A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)

A Streetcar Named Desire
Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold
Directed by	Elia Kazan
Produced by	Charles K. Feldman
Screenplay by	Tennessee Williams
Based on	A Streetcar Named Desire  by Tennessee Williams
Starring	Vivien Leigh Marlon Brando Kim Hunter Karl Malden
Music by	Alex North
Cinematography	Harry Stradling
Edited by	David Weisbart
Distributed by	Warner Bros.
Release dates	September 18, 1951
Running time	122 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$1.8 million[1]
Box office	$8 million (North America)[1]

A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1951 American drama film, with elements of film noir, an adaptation of Tennessee Williams's Pulitzer Prize-winning 1947 play of the same name. It is the story of a southern belle, Blanche Dubois, who, after encountering a series of personal losses, leaves her aristocratic background seeking refuge with her sister and brother-in-law in a dilapidated New Orleans tenement. The Broadway production and cast was converted to film with only minor changes. True to the play, the film is both lyrical and gritty, with complex and contradictory characters. Chief among these was Blanche Dubois who has become a legendary and iconic figure in film history.

Tennessee Williams collaborated with Oscar Saul and Elia Kazan on the screenplay. Kazan, who directed the Broadway stage production also directed the black and white film. Marlon Brando, Kim Hunter, and Karl Malden were all cast in their original Broadway roles. Although Jessica Tandy originated the role of Blanche DuBois on Broadway, Vivien Leigh, who had appeared in the London theatre production, was cast in the film adaptation for her star power.^[2]

Upon release of the movie, Marlon Brando, virtually unknown at the time of the play’s casting, rose to prominence as a major Hollywood movie star. The film marked the first of Marlon Brando's four consecutive Academy Award nominations for Best Actor and earned an estimated $4,250,000 at the US and Canadian box office in 1951, making it the fifth biggest hit of the year.^[3] In 1999, A Streetcar Named Desire was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

Under mysterious circumstances, Blanche DuBois, an aging high school teacher, leaves her home in Auriol, Mississippi to travel to New Orleans to live with her sister, Stella Kowalski. She arrives on the train and boards a streetcar named "Desire" and reaches her sister's home in the French Quarter where she discovers that her sister and brother-in-law, Stanley Kowalski, live in a cramped and dilapidated two-room apartment in an old New Orleans tenement. Blanche and Stella are all that remain of an old aristocratic family. Blanche discloses that the family estate, Belle Reve, has been lost to creditors, and that she wants to stay with Stella and Stanley for a while. Blanche seems lost and broke, with nowhere to go. Stella welcomes her with an open heart.

From the start, Blanche and Stanley are wary of each other. Blanche imitates a soft-spoken manner; Stanley is rough and loud. His mere presence seems to threaten her, while her behavior and manner arouse suspicion in him. She is especially adroit at patronizing and criticizing Stella from the start. When interrogated about her past, struggling to be polite, Blanche says that she was married and widowed at a young age. She says that she has taken a leave of absence from her job due to her nerves. To satisfy Stanley's skepticism about the loss of the estate, Blanche hands over her papers pertaining to Belle Reve. But Stanley grabs at some of her private papers that she is holding back, and they cascade to the floor. Weeping, she gathers them all back, saying that they are poems from her dead husband. He defends himself by saying that he was just looking out for his family, and then announces that Stella is going to have a baby.

Soon after her arrival, Stanley has a poker night with his friends where Blanche meets Mitch. His courteous manner sets him apart from Stanley's other friends. They like each other right away. This is the start of their romance. Stanley explodes in a drunken rage, striking Stella, and sending his friends running, while Blanche and Stella flee to the upstairs neighbor, Eunice. When his anger subsides, Stanley cries out remorsefully for Stella to come back. "Stella, Stella, hey Stella," he bellows, until she comes down, and Stanley carries her off to bed. In the morning, Blanche tells Stella that she is married to a subhuman animal. In an emotional monologue, she urges her sister to leave Stanley. Stella disagrees with her sister's bluntness and assures Blanche that all is well, and that she does not want to leave.

As the weeks pass into months, the tension rises between Blanche and Stanley. But Blanche has hope in Mitch, telling Stella that she wants to go away with him and not be anyone's problem. She is on the verge of mental collapse, anticipating a marriage proposal from Mitch. Finally, he tells her that they need each other and should be together. But Stanley, still skeptical, begins to research her past and discovers a closet full of skeletons. He tells Stella what Blanche has been concealing from them, that she has a reputation for mental instability and that she was fired from her teaching job in Auriol for having sexual relations with a minor and practically run out of town. He then says that Mitch will not be coming around anymore. Stanley has informed Mitch about Blanche's past and the news of her promiscuity has turned Mitch off from her. Stella erupts in anger that Stanley has ruined Blanche's chances with Mitch. But the fight is cut short, as she tells Stanley to take her to the hospital; the baby is coming.

