Local government in Pennsylvania

Local government in Pennsylvania is government below the state level in Pennsylvania. There are six types of local governments listed in the Pennsylvania Constitution: county, township, borough, town, city, and school district.^[1][2] All of Pennsylvania is included in one of the state's 67 counties, which are in total subdivided into 2,561 municipalities. There are currently no independent cities or unincorporated territories within Pennsylvania. Local municipalities can be governed by statutes, enacted by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, specific to the type and class of municipality; by a home rule municipality, under a home rule charter, adopted by the municipality; or by an optional form of government, adopted by the municipality.^[3]

Each municipality falls under a certain type of municipality, and some types of municipalities are then classified according to their population. The General Assembly sets the population threshold for certain types of municipalities. There are currently nine classifications for counties, four classes of cities, two classes of townships, five classes of school districts, and no classes for boroughs or towns.

Finally, villages and census-designated places are a part of the local community. Although they are not recognized local governments, they often refer to specific areas of township or other municipality and are often more familiar to people than the incorporated municipality. That can cause confusion to people who live outside the area, who are unfamiliar with the local municipal structure.

County

Counties in Pennsylvania serve the traditional roles for state including law enforcement, judicial administration, and election conduct. Some of the other functions that Pennsylvania's counties may perform include public health, property assessment, and redevelopment. Some of the welfare functions often performed by counties include mental health, geriatric care, community colleges, and library support.^[4]

Pennsylvania is divided into 67 counties. Most counties are governed by a board of commissioners, consisting of three members. Two must be of the majority party, and the third must be of the minority party, which is determined by which candidates receive the most votes, as two candidates from each party are on the November ballot. One of the members serves as the chair. The board of commissioners typically serves as both the legislative and executive body. In addition to the elected commissioners, most counties elect other officials, commonly called "row officers," independent of the board of commissioners. The offices include sheriff, district attorney, prothonotary, clerk of courts, register of wills, clerk of the orphans' court, recorder of deeds, treasurer, controller, auditors, and jury commissioners.^[4]

Seven counties currently have home rule charters: Allegheny, Delaware, Erie, Lackawanna, Lehigh, Luzerne, and Northampton. Philadelphia is a consolidated city-county with all of its county functions being administered by the city government.^[4] Those counties have the types of officials elected determined by the home rule charter, and they often differ from the officials elected in most counties.

Counties are further classified by population. Each classification has its own code, set up by the General Assembly, to administer county functions. The classification of counties is as follows:

Class	Max. Population	Min. Population	Number	Counties
First	--	1,500,000	1	Philadelphia
Second	1,499,999	800,000	1	Allegheny
Second A	799,999	500,000	3	Bucks, Delaware, Montgomery
Third	499,999	210,000*	12	Berks, Chester, Cumberland, Dauphin, Erie, Lackawanna, Lancaster*, Lehigh, Luzerne, Northampton, Westmoreland, York
Fourth	209,999	145,000	9	Beaver, Butler, Cambria+, Centre, Fayette+, Franklin, Monroe, Schuylkill, Washington
Fifth	144,999	90,000	7	Adams, Blair, Lawrence, Lebanon, Lycoming, Mercer, Northumberland
Sixth	89,999	45,000~	24	Armstrong, Bedford, Bradford, Carbon, Clarion~, Clearfield, Clinton~, Columbia, Crawford, Elk+~, Greene~, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, McKean+, Mifflin, Perry, Pike, Somerset, Susquehanna~, Tioga~, Venango, Warren+, Wayne
Seventh	44,999	20,000	4	Juniata, Snyder, Union, Wyoming
Eighth	19,999	0	6	Cameron, Forest, Fulton, Montour, Potter, Sullivan

(*): A county of the third class that is determined to have a population of 500,000 or more may elect to continue to be a county of the third class.^[5][6]

(~): A county having a population between 35,000 and 44,999 may elect to be a county of the sixth class.^[7]

(+): A county's population must be under the minimum for a class for two (2) censuses prior to a reduction in class.^[8]

Municipalities

Below the county level, everyone in Pennsylvania lives under the jurisdiction of at least two types of municipal governments. The first type of municipal government will provide police and fire protection, maintenance of local roads and streets, water supply, sewage collection and treatment, parking and traffic control, local planning and zoning, parks and recreation, garbage collection, health services, libraries, licensing of businesses, and code enforcement. The second type will administer the local schools and are called school districts.

