Alaska Marine Highway

Alaska Marine Highway

Locale Aleutian Islands to Bellingham, Wash.
Route Alaska Marine Highway System
Began operation First founded in 1949.[1] Officially designated in 1963.[2]
System length 3,100 mi (5,000 km)[3][4]
Travel time variable
Yearly ridership 350,000
Yearly vehicles 100,000

The Alaska Marine Highway (AMH) or the Alaska Marine Highway System (AMHS) is a ferry service operated by the U.S. state of Alaska. It has its headquarters in Ketchikan, Alaska.[5]

The Alaska Marine Highway System operates along the south-central coast of the state, the eastern Aleutian Islands and the Inside Passage of Alaska and British Columbia, Canada. Ferries serve communities in Southeast Alaska that have no road access, and the vessels can transport people, freight, and vehicles. AMHS's 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of routes go as far south as Bellingham, Washington in the contiguous United States and as far west as Unalaska/Dutch Harbor, with a total of 32 terminals throughout Alaska, British Columbia, and Washington. It is part of the National Highway System and receives federal highway funding. It is also a form of transportation of vehicles between the state and the contiguous United States, going through Canada but not requiring international customs and immigration.

The Alaska Marine Highway System is a rare example (in the USA) of a shipping line offering regularly scheduled service for the primary purpose of transportation rather than of leisure or entertainment. Voyages can last many days, but, in contrast to the luxury of a typical cruise line, cabins cost extra, and most food is served cafeteria-style.

History

Pre-statehood

The forerunner to the Alaska Marine Highway was the Chilkoot Motorship Lines,[6] founded in 1948 by Haines residents Steve Homer and Ray Gelotte.[2] The company used a converted LCT-Mark VI landing craft, christened the MV Chilkoot.[1] They operated a weekly service from Tee Harbor (north of Juneau) to Haines and Skagway, connecting the territorial capital to the international road system.[6] The Chilkoot Motorship Lines was purchased by the territorial government, and moved under the Territorial Board of Road Commissioners in 1951.[6] In 1957, the MV Chillkoot was replaced by the MV Chilkat,[6] which remained a part of the system until being decommissioned in 1988.[7]

A state ferry system

In 1959, the year Alaska became a State, voters approved an $18 million (like $146 million today) bond package to improve the ferry system throughout the Southeast and Southcentral regions.[6] The package included 4 new vessels and new docks throughout. The first of these new vessels built was the MV Malaspina, followed closely by the MV Matanuska and MV Taku.[6] With 3 new ships, and a new name, the Alaska Marine Highway System (AMHS) was born.

The following year, the ocean-certified MV Tustumena was completed, the Chilkat moved to Prince William Sound, and the AMHS started service in Southcentral.[6] In 1969, that service was expanded with the addition of the MV E.L. Bartlett, in service with the state until 2004.

AMHS vessels docked at Pier 48 in Seattle, 1975.

Further south

In 1967, two events acted to severely restrict transportation to and from Southeast Alaska. A slide took out the Alaska Highway to the North, and BC Ferries MV Queen of Prince Rupert ran agound, severely limiting transfer passengers ability to move between the AMHS Southern terminus of Prince Rupert, BC to Seattle, WA. [8] Until this time, portions the passage between Southeast Alaska and Washington State were classified as outside waters, and none of the vessels the AMHS operated in Southeast Alaska had the necessary ocean-going certification required to carry passengers on outside waters.[9] Citing the need for a transportation link between Alaska and the rest of the United States, then governor Wally Hickel ordered the AMHS to send a vessel south to Seattle while putting a request to Congress to re-classify the route as inside waters.[9] The Federal government agreed to do so, which left the AMHS with a significantly longer route system, and no new vessels to serve it.

Faced with the lengthy construction time and cost of building a new vessel, the AMHS looked abroad to find a quicker solution. The Stena Britannica, just a year old, was purchased and rechristened the MV Wickersham.[9] While the Wickersham was relatively inexpensive to purchase, and could be added to the system quickly, she was never re-flagged as an American ship, and so commercial operation between US ports of call was a violation of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (commonly known as the Jones Act).[8] Initially, the State of Alaska had felt that they would be able to get a waiver of the Jones Act for the Wickersham, but that request was blocked, severely limiting the scheduling flexibility of the ship. While the Wickersham could pick up passengers in Washington State and deliver them to Alaska if there were an intermediary stop in Canada, moving passengers within Alaska was not allowed.[9] Additionally, as the Wickersham was not specifically built for Alaskan ports, she was limited as to which ports she could dock at. The AMHS ordered the new construction of the MV Columbia, which replaced the Wickersham on the mainline Seattle route in 1974.[9]

The southern terminus of the AMHS remained in Seattle until October 1989 when it moved to the Bellingham Cruise Terminal in Fairhaven, WA.

Feeder service

Facing the need to increase capacity, both the Matanuska and Malaspina were stretched by 56 feet, beyond the capacity of some of the smaller harbors and leaving the Taku as the only AMHS ship in Southeast able to serve some of the smaller communities. To serve the smaller communities of Southeast, the AMHS ordered the MV LeConte in 1974 and the MV Aurora in 1978.[6] These would be the last new ships built for the AMHS for 20 years, ending the initial construction of the AMHS.