As Blanche waits at home for news of the baby, Mitch arrives and confronts her with the stories that Stanley has told him. At first, she denies everything. Then, she breaks down in confession, describing, in a lengthy monologue, her troubled past. As she speaks to Mitch, she gives up the Southern belle façade; her voice grows weary and deep; her face becomes drawn and old; she pleads for his forgiveness. But Mitch is hurt and humiliated and rejects her. Blanche starts screaming, and Mitch runs away. Later that night, while Stella's labor continues, Stanley returns from the hospital to get some sleep, only to find Blanche dressed up in a tattered old gown pretending to be departing on a trip with an old admirer. She disdainfully antagonizes him, asserting her sense of superiority over him, spinning tale after tale about her plans for the future. He sees that she is delusional but he feels no pity for her. Instead, he seeks to destroy her illusions. They become engaged in a struggle which ends in rape.

Weeks later, at another poker game at the Kowalski apartment, Stella and her neighbor, Eunice, are packing Blanche's belongings. Stella and Eunice have told Blanche that she is going on a vacation; but, in truth, Blanche is being committed to a mental hospital. She has suffered a complete mental breakdown. She has told Stella what happened, but Stella cannot believe Blanche's story. Stella, under obvious stress, does not know what to do. An older gentleman and lady come to the door; it is the doctor and nurse come to take Blanche away. Blanche does not recognize them and resists going; she collapses on the floor seized with total confusion. Mitch, present at the poker game, breaks down in tears. The doctor approaches and helps Blanche up. He offers his arm gently to her, and she goes willingly with him, saying, "Whoever you are, I have always depended upon the kindness of strangers." As the car drives away with Blanche, Stella takes the baby upstairs to Eunice's, and says she is never coming back to Stanley again.

Cast (in order of appearance)

Vivien Leigh as Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire.

• Vivien Leigh as Blanche DuBois
• Mickey Kuhn as a Sailor
• Peg Hillias as Eunice Hubbel
• Kim Hunter as Stella Kowalski
• Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski
• Rudy Bond as Steve Hubbel
• Nick Dennis as Pablo Gonzales
• Karl Malden as Harold "Mitch" Mitchell
• Wright King as a Newspaper Collector
• Edna Thomas as the Flower Lady
• Richard Garrick as a Doctor
• Ann Dere as a Matron / Nurse

As of January 2015, Wright King and Mickey Kuhn are the last surviving cast members.

Differences from the play

The play was set entirely at the Kowalski apartment. The movie was opened up to include places only briefly mentioned or non-existent in the play, such as the train station, the streets of the French Quarter, the bowling alley, the pier of a dance casino, and the machine factory.

Dialogue was abbreviated or cut in some scenes, when Blanche was trying to convince Stella to leave Stanley, for example, or when Mitch confronted Blanche about her past.

The name of the town where Blanche was from was changed from Laurel, Mississippi, which is a real place, to Auriol, Mississippi, a fictitious place.

The play's themes were controversial, causing the screenplay to be modified to comply with the Hollywood Production Code. In the original play, Blanche's husband had committed suicide after he was discovered having a homosexual affair. This reference was removed from the film; Blanche says instead that she showed scorn at her husband's sensitive nature, driving him to suicide.

At the end of the play, Stella, distraught at Blanche's fate, mutely allows Stanley to console her. In the movie, this is changed to a "Hollywood ending" in which Stella blames Stanley for Blanche's fate, and resolves to leave him.^[4]

Other scenes were shot but cut after filming was complete to conform to the Production Code and later, to avoid condemnation by the National Legion of Decency.

In 1993, after Warner Brothers discovered the censored footage during a routine inventory of archives,^[5] several minutes of the censored scenes were restored in an 'original director's version' video re-release.^[6]

Close tight photography altered the dramatic qualities of the play, for example in the lengthy scenes of escalating conflict between Marlon Brando and Vivien Leigh, or when Karl Malden shines the light on Leigh to see how old she is, or when the camera hovers over Leigh, collapsed on the floor, with her head at the bottom of the screen, as though she were turned upside down.

In the movie, Blanche actually rode the streetcar, only mentioned in the play. By the time the film was in production however, the Desire streetcar line had been converted into a bus service and the production team had to gain permission from the authorities to hire out a streetcar with the "Desire" name on it.^[7]

The music score, by Alex North, was written in short sets of music that reflected the psychological dynamics of the characters. For his work on the film, North was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music Score, one of two nominations in that category that year.

Reception

Upon release, the film drew very high praise. The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther stated that "inner torments are seldom projected with such sensitivity and clarity on the screen" and commending both Vivien Leigh's and Marlon Brando's performances. Film critic Roger Ebert has also expressed praise for the film, calling it a "great ensemble of the movies." The film currently has a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 50 reviews.^[8]

A Streetcar Named Desire won four awards at the 24th Academy Awards.^[9] The film set an Oscar record when it became the first film to win in three acting categories. The awards it won were for Actress in a Leading Role (Leigh), Actor in a Supporting Role (Malden), Actress in a Supporting Role (Hunter), and Art Direction.^[10]

