APOBEC3H

Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3H
Identifiers
Symbols	APOBEC3H ; A3H; ARP-10; ARP10
External IDs	OMIM: 610976 HomoloGene: 52306 GeneCards: APOBEC3H Gene
EC number	3.5.4.-
Gene ontology Molecular function • cytidine deaminase activity • protein binding • zinc ion binding Cellular component • cytoplasmic mRNA processing body • nucleus • cytoplasm Biological process • hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation • cytidine deamination • negative regulation of transposition • innate immune response • negative regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate • negative regulation of viral process • defense response to virus • DNA cytosine deamination Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	164668	n/a
Ensembl	ENSG00000100298	n/a
UniProt	Q6NTF7	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001166002	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001159474	n/a
Location (UCSC)	Chr 22: 39.1 – 39.1 Mb	n/a
PubMed search		n/a

DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3H, also known as Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3H or APOBEC-related protein 10, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOBEC3H gene.^[1]

Function

This gene encodes a member of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) family of proteins. The encoded protein is a cytidine deaminase that has antiretroviral activity by generating lethal hypermutations in viral genomes. Polymorphisms and alternative splicing in this gene influence its antiretroviral activity and are associated with increased resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in certain populations. There are only one to two members of this family of genes in nonprimate mammals but at least seven members in primates. APOBEC3H is an antiviral effector. In Old world monkeys APOBEC3H has efficient antiviral activity against primate lentiviruses and it is sensitive to inactivation by the simian immunodeficiency virus Vif protein, and is capable of hypermutating retroviral genomes. The typical human APOBEC3H gene is inherently poorly expressed in primate cells and is ineffective at inhibiting retroviral replication.^[2] Importantly, different people have different strengths and potencies of APOBEC3H. People with version of the gene for APOBEC3H which produce stable variations of the protein can successfully limited HIV-1's ability to replicate.^[3]

References

1. "Entrez Gene: apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme".
2. OhAinle M, Kerns JA, Malik HS, Emerman M (2006). "Adaptive evolution and antiviral activity of the conserved mammalian cytidine deaminase APOBEC3H". J. Virol. 80 (8): 3853–62. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.8.3853-3862.2006. PMC 1440450. PMID 16571802.
3. Refsland EW, Hultquist JF, Luengas EM, Ikeda T, Shaban NM, Law EK, Brown WL, Reilly C, Emerman M, Harris RS (2014). "Natural Polymorphisms in Human APOBEC3H and HIV-1 Vif Combine in Primary T Lymphocytes to Affect Viral G-to-A Mutation Levels and Infectivity". PLoS Genet. 10 (11): e1004761. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004761. PMC 4238949. PMID 25411794.

Further reading

• Wedekind JE, Dance GS, Sowden MP, Smith HC (2003). "Messenger RNA editing in mammals: new members of the APOBEC family seeking roles in the family business.". Trends Genet. 19 (4): 207–16. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00054-4. PMID 12683974.
• OhAinle M, Kerns JA, Malik HS, Emerman M (2006). "Adaptive Evolution and Antiviral Activity of the Conserved Mammalian Cytidine Deaminase APOBEC3H". J. Virol. 80 (8): 3853–62. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.8.3853-3862.2006. PMC 1440450. PMID 16571802.
• Vartanian JP, Guétard D, Henry M, Wain-Hobson S (2008). "Evidence for editing of human papillomavirus DNA by APOBEC3 in benign and precancerous lesions". Science 320 (5873): 230–3. doi:10.1126/science.1153201. PMID 18403710.
• Ooms M, Majdak S, Seibert CW; et al. (2010). "The Localization of APOBEC3H Variants in HIV-1 Virions Determines Their Antiviral Activity". J. Virol. 84 (16): 7961–9. doi:10.1128/JVI.00754-10. PMC 2916534. PMID 20519396.
• Tan L, Sarkis PT, Wang T; et al. (2009). "Sole copy of Z2-type human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3H has inhibitory activity against retrotransposons and HIV-1". FASEB J. 23 (1): 279–87. doi:10.1096/fj.07-088781. PMC 2626612. PMID 18827027.
• Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA; et al. (2004). "A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome". Genome Biol. 5 (10): R84. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84. PMC 545604. PMID 15461802.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Harari A, Ooms M, Mulder LC, Simon V (2009). "Polymorphisms and Splice Variants Influence the Antiretroviral Activity of Human APOBEC3H". J. Virol. 83 (1): 295–303. doi:10.1128/JVI.01665-08. PMC 2612324. PMID 18945781.
• Zhen A, Wang T, Zhao K; et al. (2010). "A Single Amino Acid Difference in Human APOBEC3H Variants Determines HIV-1 Vif Sensitivity". J. Virol. 84 (4): 1902–11. doi:10.1128/JVI.01509-09. PMC 2812409. PMID 19939923.
• OhAinle M, Kerns JA, Li MM; et al. (2008). "Anti-retroelement Activity of APOBEC3H was Lost Twice in Recent Human Evolution". Cell Host Microbe 4 (3): 249–59. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.07.005. PMC 2608726. PMID 18779051.
• Köck J, Blum HE (2008). "Hypermutation of hepatitis B virus genomes by APOBEC3G, APOBEC3C and APOBEC3H". J. Gen. Virol. 89 (Pt 5): 1184–91. doi:10.1099/vir.0.83507-0. PMID 18420796.
• Li MM, Wu LI, Emerman M (2010). "The Range of Human APOBEC3H Sensitivity to Lentiviral Vif Proteins". J. Virol. 84 (1): 88–95. doi:10.1128/JVI.01344-09. PMC 2798431. PMID 19828612.
• Dang Y, Siew LM, Wang X; et al. (2008). "Human Cytidine Deaminase APOBEC3H Restricts HIV-1 Replication". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (17): 11606–14. doi:10.1074/jbc.M707586200. PMC 2430661. PMID 18299330.