ARM Holdings

ARM Holdings plc
Public limited company
Traded as LSE: ARM NASDAQ: ARMH
Industry Semiconductors
Founded November 27, 1990 (1990-11-27)[1]
Founders Jamie Urquhart, Mike Muller, Tudor Brown, Lee Smith, John Biggs, Harry Oldham, Dave Howard, Pete Harrod, Harry Meekings, Al Thomas, Andy Merritt, David Seal[2]
Headquarters Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
Key people
 Stuart Chambers (Chairman)
Simon Segars (CEO)
Products Microprocessor designs and graphics processing unit (GPU) designs
Revenue £968.3 million (2015)[3]
£406.1 million (2015)[3]
£339.7 million (2015)[3]
Number of employees
 Circa 3,300 (2014)[4]
Website arm.com
ARM campus, Cambridge
The ARM I building at Peterhouse Technology Park, Cambridge. The building is a work by architects Barber – Casanovas – Ruffles[5]

ARM Holdings plc (ARM) is a British multinational semiconductor and software design company headquartered in Cambridge, England. Its primary business is in the design of ARM processors (CPUs), although it also designs software development tools under the DS-5, RealView and Keil brands, as well as systems and platforms, system-on-a-chip (SoC) infrastructure and software. It is considered to be market dominant in the field of processors for mobile phones (smartphones or otherwise) and tablet computers. The company is one of the best-known 'Silicon Fen' companies.[6]

Processors based on designs licensed from ARM, or designed by licensees of one of the ARM instruction set architectures, are used in all classes of computing devices such as microcontrollers in embedded systems – including real-time safety systems (cars' ABS),[7] smartTVs (Google TV), all modern smartwatches (such as Qualcomm Toq), as well as smartphones, tablets, laptops, desktops,[8][9] servers[10] and supercomputers/HPC.[11][12][13]

ARM's Mali line of graphics processing units (GPU) are used in laptops, in over 50% of Android tablets by market share,[14] and some versions of Samsung's smartphones and smartwatches (Samsung Galaxy Gear). It is third most popular in mobile devices.[15]

Systems, including iPhone smartphones, frequently include many chips, from many different providers, that include one or more licensed ARM cores, in addition to those in the main ARM-based processor.[16] ARM's core designs are also used in chips that support many common network related technologies in smartphones: Bluetooth, WiFi and broadband,[17] in addition to corresponding equipments such as Bluetooth headsets,[18] 802.11ac routers,[19] and network provider's cellular LTE.[20]

ARM's main CPU competitors include Intel (Atom), Imagination Technologies (MIPS) and AMD, and its GPU competitors include Imagination Technologies (PowerVR), Qualcomm (Adreno) and increasingly Nvidia and Intel. Despite competition, Qualcomm and Nvidia combine their GPUs with an ARM licensed CPU.

ARM has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a secondary listing on NASDAQ.

History

Name

The acronym ARM was first used in 1983 and originally stood for "Acorn RISC Machine". Acorn Computers first RISC processor was used in the original Acorn Archimedes and was one of the first RISC processors. However, when the company was incorporated in 1990, the acronym was changed to "Advanced RISC Machines", in light of the company's name "Advanced RISC Machines Ltd." At the time of the IPO in 1998, the company name was changed to "ARM Holdings",[21] often just called ARM like the processors.

Founding

The company was founded in November 1990 as Advanced RISC Machines Ltd and structured as a joint venture between Acorn Computers, Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) and VLSI Technology.[22][23][24] The new company intended to further the development of the Acorn RISC Machine processor, which was originally used in the Acorn Archimedes and had been selected by Apple for their Newton project. Its first profitable year was 1993. The company's Silicon Valley and Tokyo offices were opened in 1994. ARM invested in Palmchip Corporation in 1997 to provide system on chip platforms and to enter into the disk drive market.[25][26] In 1998 the Company changed its name from Advanced RISC Machines Ltd to ARM Ltd.[27] The Company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ in 1998[28] and by February 1999, Apple's shareholding had fallen to 14.8%.[29]

In 2010, ARM joined with IBM, Texas Instruments, Samsung, ST-Ericsson and Freescale Semiconductor (now NXP Semiconductors) in forming a non-profit open source engineering company, Linaro.[30]

Acquisitions

1999

2000

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2011

2013

2014

2015

Operations

Business model

Unlike most traditional microprocessor suppliers, such as Intel, Freescale (the former semiconductor division of Motorola, now NXP Semiconductors) and Renesas (a former joint venture between Hitachi and Mitsubishi Electric),[54] ARM only creates and licenses its technology as intellectual property (IP), rather than manufacturing and selling its own physical CPUs, GPUs, SoCs or microcontrollers. This model is similar to fellow British design houses: ARC International, and Imagination Technologies who have similarly been designing and licensing GPUs, CPUs, and SoCs, along with supplying tooling and various design and support services to their licensees.