Award	Result	Notes
Best Motion Picture	Nominated	Charles K. Feldman, producer Winner was Arthur Freed (MGM) – An American in Paris
Best Director	Nominated	Elia Kazan Winner was George Stevens – A Place in the Sun
Best Actor	Nominated	Marlon Brando Winner was Humphrey Bogart – The African Queen
Best Actress	Won	Vivien Leigh
Best Writing, Screenplay	Nominated	Tennessee Williams Winner was Harry Brown and Michael Wilson – A Place in the Sun
Best Supporting Actor	Won	Karl Malden
Best Supporting Actress	Won	Kim Hunter
Best Art Direction–Set Decoration, Black-and-White	Won	Richard Day and George Hopkins
Best Cinematography, Black-and-White	Nominated	Harry Stradling Winner was William C. Mellor – A Place in the Sun
Best Costume Design, Black-and-White	Nominated	Lucinda Ballard Winner was Edith Head – A Place in the Sun
Best Music, Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture	Nominated	Alex North Winner was Franz Waxman – A Place in the Sun
Best Sound Recording	Nominated	Nathan Levinson Winner was Douglas Shearer – The Great Caruso

American Film Institute recognition

• 1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies No. 45
• 2002 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions No. 67
• 2005 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes:
  • "Stella! Hey, Stella!" No. 45
  • "I've always depended on the kindness of strangers," No. 75
• 2005 AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores No. 19
• 2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) No. 47

In popular culture

• Ten Years After's song "Hard Monkeys" references the movie: "Got no street car called Desire, and I'll never light the fire."
• In Modern Family episode "Door to Door", Gloria loses Jay's dog Stella. Gloria in a panic asks Cam for help. While searching for the dog, Cam realizes that he is to play the role he was meant to play, screaming Stella just as Stanley did in A Streetcar Named Desire.
• In The Simpsons episode "Secrets of a Successful Marriage", Waylon Smithers has a flashback to his love, with Mr. Burns below his balcony yelling "SMITHERS!" the way Stanley called for Stella.
• The Simpsons episode "A Streetcar Named Marge" is centered around a musical remake of A Streetcar Named Desire in which Marge plays Blanche Dubois. Marge's portrayal of Blanche is meant to mirror her relationship with her husband, Homer.
• In The Princess and the Frog, when Naveen and Tiana had turned into frogs and accidentally disrupt a party, "Big Daddy" La Bouff calls for a dog named Stella, in the same manner, to get the frogs.
• In Over the Hedge, when Tiger the Persian cat is separated from Stella the skunk, who is disguised as a cat, he calls for her as Stanley called for Stella.
• In Wu-Tang Clan's song "Triumph", Method Man references the movie: "Transform into the Ghost Rider / A six-pack and a streetcar named Desire."^[11]
• In Panic! at the Disco's song "Memories", they refer to the play: "And it was beautifully depressing, like a street car named Desire. They were fighting for their love that had started growing tired."
• New Orleans rapper Curren$y references the film in his song "Famous": "this morning staring down at the ocean, inspired, scribbling fire on a streetcar named Desire."
• In Seinfeld episode "The Pen", Elaine takes too many muscle relaxants and meets a woman named Stella at a function. She screams "Stella" repeatedly during the function.
• In Saves The Day's song entitled "Hot Times in Delaware", the track starts with an excerpt from the movie's script: "Oh, how pretty the sky is. I oughta go there on a rocket that never comes down. Which way do we go now, Stella, this way? Stella: No, honey this way."
• In Lana Del Rey's song entitled "Carmen", Blanche's famous line is alluded to: "That's the little story of the girl you know, relying on the kindness of strangers".
• Elysian Fields is referenced in the 2011 video game L.A. Noire. It is a housing development for returning WWII veterans in 1947 Los Angeles. Poorly constructed from substandard materials, it is intended to be burned down as part of an insurance scheme by the builders.
• In Sleeper, a 1973 Woody Allen movie, Miles Monroe (Woody Allen) attempts to regain his identity by acting out a scene with Luna Schlosser (Diane Keaton) from A Streetcar Named Desire, with Keaton playing the Stanley Kowalski (Marlon Brando) role and Allen playing Blanche DuBois (Vivien Leigh).
• In an episode of Malcolm in the middle, Krelboyns act out scenes from the movie with puppet dolls.

References

1. "A Streetcar Named Desire - Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The Numbers. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
2. Manvell, Roger. Theatre and Film: A Comparative Study of the Two Forms of Dramatic Art, and of the Problems of Adaptation of Stage Plays into Films. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses Inc, 1979. 133
3. 'The Top Box Office Hits of 1951', Variety, January 2, 1952
4. Williams, Tennessee, Memoirs, 1977
5. Warner Archive Podcast (June 3, 2014).
6. Censored Films and Television at University of Virginia online
7. "New Orleans Public Service, Inc. 832". Retrieved November 13, 2011.
8. A Streetcar Named Desire at Rotten Tomatoes
9. "The 24th Academy Awards (1952) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
10. "NY Times: A Streetcar Named Desire". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
11. "Wu-Tang Clan – Triumph Lyrics". Retrieved February 12, 2013.

External links

• A Streetcar Named Desire at the American Film Institute Catalog
• A Streetcar Named Desire at the Internet Movie Database
• A Streetcar Named Desire at the TCM Movie Database