Against Neaera

Against Neaera was a speech made by Apollodorus of Acharnae which was preserved as part of the Demosthenic corpus. It is widely considered to be the work of a pseudo-Demosthenes, possibly Apollodoros himself. The speech was part of the prosecution of Neaera, a hetaera who was accused of unlawfully marrying an Athenian citizen. Though the prosecution claims that the case was brought for personal reasons, the date of the prosecution has led scholars to believe that it was in fact politically motivated. In common with most legal cases from ancient Athens, the outcome is unknown.

The speech is important to modern scholars as the best extant biography of a woman from the classical period of ancient Greece, the most extensive surviving source on prostitution in ancient Greece, and the source of Athenian laws on adultery and citizenship which do not otherwise survive. However, it only began to receive significant attention from scholars in the 1990s, as before that period the focus of the speech on prostitution was considered to be inappropriate.

Authorship

Against Neaera is preserved as Demosthenes' fifty-ninth speech, though it has been thought inauthentic since antiquity. Dionysius of Hallicarnassus, for instance, questioned its authorship.[1] Modern scholars from the nineteenth century to the present have generally accepted it as fact that the speech was not written by Demosthenes,[2] and today it is often grouped with the rest of the speeches concerning Apollodorus as being the work of a single Pseudo-Demosthenes.[3] This author has been identified as Apollodoros himself by various scholars, including Kapparis in his commentary on the speech.[3][4][5]

Background

In his introduction to the speech, Theomnestos says that he is bringing the case against Neaera in order to exact revenge against Stephanos for his previous attacks on Apollodoros.[6] The enmity between Apollodoros and Stephanos began, according to Theomnestos, when Apollodoros proposed the reallocation of the Theoric fund for military use in 349 BC, in preparation for war against Macedon.[7] Stephanos took Apollodoros to court, claiming that the law which he proposed was illegal.[8][9] The fine which Stephanos proposed was according to Theomnestos large enough that Apollodoros would not have been able to pay it back, and so would have been disenfranchised.[10] The court in fact imposed a smaller fine, which Apollodoros was able to pay. Having failed in his attempt to have Apollodoros ruined and disenfranchised, Stephanos then had Apollodoros charged with murder. This time, Apollodoros was able to successfully defend himself, and the suit failed.[11]

The fact that this rivalry began in 349 BC, though, raises the question of why Apollodoros and Theomnestos waited for such a long time to bring the matter of Neaera to court if their sole motivation was revenge on Stephanos.[12] Grace Macurdy suggested that the motives were in fact political, and that Apollodoros brought the case against Stephanos due to Stephanos' opposition to Eubolos' and Demosthenes' anti-Macedonian line. She concludes that the case was ultimately to discredit Stephanos in preparation for a new proposal to redirect the money in the Theoric fund for military purposes.[13] Carey suggests in fact it was an attempt to test public opinion to a challenge against the use of surplus money on the Theoric fund when it could instead have been used for defence against the threat of Philip of Macedon.

Speech

Theomnestos introduces the case and the reasons for it, and brings in Apollodoros to make the rest of the case. So much of the speech is made by Apollodoros that at its conclusion he claims to have brought the case against Neaera himself, having apparently forgotten that it is in fact Theomnestos' case.[14]

Apollodoros mainly focuses on attacking Neaera, and her daughter Phano, possibly because he cannot produce good evidence for his allegations. He spends most of the speech going over Neaera's life as a hetaera, from her purchase by Nikarete to her going to live with Stephanus, and the failure of Phano's two marriages. He demonstrates that Neaera was not an Athenian citizen, though he "failed to establish conclusively" that Neaera was married to Stephanus, or that she passed her children off as Athenian citizens.[15]

The outcome of the speech is unknown,[16] though modern commentators have criticised the evidence that Apollodorus put forward as failing to prove his case.

Legacy

The speech Against Neaera is significant as the best extant narrative of the life of a woman in the classical period.[17] It is our most extensive surviving source on Greek prostitution, and is also valuable for what it tells us about women and gender relations in the classical world.[18] Accordingly, it is today frequently used in teaching about Athenian law and society,[19] though due to the focus on prostitution, it was "not deemed appropriate for undergraduates of earlier generations",[20] and so has only recently been the subject of much scholarly attention.[20]

Since 1990, Against Neaera has been the subject of much attention by classicists, including two editions with translation and commentary,[21][22] and a biography of Neaera.[23]

As well as its importance for women's history, the speech has been described as a "very important source for Athenian law and social history".[24] It is a primary source for a number of Athenian laws, including ones on adultery[25] and citizenship.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dionysius of Hallicarnassus, On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes, 57.
  2. ↑ Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59]. p. 48.
  3. 1 2 Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59]. p. 50.
  4. ↑ Trevett, Jeremy (1990). "History in [Demosthenes] 59". The Classical Quarterly 40 (2): 407–420. doi:10.1017/s0009838800042981.
  5. ↑ Macurdy, Grace (1942). "Apollodorus and the Speech Against Neaera". American Journal of Philology 63 (3): 257–271. doi:10.2307/290699.
  6. ↑ Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.1.
  7. ↑ Macurdy, Grace H. (1942). "Apollodorus and the Speech Against Neaera (Pseudo-Demosthenes LIX)". The American Journal of Philology 63 (3): 257.
  8. ↑ Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.5.
  9. ↑ Following Sauppe, modern scholars have tended to read "He produced false witnesses to substantiate the calumnious charge that Apollodorus had been a debtor to the treasury for twenty-five years" here, but Kapparis (1995) dismisses this, and his translation (1999) omits it.
  10. ↑ Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.6.
  11. ↑ Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.9-10.
  12. ↑ Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59]. p. 30.
  13. ↑ Macurdy, Grace H. (1942). "Apollodorus and the Speech Against Neaera (Pseudo-Demosthenes LIX)". The American Journal of Philology 63 (3): 271.
  14. ↑ Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.126.
  15. ↑ Dilts, Mervin R. (2000). "Review of Apollodorus Against Neaira by Kapparis". The Classical World 94 (1): 101–102.
  16. ↑ Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). "Apollodorus Against Neaira" with commentary. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 42–43. ISBN 3-11-016390-X.
  17. ↑ Glazebrook, Allison (2005). "The Making of a Prostitute: Apollodoros's Portrait of Neaera". Arethusa 38 (2): 161.
  18. ↑ Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59]. p. 2.
  19. ↑ Worthington, Ian (2003). "Review of 'Trying Neaira' by Debra Hamel". Bryn Mawr Classical Review.
  20. 1 2 Harris, Edward M. (1994). "Review of 'Apollodorus, Against Neaira' by Christopher Carey". The Classical Review 44 (1).
  21. ↑ Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59].
  22. ↑ Carey, Christopher (1992). "Apollodorus Against Neaira": [Demosthenes] 59. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
  23. ↑ Hamel, Debra (2003). Trying Neaira: the true story of a courtesan's scandalous life in ancient Greece. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10763-3.
  24. 1 2 Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59]. p. 1.
  25. ↑ For a discussion of the differences between the manuscript reading of this law and that taken by modern editions, see Johnstone (2002), who favours the manuscript reading. Carey (1992) and Kapparis (1999) both have the emended text.

Further reading

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