Actitis

Actitis
Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Scolopacidae
Genus:	Actitis Illiger, 1811
Species
Actitis hypoleucos Actitis macularia

Actitis is a small genus of waders, comprising just two very similar bird species:

• Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos, of Eurasia
• Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia of North America

These are both small migratory waders, greyish brown on top and white underneath, with a distinctive stiff-winged flight low over the water. The plumages are very similar, apart from spotted sandpipers' distinctive breeding plumage, and suspected out-of-range vagrants must be carefully observed for identification to species.

Both species have short yellow or yellowish legs and a medium bill. These are not gregarious birds and are seldom seen in large flocks.

They nest on the ground, and their habitat is near fresh water. These birds forage on the ground or in water, picking up food by sight. They may also catch insects in flight. They eat insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates.

Actitis is part of the shank-tattler-phalarope clade and less closely related to the calidrid sandpipers.^[1] Based on the degree of DNA sequence divergence and putative shank and phalarope fossils from around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary some 23-22 million years ago, presumably Actitis diverged from its closest relatives in the Late Oligocene; given the much higher diversity of the prehistoric members of the group in Eurasia it is likely that they originated there, possibly being isolated as the remains of the Turgai Sea dried up, which happened just around this time.^[2]

The Late Pliocene fossil described as Actitis balcanica ^[3]appears to be actually from some indeterminate charadriid.^[4]

Footnotes

1. Paton et al. (2003), Thomas et al. (2004)
2. Mlíkovský (2002), Paton et al. (2003)
3. Boev, Z. 1998. Actitis balcanica sp. n. - a Late Pliocene Sandpiper (Aves: Scolopacidae) from Bulgaria. - Historia naturalis bulgarica, 9: 71-77.
4. Mlíkovský (2002)

References

• Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
• Paton, Tara A.; Baker, Allan J.; Groth, J. G.; Barrowclough, G. F. (2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29 (2): 268–278. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8. PMID 13678682.
• Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A.; Székely, Tamás (2004). "A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology 4: 28. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28. PMC 515296. PMID 15329156. Supplementary Material