Bloomsburg however, is the only incorporated town in Pennsylvania but is administered by the borough code and is classified (for legal purposes) as such by the state. The mostly uninhabited, township-sized area of East Fork was classified as a "road district" until its 2004 dissolution.

City

There are a total of 56 incorporated cities in Pennsylvania, the smallest being Parker, Armstrong County, with a population of 840 (2010 census). Each is further classified according to population. There is one first class city, Philadelphia, which has more than 1 million residents. There is also only one second class city with a population between 250,000 and 1 million (Pittsburgh). A city with between 80,000 and 250,000 inhabitants that has also adopted a certain ordinance can be classified as a second class A city; only Scranton has done so. Finally, any city below 250,000 people that has not adopted the second class ordinance is a third class city. First and second class cities have a strong mayor and home rule charters. The mayor has broad power to appoint and remove certain commissioners and department heads. Most of the city's functions are independent of the state's control.^[9]

Third class cities can be governed three ways.

The third class city codes establishes a commission form of government; the mayor and four other members constitute the commission, the governing body of the city. The mayor is one of the members of council and acts as president. Each council member is in charge of one of the five major departments. The city controller and treasurer are elected independently. Twenty cities employ this form of governance.

The mayor-council form has a council of five, seven, or nine members, elected at large for overlapping four-year terms. A mayor, treasurer, and a controller also are elected for a four-year period. The mayor is the chief executive of the city and enforces the ordinances of council. The mayor may veto ordinances, but that can be overridden by at least two thirds of the council. The mayor supervises the work of all city departments and submits the annual city budget to council. This form was adopted by nine cities by referenda.

The last is the council-manager form, in which all authority is lodged with council which is composed of five, seven, or nine members elected at-large for a four-year term. A city treasurer and controller also are elected. A city manager is appointed by council. The manager is the chief administrative officer of the city and is responsible for executing the ordinances of council. The manager appoints and may remove department heads and subordinates. Only four cities use this method of city organization.

Sixteen third class cities have adopted home rule charters. Two cities (DuBois and Altoona) have an optional council-manager plan, and one city (Hazleton) has a mayor-council optional plan.

Borough

Boroughs are generally smaller than cities in terms of both geographic area and population. Most cities in Pennsylvania were once incorporated as a borough before becoming a city. Boroughs are not classified by population and are administered through the borough code. Each borough elects a weak mayor and a council of three, five, seven, or nine members with broad powers. The tax assessor, tax collector, and auditors are elected independently. The borough council can also hire a borough manager to enforce ordinances and carry out the day-to-day business of the council. Nineteen boroughs have also adopted home rule charters.^[9]

Boroughs generally incorporate from areas of dense populations in a township. The areas generally had a train station and were centers of businesses and industrial activities. The first borough to be incorporated in Pennsylvania was Germantown in 1690.^[10] That borough ceased to exist when all of Philadelphia's municipalities were consolidated in 1854. The borough of Chester Heights has a unique distinction of incorporating into a borough out of Aston Township by a tax revolt.^[11]

Township

Townships in Pennsylvania were the first form of land grants established by William Penn. They have existed in one form or another since the Province of Pennsylvania was established.^[12] They were usually large tracts of land given to a person, a family, or a group of people by Penn or his heirs.^[13]

Townships can be of the first or second class. A township may become a first-class township by a referendum of the township's voters. Representation in a first-class township is by a board of commissioners. That board can consist of anywhere from five commissioners elected at large or 7-15 commissioners elected by wards to four-year terms.

