Ginga (satellite)

For other uses, see Ginga (disambiguation).

ASTRO-C, renamed Ginga (Japanese for 'galaxy'), was an X-ray astronomy satellite launched from the Kagoshima Space Center on 5 February 1987 using M-3SII launch vehicle. The primary instrument for observations was the Large Area Counter (LAC). Ginga was the third Japanese X-ray astronomy mission, following Hakucho and Tenma. Ginga reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 1 November 1991.

Instruments

Large Area Proportional Counter (LAC 1.5-37 keV)
All-Sky Monitor (ASM 1-20 keV)
Gamma-ray Burst Detector (GBD 1.5-500 keV)

Highlights

Discovery of transient Black Hole Candidates and study of their spectral evolution.
Discovery of weak transients in the galactic ridge.
Detection of cyclotron features in 3 X-ray pulsars: 4U1538-522, V0332+53, and Cep X-4.
Evidence for emission and absorption Fe feature in Seyfert probing reprocessing by cold matter.
Discovery of intense 6-7 keV iron line emission from the galactic center region.

External links

NASA/GSFC information of Ginga (ex Astro-C)

Space observatories

Current	AGILE AMS-02 Astrosat CALET Chandra (AXAF) DAMPE Fermi Gaia Hinode (Solar-B) HiRISE Hisaki (SPRINT-A) Hitomi (Astro-H) Hubble INTEGRAL IBEX IRIS Kepler LISA Pathfinder MAXI MOST NEOSSat NuSTAR Odin PAMELA R/HESSI SDO SOHO SOLAR Spektr-R Spitzer Swift TUGSAT-1 & UniBRITE-1 WISE XMM-Newton

Planned	HXMT (2016) ISS-CREAM (2016) NICER (2016) CHEOPS (2017) Nano-JASMINE (2017) Spektr-RG (2017) TESS (2017) James Webb (JWST) (2018) K-EUSO (2019) Public Telescope (PST) (2019) iWF-MAXI (2019+) Astro-1 Telescope (2020) Euclid (2020) Spektr-UV (2021) SVOM (2021) Space Solar Telescope Solar-C (2023) PLATO (2024) ATHENA (2028) eLISA (2034)

Proposals	ATLAST DIOS EXCEDE Fresnel Imager FINESSE FOCAL HDST Hypertelescope LiteBIRD NEOCam New Worlds Mission NGHXT NRO donation to NASA Solar-D SPICA THEIA WFIRST EUSO

Completed	Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011) ALEXIS (1993–2005) ATM (1973–1974) ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000) Astro-1 (BBXRT HUT) (1990) Astro-2 (HUT) (1995) Astron (1983–1989) ANS (1974–1976) BeppoSAX (1996–2003) CHIPSat (2003–2008) Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000) COROT (2006–2013) Cos-B (1975–1982) COBE (1989–1993) EPOCh (2008) EPOXI (2010) EXOSAT (1983–1986) EUVE (1992–2001) FUSE (1999–2007) Kvant-1 (1987–2001) GALEX (2003–2013) Gamma (1990–1992) Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991) Granat (1989–1998) Hakucho (CORSA-ｂ) (1979–1985) HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005) HEAO-1 (1977–1979) Herschel (2009–2013) Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991) HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982) HEAO-3 (1979–1981) HETE-2 (2000–2007?) Hipparcos (1989–1993) IUE (1978–1996) IRAS (1983) IRTS (1995–1996) ISO (1996–1998) IXAE (1996–2004) Kristall (1990–2001) LEGRI (1997–2002) MSX (1996–1997) OAO-2 (1968–1973) OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981) Orion 1/2 (1971/1973) Planck (2009–2013) RELIKT-1 (1983–1984) ROSAT (1990–1999) Rossi X-ray (RXTE) (1995–2012) SAMPEX (1992–2004) SAS-B (1972–1973) SAS-C (1975–1979) Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015) Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980) Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985) Uhuru (1970–1973) WMAP (2001–2010) 1st mission WISE (2009–2011) Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001)

