (#4 & #33 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriages M1905MI (#9 & #11 Watertown), Battery Ramsay, Fort Mills, Corregidor Island, Philippines (guns severely cut up).

5. One 6-inch Gun M1905 (#27 Watervliet) (spare gun), Battery Morrison, Fort Mills, Corregidor Island, Philippines (guns severely cut up).

6. Two 6-inch Guns M1905 (#6 & #7 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriages M1905MI (#6 & #7 Bethlehem), Battery Hall, Fort Wint, Grande Island, Subic Bay, Philippines.

7. One 6-inch Gun M1908 (#6 Watervliet), Battery Leach, Fort Hughes, Caballo Island, Philippines.

8. One 6-inch Gun M1908MII (#4 Watervliet), Battery Roberts, Fort Drum, El Fraile Island, Philippines (with shield only, no carriage).

9. Two 6-inch Guns M1900 (#22 & #23 Watervliet) on Barbette Carriages M1900 (#12 & #17 Rock Island), Battery Peck, Fort Hancock, New Jersey (located in the emplacements of Battery Gunnison).

10. Two 6-inch Rapid Fire Armstrong Guns (#12139 and #12140) on Barbette Carriages Mk 2 (#11162 and #11157) (one with partial shield), Fort DeSoto, Mullet Key, near St. Petersburg, Florida (weapons formerly at Battery Burchsted, Fort Dade, Egmont Key, Florida).

11. Two 6-inch Guns M1905A2 (#16 & #21) on Barbette Carriages Model M1 (#58 & #59), Battery 234, Fort Pickens, Pensacola, Florida (weapons formerly at Battery 227, Fort John Custis, Virginia).

12. Two 6-inch Guns M1905A2 (#30 & #61) on Barbette Carriages Model M1 (#9 & #10), Battery 246, Fort Columbia State Park, Chinook Point, Washington state (weapons formerly at Battery 281, Fort McAndrew, Argentia, Newfoundland).

13. Two 6-inch Guns M1905A2 (#13 & #8) on Barbette Carriages Model M1 (#44 & #45), Battery 282, Fort McAndrew, Argentia, Newfoundland.

13. One 6-inch Gun M1905A1 (#12 Watervliet) with Limber (#82 Morgan Eng.) on Carriage M1917 (#22 Morgan Eng.), U.S. Army Ordnance School, Fort Lee, VA.

14. Several additional US Navy Mark VIII 6-inch guns survive in Alaska and American Samoa.

References

↑ Berhow, p. 61
↑ TM 9-424, pp. 3-4
↑ Berhow, pp. 94-105
↑ Berhow, p. 61
↑ Coast Defense Study Group fort and battery list
↑ 61st Coast Artillery in WWI
↑ US Army Coast Artillery Corps in World War I
↑ 69th Coast Artillery in WWI
↑ Handbook of Ordnance Data, November 15, 1918, pp. 86-88
↑ America's Munitions 1917–1918, pp. 73–75
↑ Berhow, pp. 202-225
↑ Berhow, pp. 226–227
↑ Berhow, pp. 202–225
↑ Berhow, pp. 94-105
↑ Coastal Battery Gun List at FortWiki.com
↑ Berhow, pp. 232-233

Berhow, Mark A., Ed. (2004). American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide, Second Edition. CDSG Press. ISBN 0-9748167-0-1.
Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). Seacoast Fortifications of the United States. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. ISBN 978-0-929521-11-4.

Bibliography

External links

United States artillery of World War I

Tank guns	Puteaux SA 18 QF 6 pounder 6 cwt Hotchkiss

Small and pack guns	Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP QF 2.95 inch Mountain Gun

Field, medium and heavy guns	3-inch M1902 field gun Canon de 75 modèle 1897 75 mm Gun M1916 75 mm Gun M1917 4.7 inch Gun M1906 6-inch field howitzer M-1908 Canon de 155mm GPF Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider BL 8 inch Howitzer Mk VI – VIII 240 mm Trench Mortar

Anti-aircraft guns	75 mm Gun M1916 3-inch gun M1917 3-inch Gun M1918

Coast artillery guns	3-inch gun M1903 4.72-inch Armstrong gun 5-inch gun M1897 6-inch Armstrong gun 6-inch gun M1897 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 14-inch gun M1907 16-inch gun M1895 16-inch gun M1919 155 mm gun M1918MI

Railway artillery	8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 12-inch gun M1895MIA1 14"/50 caliber railway gun

United States artillery of World War II

Tank guns	37 mm gun M5/M6 75 mm gun M2/M3/M6 76 mm gun M1 3 inch gun M7 90 mm gun M3 105 mm howitzer M4

Anti-tank guns	37 mm M3 57 mm M1 75 mm M1897 3 inch M5 90 mm T8 105mm T8

Field, medium and heavy guns	75 mm M1897 75 mm howitzer M1 105 mm howitzer M2 105 mm howitzer M3 4.5 inch gun M1 155 mm howitzer M1918 155 mm howitzer M1 155 mm gun M1918MI 155 mm gun M1/M2 "Long Tom" 8 inch howitzer M1/M2 8-inch gun M1 240 mm howitzer M1

Mortars	60 mm mortar M2 81 mm mortar M1 4.2 inch mortar M2 Little David

Other vehicle-mounted	75 mm howitzer M2/M3 75 mm gun M1897 105 mm howitzer M2 155 mm gun M1918MI 155 mm gun M2

Anti-aircraft guns	37 mm M1 40 mm M1 3 inch M3 90 mm M1 120 mm M1

Coast artillery guns	3-inch gun M1903 90 mm M1 6-inch gun M1903 155 mm gun M1918MI 8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 12-inch gun M1895 14-inch gun M1907 16-inch gun M1895 16-inch gun M1919 16-inch Marks 2 and 3 16-inch howitzer M1920

Railway artillery	8-inch Mk. VI 8-inch M1888 14-inch M1920

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