A second-class township usually has three supervisors, elected at large for six-year terms. A referendum may allow a second-class township's board of supervisors to expand to five members. Some townships have home-rule charters, which allow for a mayor/council form of government.

School districts

There are 500 school districts in Pennsylvania, administered by the Pennsylvania Public School Code of 1949. School districts can comprise one municipality, like the School District of Philadelphia, or multiple municipalities. School districts have the sole responsibility to instruct the school-aged population of the Commonwealth. Some school districts cross one or more county lines creating challenges in equalizing property taxes because of widely varying property tax assessments. Like some other local governments, school districts are classified based on population and these classifications determine what regulations they follow.

Class	Max. Population	Min. Population [14]
First	--	1,000,000
First A	999,999	250,000
Second	249,999	30,000
Third	29,999	5,000
Fourth	4,999	--

Municipal authorities

Municipal authorities are a special kind of local unit: unlike cities, boroughs, and townships, which are general government entities, they are set up to perform special services. An authority is a body corporate and politic authorized to acquire, construct, improve, maintain, and operate projects, and to borrow money and issue bonds to finance them. Projects include public facilities such as buildings, including school buildings, transportation facilities, marketing and shopping facilities, highways, parkways, airports, parking places, waterworks, sewage treatment plants, playgrounds, hospitals, and industrial development projects.

An authority can be organized by any county, city, town, borough, township, or school district of the Commonwealth, acting singly or jointly with another municipality. An authority is established by ordinance by one or more municipalities. The governing bodies of the parent local unit or units appoint the members of the authority's board. If the body created by one unit, the board consists of five members. If the body created by two or more local units, there is at least one member from each unit but no fewer than five. The board carries on the work of the authority, acquires property, appoints officers and employees, undertakes projects, makes regulations and charges, and collects revenue from services of the facilities or projects.^[15]

Unincorporated communities

Unincorporated communities in the state of Pennsylvania are well-defined communities that are part of one or more incorporated municipalities but are not independent municipalities in their own right. They have no elected form government and have no authority granted to them by the state or county. Many unincorporated communities though, often overshadow the true municipal government. King of Prussia is an example of an unincorporated community that tends to be better known than Upper Merion, the municipality King of Prussia actually resides in.

These communities can be small, cross-road type areas with a few homes and businesses or they can be large business complexes with relatively few residents but a strong commercial center.

Village

Villages in Pennsylvania are often small communities within a township that chose not to incorporate into a borough. Many villages are identified by the familiar PennDot sign along a state highway. Lahaska is an example of typical village in suburban Pennsylvania.

Census-designated place

These are areas recognized by the United States Census Bureau for enumeration purposes. Many CDPs are also names of villages or post-offices that tie a community together.

References

1. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Constitution. Article III, Section 20
2. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Constitution. Article IX, Section 14
3. The Pennsylvania Manual, Page 6-3.
4. The Pennsylvania Manual, Page 6-4.
5. Act of August 9, 1955 (P.L. 323, No. 130), § 210, as most recently amended by the Act of December 22, 2011 (P.L. 610, No. 132).
6. Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Resolution No. 86 of 2011, enacted December 27, 2011.
7. Act of August 9, 1955 (P.L. 323, No. 130), § 210, as most recently amended by the Act of December 22, 2011 (P.L. 610, No. 132).
8. Act of August 9, 1955 (P.L. 323, No. 130), § 211, as amended.
9. The Pennsylvania Manual, Page 6-5.
10. ushistory.org (1995-07-04). "Incorporated District, Boroughs, and Townships in the County of Philadelphia, 1854". Ushistory.org. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
11. "The History of Aston Township" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-07-27.
12. "Frame of Government" of Penn's Land Grant. Text Available: http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/montgomery/history/local/mchb0008.txt
13. Velma, Carter. "Penn's Manor of Springfield." PDF Document, 1976. Available: http://www.springfield-montco.org/usr/docs/about/penns-manor.pdf
14. Pennsylvania Public School Code of 1949. Article II, Section 2-202
15. The Pennsylvania Manual. Page 6-6.