Adrenal medulla
| Adrenal medulla | |
|---|---|
 Medulla labeled at bottom right. | |
| Details | |
| Precursor | Neural crest |
| Artery | superior suprarenal artery, middle suprarenal artery, Inferior suprarenal artery |
| Vein | suprarenal veins |
| Nerve | celiac plexus, renal plexus |
| Lymph | lumbar glands |
| Identifiers | |
| TA | A11.5.00.008 |
| FMA | 15633 |
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The adrenal medulla (Latin: medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Basic
The adrenal medulla consists of irregularly shaped cells grouped around blood vessels. These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In fact, these adrenal medullary cells are modified postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them directly from the central nervous system. The adrenal medulla therefore affects available energy, heart rate, and metabolism.
Function
Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete hormones.
Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Because the ANS, specifically the sympathetic division, exerts direct control over the chromaffin cells the hormone release can occur rather quickly. In response to stressors such as exercise or imminent danger, medullary cells release the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood. Adrenaline composes about 85% of the released catecholamines, and noradrenaline the other 15%.[1]
Notable effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline include increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle (bronchiole and capillary) dilation, and increased metabolism, all of which are characteristic of the fight-or-flight response. Release of catecholamines is stimulated by nerve impulses, and receptors for catecholamines are widely distributed throughout the body.
Origin
Medullary cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest and, as such, are simply modified neurons.
In particular, they are modified postganglionic cells of the autonomic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, receiving innervation from corresponding preganglionic fibers. The cells form clusters around large blood vessels.
As a cluster of neuron cell bodies, the adrenal medulla is considered a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.
Pathology
Neoplasms include:[2]
- Pheochromocytoma (most common), a catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla
- Neuroblastoma, a neuroendocrine tumor of any neural crest tissue of the sympathetic nervous system
- Ganglioneuroma, a tumor in the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system
The adrenal medulla may be poorly formed or absent in cases of absent adrenal gland. The deficiency in circulating catecholamines is mildly symptomatic due to compensation by the autonomous nervous system, except in episodes of hypoglycemia where glycogenolysis cannot be stimulated by circulating epinephrine .[2]
In dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency, the entire body cannot efficiently produce epinephrine and norepinephrine from dopamine, this results in severe dysautonomia but most crucially due to autonomous nervous system failure which requires epinephrine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters, dopamine being used in this pathology as an inadequate substitute.[2][3]
See also
References
- ↑ Introduction to Autonomics, Part 2 - Page 5 of 12 anatomy module at med.umich.edu
- 1 2 3 Fung, M. M.; Viveros, O. H.; O’Connor, D. T. (16 November 2007). "Diseases of the adrenal medulla". Acta Physiologica 192 (2): 325–335. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01809.x. PMC 2576282. PMID 18021328.
- ↑ Robertson, D; Haile, V; Perry, SE; Robertson, RM; Phillips JA, 3rd; Biaggioni, I (July 1991). "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency. A genetic disorder of cardiovascular regulation.". Hypertension 18 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.18.1.1. PMID 1677640.
External links
- Anatomy photo:40:04-0202 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Blood Supply to the Suprarenal Glands"
- Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 - "Adrenal Gland"
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