Lost	e.g. launch failures: OAO-1/OAO-B (1966/1970) CORSA (1976) ABRIXAS (1999) HETE (1996) WIRE (1999) Astro-E (2000)

Completed	hibernating after mission: SWAS (1998–2005) TRACE (1998–2010)

Cancelled	Astro-G Constellation-X Darwin Destiny EChO Eddington FAME GEMS IXO JDEM LOFT SIM & SIMlite SNAP TAUVEX TPF XEUS

See also	Great Observatories program List of space telescopes List of proposed space observatories

Category

Japanese space program

Organizations

JAXA
- former ISAS
- NAL
- NASDA
USEF
NICT

Earth observation

Completed	Kyokko Jikiken Denpa Ohozora Ume 1 b Fuyo-1 Momo 1 1b Midori I II Daichi

In operation	Akebono GEOTAIL¹ Himawari Aqua¹⁷ TRMM¹ Ibuki Shizuku GPM¹ Daichi-2

Planned	GCOM-C ERG EarthCARE² GOSAT-2 ALOS-3 ASNARO

Communications,
broadcasting and
positioning

Completed	Sakura (1 2a 2b 3a 3b) Yuri 1 2a 2b 3a 3b BS 2X 3H 3N Kakehashi N-STAR a b Kirari MBSat

In operation	Kodama Kizuna N-STAR (c) MTSAT QZSS Michibiki

Planned	QZSS QZS-2 QZS-3 QZS-4 DRTS-2

Engineering tests

Completed	Ohsumi Shinsei Kiku 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tansei 1 2 3 4 Myojo Ryusei Orizuru Jindai EXPRESS SFU DASH USERS SERVIS-1 SERVIS-2 Ayame 1 2 LRE Tsubasa LDREX 1 2 Micro LabSat-1 SDS-1

In operation	Ajisai Reimei Kiku-8 IKAROS SDS-4

Planned	SERVIS-3 SLATS

Cancelled	SmartSat-1 PETSAT

Private
miniaturized satellites

Completed	Fuji 1 2 Kanta-kun (WEOS) HIT-SAT CUTE 1.7+APD Maido-1 Kūkai Kagayaki Negai☆″ Waseda-SAT2 Hayato WE WISH

In operation	Fuji-3 CUTE 1 1.7+APDII XI IV V SEEDS Raijin Kiseki Hitomi Horyu 2 PROITERES RAIKO FITSAT-1

Planned	WNI satellite SPROUT TSUBAME QSAT-EOS SOMESAT

Astronomical
observation

Completed	Taiyo Hakucho Hinotori Tenma Ginga Yohkoh ASCA HALCA Akari Suzaku

In operation	Hinode Hisaki Hitomi

Planned	Nano-JASMINE LiteBIRD WFIRST¹ SPICA² ATHENA²

Cancelled	Astro-G

Lunar and
planetary exploration

Completed	Sakigake Suisei Hiten Hayabusa Kaguya (SELENE)

In operation	Akatsuki Hayabusa 2 PROCYON

Failed	Nozomi Shin'en

Planned	BepiColombo (MMO)² SLIM JUICE² MMX Trojan asteroid exploration MELOS

Cancelled	Lunar-A

Reconnaissance

Completed	IGS-Optical 1 Experimentally 3 IGS-Radar 1 2

In operation	IGS-Optical 2 3 4 Experimentally 5 IGS-Rader 3 4

Planned	IGS-Optical 5 6 IGS-Rader 5 6

Human spaceflight

Completed	H-II Transfer Vehicle 1 2 3 4 5

In operation	International Space Station (ISS) & Kibo¹²³⁴⁵⁶

Planned	H-II Transfer Vehicle 6 7 8 9 X1

Cancelled	HOPE-X Fuji manned spacecraft

Italics indicates projects in development.
Superscripts indicate joint development with¹NASA, ²ESA, ³ASI, ⁴CSA, ⁵RKA, ⁶AEB and ⁷INPE.