Facilities

The company has offices and design centres across the world, including San Jose, California, Austin, Texas, and Olympia, Washington in the United States; Bangalore and Noida in India; Trondheim in Norway; Lund in Sweden; Sophia Antipolis in France; Munich in Germany; Yokohama in Japan; China, Taiwan, Slovenia and Hungary.[55]

An ARM processor in a Hewlett-Packard PSC-1315 printer.

Technology

A characteristic feature of ARM processors is their low electric power consumption, which makes them particularly suitable for use in portable devices.[56] In fact, almost all modern mobile phones and personal digital assistants contain ARM CPUs, making them the most widely used 32-bit microprocessor family in the world. Today ARMs account for over 75% of all 32-bit embedded CPUs.[57]

ARM processors are used as the main CPU for most mobile phones, including those manufactured by Apple, HTC, Nokia, Sony Ericsson and Samsung;[58] many PDAs and handhelds, like the Apple iPod and iPad,[59][60] Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS, Game Park GP32 and GamePark Holdings GP2X; as well as many other applications, including GPS navigation devices, digital cameras, digital televisions, network devices and storage.[61] The WLAN processor of Sony's PlayStation Portable is an older ARM9.[62]

Licensees

ARM offers several microprocessor core designs that have been "publicly licensed" 830 times including 117 times for their newer "application processors" (non-microcontroller) used in such applications as smartphones and tablets.[63] Six of those companies have a licence for their most powerful processor core, the 64-bit Cortex-A57 (some including ARM's other 64-bit core the Cortex-A53) and four have a licence to their most powerful 32-bit core, the Cortex-A15.

Cores for 32-bit architectures include Cortex-A15, Cortex-A12, Cortex-A17, Cortex-A9, Cortex-A8, Cortex-A7 and Cortex-A5, and older "Classic ARM Processors", as well as variant architectures for microcontrollers that include these cores: ARM Cortex-R7, ARM Cortex-R5, ARM Cortex-R4, ARM Cortex-M4, ARM Cortex-M3, ARM Cortex-M1, ARM Cortex-M0+, and ARM Cortex-M0 for licensing; the three most popular licensing models are the "Perpetual (Implementation) License", "Term License" and "Per Use License".[64]

Companies often license these designs from ARM to manufacture and integrate into their own System on chip (SoC) with other components such as GPUs (sometimes ARM's Mali) or radio basebands (for mobile phones).

In addition to licenses for their core designs, ARM offers an "architectural license" for their instruction sets, allowing the licensees to design their own cores that implement one of those instruction sets. An ARM architectural license is more costly than a regular ARM core license,[65] and also requires the necessary engineering power to design a CPU based on the instruction set.

Processors believed to be designed independently from ARM include Apple's (architecture license from March 2008[66]) A6, A6X, and A7[67] (used in iPhone 5, iPad and iPhone 5S), and Qualcomm's Snapdragon[68] (used in smartphones such as the US version of the Samsung Galaxy S4). There were around 15 architectural licensees in 2013,[69] including Marvell, Apple, Qualcomm,[65] Broadcom[70] and some other.

ARM core licensees

Companies that are current licensees of the 64-bit ARMv8-A core designs include AMD,[71] AppliedMicro (X-Gene),[72] Broadcom,[71] Calxeda,[71] HiSilicon,[71] Rockchip,[73] Samsung,[71] and STMicroelectronics.[71]

Companies that are current or former licensees of 32-bit ARM core designs include AMD,[74] Broadcom,[75] Freescale (now NXP Semiconductors),[76][77] Huawei (HiSilicon division),[78] IBM,[79] Infineon Technologies (Infineon XMC 32-bit MCU families),[80] Intel (older "ARM11 MPCore"), LG,[81][82] NXP Semiconductors,[83] Renesas,[84] Rockchip,[73] Samsung,[85][86] STMicroelectronics,[87] and Texas Instruments.[88]

ARM architectural licensees

There are around 15 architectural licensees at 2013, but the full list is not public.[65][69]

Companies with a 64-bit ARMv8-A architectural license include Applied Micro,[89][90] Broadcom,[70][91] Cavium,[92] Huawei,[93][94] Nvidia,[95][96] AMD,[97][98] Samsung,[99] and Apple[65]

Companies with a 32-bit ARM architectural license include Broadcom (ARMv7),[91] Faraday Technology (ARMv4, ARMv5),[100] Marvell Technology Group,[101] Microsoft,[102] Qualcomm,[103][104] Intel,[105] and Apple.[65]

Mali licensees

Companies that are current licensees of the Mali GPU designs include Rockchip[73] and Allwinner.[106]

Sales and market share

ARM-based CPU market share in 2010: over 95% in smartphone market; 10% in mobile computers; 35% in digital TVs and set-top boxes; however, ARM did not have any market share in servers and desktop PCs.[107]

As of 2014, over 50 billion chips with ARM cores inside have been produced, 10 billion of which were produced in 2013,.[108]

In the fourth quarter of 2010, 1.8 billion chips based on an ARM design were manufactured.[109]

