Ablative (Latin)
| Latin grammar |
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In Latin grammar, the ablative case (in Latin, cāsus ablātīvus) is one of the six cases of nouns. Traditionally it is the sixth case (Latin: casus sextus, casus latinus). It has forms and functions derived from the Proto-Indo-European ablative, instrumental, and locative. It expresses concepts similar to those of the English prepositions from; with, by; and in, at.[1] It is sometimes called the adverbial case, since phrases in the ablative can be translated as adverbs: magnā (cum) celeritāte, "with great speed", or "very quickly".
Forms
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -ā | -ō | -e / -ī | -ū | -ē |
| Plural | -īs (-ābus) | -īs (-ōbus) | -ibus | -ibus (-ubus) | -ēbus |
Uses
Ablative proper
Some uses of the ablative descend from the Proto-Indo-European ablative case.
- Ablative of separation implies that some person or thing is separated from another. No active movement from one location to the next occurs; furthermore, ablatives of separation sometimes lack a preposition, particularly with certain verbs like careō or līberō. E.g. Cicerō hostēs ab urbe prohibuit, "Cicero kept the enemy away from the city"; Eōs timōre līberāvit, "He freed them from fear."[2]
- Ablative of place from which describes active motion away from a place. Nouns, either proper or common, are almost always used in this sense with accompanying prepositions of ab/ā/abs, "from"; ex/ē, "out of"; or dē, "down from". E.g. ex agrīs, "from the fields"; ex Graeciā ad Italiam navigāvērunt, "They sailed from Greece to Italy."
- The whole to which a certain number belongs or is a part. E.g. centum ex virīs, "one hundred of the men"; quīnque ex eīs, "five of them."
- Cities and small islands which are a/o-declension singulars, as well as the word domus - or in other words, all place-names that have retained the proper locative - can use this ablative even without a preposition. In the other words, this would mean confusion with a ablative in locative function, and is hence not possible.
- Ablative of personal agent marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb is performed. The agent is always preceded by ab/ā/abs. E.g. Caesar ā deīs admonētur, "Caesar is warned by the gods."[3]
- Ablative of comparison is used with comparative adjectives, where English would use the conjunction than.[4]
- Ablative of cause marks the reason why the subject does an action.[5]
Instrumental ablative
Some uses of the ablative descend from the Proto-Indo-European instrumental case.
- Ablative of instrument or of means marks the means by which an action was carried out. E.g. oculīs vidēre, "to see with the eyes". This is equivalent to the instrumental case found in some other languages. Special deponent verbs in Latin sometimes use the ablative of means idiomatically. E.g. Ūtitur stilō literally says "he is benefiting himself by means of a pencil"; however, the phrase is more aptly translated "he is using a pencil."[6]
- Ablative of agent is a more generalized version of the ablative of personal agent, used when the agent is an inanimate object. In this case, the preposition ab/ā/abs is not used. E.g. rex a militibus interfectus est "the king was killed by the soldiers" with personal agents, but impersonally it reads rex armis militum interfectus est "the king was killed by the weapons of the soldiers."
- Ablative of manner describes the manner in which an action was carried out. The preposition cum (meaning "with") is used when (i) no adjective describes the noun (cum cūrā, "with care") or (ii) optionally after the adjective(s) and before the noun (magnā (cum) celeritāte, "with great speed").[7]
- Ablative of attendant circumstances is similar: "magno cum clamore civium ad urbem perveniunt" ("they reach the city to the great clamour of the populace")
- Ablative of accompaniment describes with whom something was done. Nouns in this construction are always accompanied by the preposition cum. E.g. cum eīs, "with them"; Cum amīcīs vēnērunt, "They came with friends."[8]
- Ablative of degree of difference is used with comparative adjectives and words implying comparison.[9]
- Ablative of specification denotes the thing in respect to which something is done.
- Ablative of description or quality is an ablative modified by an adjective or genitive that expresses a quality that something has.[10]
Locative ablative
Some meanings of the ablative descend from the Proto-Indo-European locative case.
- Ablative of place where marks a location where an action occurred. It usually appears with a preposition, such as in.[11]
- Ablative of time when and within which marks the time when or within which an action occurred. E.g. aestāte, "in summer"; eō tempore, "at that time"; Paucīs hōrīs id faciet, "within a few hours he will do it."[12]
- Ablative absolute describes the circumstances surrounding an action. E.g. Urbe captā, Aenēās fūgit, "With the city having been captured, Aeneas fled."
Prepositions
Some Latin prepositions, like pro, take a noun in the ablative. A few prepositions may take either an accusative or an ablative, in which case the accusative indicates motion, and the ablative indicates no motion. E.g. in casā, "in the cottage"; in casam, "into the cottage".[13]
The mnemonics "PASS DICE" and "SIDSPACE" help us to remember all of the common prepositions that use the ablative. They are: pro, ab, sub, sine, de, in, cum, and e(x) and the rest:-
This "aide memoire" was taught in schools when Latin was on the curriculum:-
A, ab, absque, coram, de,
Palam, clam, cum, ex, and e,
Sine, tenus, pro, and prae:
Add super, subter, sub, and in,
When 'state,' not 'motion,' 'tis they mean.[14]
References
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §398, 399: origin and overview of functions; common translations
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §401
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §405
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §406
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §404
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §409
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §412
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §413
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §414
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §415
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §421
- ↑ Allen & Greenough 2001, §423
- ↑ Wheelock, Frederic M. Wheelock's Latin, HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-078371-0
- ↑ Laudator Temporis Acti
Bibliography
- Allen, Joseph A.; Greenough, James B. (2001) [1903]. Mahoney, Anne, ed. New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges. Newburyport, Massachusetts: R. Pullins Company. ISBN 1-58510-042-0.