← 1986 · Orbital launches in 1987 · 1988 →

Meteor-2 No.17 \| Kosmos 1811 \| Kosmos 1812 \| Kosmos 1813 \| Progress 27 \| Kosmos 1814 \| Kosmos 1815 \| Molniya-3 No.42 \| Kosmos 1816 \| Kosmos 1817 \| Kosmos 1818 \| Ginga \| Soyuz TM-2 \| Kosmos 1819 \| USA-21 \| Kosmos 1820 \| Kosmos 1821 \| Momo 1 \| Kosmos 1822 \| Kosmos 1823 \| Kosmos 1824 \| GOES 7 \| Progress 28 \| Kosmos 1825 \| Kosmos 1826 \| Kosmos 1827 · Kosmos 1828 · Kosmos 1829 · Kosmos 1830 · Kosmos 1831 · Kosmos 1832 \| Kosmos 1833 \| Gran' No.31L \| Palapa B2P \| SROSS-A \| FLTSATCOM-6 \| Kvant-1 \| Kosmos 1834 \| Kosmos 1835 \| Kosmos 1836 \| Progress 29 \| Kosmos 1837 \| Kosmos 1838 · Kosmos 1839 · Kosmos 1840 \| Kosmos 1841 \| Kosmos 1842 \| Kosmos 1843 \| Gorizont No.23L \| Kosmos 1844 \| Kosmos 1845 \| USA-22 · LIPS-3 · USA-23 · USA-24 · USA-25 \| Polyus \| Progress 30 \| Kosmos 1846 \| Kosmos 1847 \| Kosmos 1848 \| Kosmos 1849 \| Kosmos 1850 \| Kosmos 1851 \| Kosmos 1852 · Kosmos 1853 · Kosmos 1854 · Kosmos 1855 · Kosmos 1856 · Kosmos 1857 · Kosmos 1858 · Kosmos 1859 \| Resurs-F1 No.105 \| Kosmos 1860 \| USA-26 \| Kosmos 1861 \| Kosmos 1862 \| Kosmos 1863 \| Kosmos 1864 \| Kosmos 1865 \| Kosmos 1866 \| Kosmos 1867 \| Kosmos 1868 \| Kosmos 1869 \| Soyuz TM-3 \| Kosmos 1870 \| Kosmos 1871 \| Progress 31 \| Fanhui Shi Weixing 10 \| Meteor-2 No.21 \| Kosmos 1872 \| Kiku No.5 \| Kosmos 1873 \| Kosmos 1874 \| Ekran No.29L \| Kosmos 1875 · Kosmos 1876 · Kosmos 1877 · Kosmos 1878 · Kosmos 1879 · Kosmos 1880 \| Fanhui Shi Weixing I-01 \| Kosmos 1881 \| Kosmos 1882 \| Aussat A3 · ECS-4 \| Kosmos 1883 · Kosmos 1884 · Kosmos 1885 \| Transit-O 27 · Transit-O 29 \| Kosmos 1886 \| Progress 32 \| Kosmos 1887 \| Kosmos 1888 \| Kosmos 1889 \| Kosmos 1890 \| Kosmos 1891 \| Kosmos 1892 \| Kosmos 1893 \| USA-27 \| Kosmos 1894 \| Kosmos 1895 \| Kosmos 1896 \| Progress 33 \| TV-SAT 1 \| Kosmos 1897 \| USA-28 \| Kosmos 1898 \| Kosmos 1899 \| Gran' No.32L \| Kosmos 1900 \| Kosmos 1901 \| Kosmos 1902 \| Soyuz TM-4 \| Kosmos 1903 \| Kosmos 1904 \| Kosmos 1905 \| Kosmos 1906 \| Ekran-M No.13L \| Kosmos 1907

Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \| ). Manned flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).

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