Al-Khaṣībī

Abu ʿAbd-Allāh Al-Ḥusayn ibn Ḥamdān Al-Jonbalānī Al-Khaṣībī[1] (Arabic: الحسين بن حمدان الخصيبي‎), mostly known as al-Khaṣībī[2] (??–969) [3] (Arabic: الخصيبي‎) He was originally from a village called "Jonbalā", between Kufa and Wasit in Iraq, which was the center of the Qarmatians.[4] He was a member of a well-educated family with close ties to Eleventh Twelver Shia Imam Hasan al-Askari and a scholar of the Islamic sect known as the ‘Alawiyyah or Nusayrism, a branch of the Twelver Shi'a, which is now present in Syria, Southern Turkey and Northern Lebanon.

A manuscript copy of a work by al-Khasibi, copied in 1508, Egypt. Adilnor Collection, Sweden.

For a time, al-Khaṣībī was imprisoned in Baghdad, due to accusations of being a Qarmatian. According to the Alawites, after settling in Aleppo, under the rule of the Shi'ite Hamdanid dynasty, he gained the support and aid of its ruler, Sayf al-Dawla, in spreading his teachings. He later dedicated his book Kitab al-Hidaya al-Kubra to his patron. He died in Aleppo and his tomb, which became a holy shrine, is inscribed with the name Shaykh Yabraq.[5]

He taught several unique beliefs. One such belief was that Jesus was every one of the prophets from Adam to Muhammad, as well as other figures such as Socrates, Plato and some ancestors of Muhammad. Similarly, other historical figures were the incarnations of Ali and Salman al-Farisi.[6] He also reported an authenticated hadith which allowed an Alawite woman to fornicate with a non-Alawite man if her purpose was to beget children.[7]

He and his works were praised by the influential Iranian Shi'ite scholar Muhammad Baqir Majlisi.[8]

Exposure to Nusayri Doctrine

Al-Khasibi's first exposure to the teachings of Ibn Nusayr was through ʿAbdallāh al-Jannān, who was a student of Muḥammad ibn Jundab, who was a student of Nusayr himself. Having been initiated into the doctrine through al-Jannan, Khasibi was now al-Jannan's "spiritual son." With the death of al-Jannan, however, al-Khasibi had no means of continuing practice and study of the doctrine. This period of dryness ended later when he encountered an ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad, who claimed to be a disciple of Nusayr himself. Ahmad states that he met both al-Hadi and al-Askari near ʿAlqamī, a river branching from the Euphrates, in an old shaykh's garden. He received a number of dates from both Hadi and Askari, both of whom symbolically appointed him a representative in Ṭurbāʾ, a village near Karbala. Askari then handed Ahmad a number of dates to distribute to Ahmad's own disciples, however the rival of Nusayr arrived (Isḥāq al-Aḥmar, who plays a prominent role in the story of Nusayr) asking for the last date (in order to obtain blessings). Ahmad claims he was instructed by Askari to withhold the date for Nusayr, who was the bab (gate).

In this manner, did al-Khasibi receive revelation or transmission from both al-Jannan and Ali ibn Ahmad, and continue the Nusayri doctrine. Khasibi did not necessarily believe he was representative of a splinter, rebel group of the Shias, but rather believed he held the true doctrine of the Shias.[9]

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ Encyclopædia Iranica, ḴAṢIBI
  2. ↑ Mustafa Öz, Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (History of Madh'habs), Ensar Publications, İstanbul, 2011.
  3. ↑ Although the Encyclopædia Britannica cites 957 or 968 as two possible dates for his death
  4. ↑ Hanna Batatu (17 Sep 2012). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9781400845842.
  5. ↑ Matti Moosa (1987). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. pp. 264, 266. ISBN 9780815624110.
  6. ↑ Matti Moosa (1987). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. pp. 263–4. ISBN 9780815624110.
  7. ↑ Ahmed, Asad Q.; Sadeghi, Behnam; Hoyland, Robert G.; Silverstein, Adam, eds. (28 Nov 2014). Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone. BRILL. pp. 580–81. ISBN 9789004281714.
  8. ↑ Yaron Friedman (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History, and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. BRILL. p. 26. ISBN 9789004178922.
  9. ↑ Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs : an introduction to the religion, history, and identity of the leading minority in Syria. Leiden: Brill. pp. 17–20. ISBN 9789004178922.


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