With Microsoft's ARM-based Windows 8 OS, market research firm IHS predicted that in 2015 23% of all the PCs in the world will use ARM processors.[110]

In May 2012, Dell announced the Copper platform, a server based on Marvell’s ARM powered devices.[111] In October 2012, ARM announced the first set of early licensees of the 64-bit-capable Cortex-A57 processor.[71]

ARM's goal is by 2015 to have ARM-based processors in more than half of all tablets, mini-notebooks and other mobile PCs sold.[112]

Sales of chips containing ARM cores[113][114][115]
Year Billion units
2015 15
2014 12
2013 10
2012 8.7
2011 7.9
2010 6.1
2009 3.9
2008 4.0
2007 2.9
2006 2.4
2005 1.662
2004 1.272
2003 0.782
2002 0.456
2001 0.420
2000 0.367
1999 0.175
1998 0.051
1997 0.009
Total 78.094


2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015

Partnerships

Microsoft

At 2011 CES, Microsoft revealed that the Windows 8 operating system will run on ARM architecture platforms.[116] Following this, Microsoft demonstrated Internet Explorer 10. For around 30 seconds of the 90-minute talk, they mentioned that some of the demos were running on an ARM computer.[117] During Microsoft's presentation of Windows 8 on 1 June 2011, a handful of the company's hardware partners showed off tablets and notebooks running the OS, including ARM instead of x86 processors.[118]

University of Michigan

In 2011, ARM renewed a five-year, $5 million research partnership with University of Michigan, which extended their existing research partnership to 2015. This partnership will focus on ultra-low energy and sustainable computing.[119][120]

Senior management

Warren East was appointed Chief Executive Officer of ARM Holdings in October 2001. In the 2011 financial year, East received a total compensation of £1,187,500 from ARM, comprising a salary of £475,000 and a bonus of £712,500.[121][122] East said in March 2013 that he would retire from ARM in May, with president Simon Segars taking over as CEO.[123] In March 2014, former Rexam chairman Stuart Chambers succeeded John Buchanan as chairman. Chambers, a non-executive director of Tesco and former chief executive of Nippon Sheet Glass Group, had previously worked at Mars and Royal Dutch Shell.[124]

See also

References

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  3. 1 2 3 "Preliminary Results 2015". ARM Holdings. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
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  11. ↑ nCore HPC Rolls Out BrownDwarf ARM DSP Supercomputer Inside HPC, 17 June 2013
  12. ↑ Nvidia: ARM supercomputer to be more efficient than x86 EE Times, 12 June 2011
  13. ↑ Smartphone chips may power servers, researchers say PC World, 25 May 2013
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  65. 1 2 3 4 5 Shimpi, Anand Lal (28 June 2013). "The ARM Diaries, Part 1: How ARM’s Business Model Works". Anandtech. p. 3. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  66. ↑ How Apple Designed Own CPU For A6 // Linley on Mobile, September 15, 2012
  67. ↑ Lai Shimpi, Anand (10 September 2013). "Apple Announces A7, World's First 64-bit Smartphone SoC". AnandTech. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
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  69. 1 2 A long look at how ARM licenses chips. Part 1: 7 License types to rule them all, one company to bind them // SemiAccurate, Aug 7, 2013 by Charlie Demerjian
  70. 1 2 Broadcom takes two ARM architecture licenses // EETimes, Peter Clarke, 1/9/2013
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ARM, "ARM Launches Cortex-A50 Series, the World’s Most Energy-Efficient 64-bit Processors." Retrieved 30 October 2012.
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  109. ↑ "Q4 revenue came from the sale of 1.8 billion ARM-processor based chips", ARM press release, 1 February 2011
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  111. ↑ Dell, "Copper enables the ARM server ecosystem." Retrieved 9 January 2013.
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  114. ↑ "HEXUS.net - ARM Everywhere". hexus.net. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  115. ↑ "Share Sleuth: tech titan ARM on sale". Money Observer. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  116. ↑ Tony Bradley, PCWorld. "Windows 8 on ARM Expands Microsoft's Mobile Horizons." 6 January 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  117. ↑ Keir Thomas, PCWorld. "Microsoft Demos IE10 on ARM, and It Looks Good." 14 April 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  118. ↑ Keir Thomas, PCWorld. "Windows 8 and the ARM Revolution: The Pros and Cons." 2 June 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  119. ↑ Peter Clarke, EE Times. "ARM extends Michigan research deal." 31 August 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  120. ↑ Chris Edwards, Electronics Weekly. "ARM extends Michigan low-power work." 31 August 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  121. ↑ "Warren East: Executive Profile & Biography". BusinessWeek. Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  122. ↑ "Warren East profile". Forbes. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
  123. ↑ "ARM CEO Warren East steps down". PC Pro. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  124. ↑ "Appointment Of New Chairman". ARM Investor Relations. ARM Investor Relations. Retrieved 12 March 2014.

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