Exxon Valdez oil spill

On March 24, 1989 the Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound. The State of Alaska's on scene response was managed from the E.L. Bartlett, later relieved by the Aurora. Suction trucks were placed in the car-deck, temporarily converting the ferry into a spill response vessel.[10] The State of Alaska determined that a new vessel was necessary, and that the new vessel should be designed from the beginning to be able to take on a command and control role in the case of another disaster.[6] Funded in part by settlement money from Exxon, the MV Kennicott joined the system in 1998.

Day boats

New construction since the Kennicott has focused on day-boats, which can run their expected schedule and return home within a 12-hour shift.

In 2004, the MV Lituya was added to the fleet to make the 16.5 knot trip between Ketchikan and Metlakatla in Southeast. With a design heavily influenced by oil rig supply vessels, she is unique among the fleet with an open car deck and limited passenger facilities.[11] Costing only $9.5 Million ($12 million today), her low fuel consumption and small crew compliment make her the most economical vessel in the fleet,[12] giving the AMHS real world data on the effectiveness of small, short haul ferries in Southeast waters.

Routes

Map showing the Alaska Marine Highway System

Southeast Alaska

The southeast AMHS route system is divided into two subsystems: the mainline routes which typically take more than one day for the ship to travel; and shorter routes where the vessels depart their home port in the morning, travel to destination ports and then return to their home port on the same day. The shorter routes are commonly referred to as “day boat” routes.

The mainline routes carry a high percentage of tourists in the summer, and provide service between Bellingham, Washington or Prince Rupert, British Columbia and Skagway, Alaska. Along the way, the ships stop in Ketchikan, Wrangell, Petersburg, Sitka, Juneau, and Haines. The smaller communities Kake and Hoonah are served by certain mainline sailings. During 2008, the five largest AMHS vessels were used on the Southeast mainline routes. These were the MV Columbia, MV Kennicott, MV Malaspina, MV Matanuska, and the MV Taku.

Day boat service was also provided on the North Lynn Canal route during the peak summer season by MV Malaspina. This route provides round-trip service between Juneau, Haines and Skagway. The day boat routes connect the smaller communities of Southeast Alaska with each other and with the Southeast Alaska mainline communities (Ketchikan, Petersburg, Wrangell, Sitka, Juneau, Haines and Skagway) that serve as regional centers for commerce, government health services, and/or connections to other transportation systems. The day boat routes primarily serve local residents, and include Angoon, Hoonah, Kake, Metlakatla, Pelican, and Tenakee.

In 2008 there were three AMHS vessels that provided service on the day boat routes. These were the MV LeConte, the MV Fairweather and the MV Lituya. The MV Lituya is dedicated to providing day boat service between Ketchikan and Metlakatla. The Southeast System connects with the continental road system at Bellingham, Washington, Prince Rupert, British Columbia, and in Alaska at Haines and Skagway.[13]

Cross-gulf service

When the M/V Kennicott, a vessel certified to operate in open waters, joined the fleet in the summer 1998 the ferry system expanded to include regular cross-gulf sailings. Also known as “inter-tie trips”, these sailings connect Southeastern Alaska with Southcentral and Southwest regions of the state. All cross-gulf trips include a stop at the port of Yakutat, a community that is unique in that it is served only on a cross-gulf route. During 2008, the AMHS provided Yakutat with 10 port calls.[13]

Southwest Alaska

The Southwest system serves Prince William Sound, Kodiak Island, the Alaska Peninsula, and the Aleutian Islands. The M/V Tustumena provides regular service between Kodiak, Port Lions, Seldovia and Homer. In 2008, between April and October, the M/V Tustumena traveled out the Aleutian chain once a month to Unalaska/Dutch Harbor, stopping at Chignik, Sand Point, King Cove, False Pass, Akutan and Cold Bay. This trip is not made in the winter because of adverse weather conditions. In 2008 service in Prince William Sound to Valdez, Cordova and Whittier was provided by the M/V Aurora. The M/V Chenega provided additional service during the summer season, and the M/V Kennicott provided supplemental service. AMHS also provided fifty-five stops in the village of Tatitlek and thirty-six stops in Chenega Bay. Tourist passengers add a significant percentage to the Prince William Sound traffic in the summer, especially between Valdez and Whittier. In the winter months when traffic demand was significantly reduced and weather conditions worsened, the M/V Chenega was moved to North Lynn Canal to replace the Fairweather for its overhaul period. The M/V Tustumena also underwent a CIP project, leaving the M/V Aurora to provide service between the ports.[13]

Communities served

The Alaska Marine Highway's main hub is in Juneau, though administrative offices are located in Ketchikan. Other smaller operational hubs include Cordova (Prince William Sound), Ketchikan (southern Panhandle), and Kodiak (Southcentral Alaska).

The AMHS serves the following communities year-round: Akutan; Angoon; Bellingham, Washington; Chenega Bay; Chignik; Cold Bay; Cordova; False Pass;Haines; Homer; Hoonah; Juneau; Kake; Ketchikan; King Cove; Kodiak; Metlakatla; Ouzinkie; Petersburg; Port Lions; Prince Rupert, British Columbia; Sand Point; Seldovia; Sitka; Skagway; Tatitlek; Tenakee Springs; Unalaska/Dutch Harbor; Valdez; Whittier; Wrangell; and Yakutat. Bartlett Cove, location of the Glacier Bay National Park ranger station and eight miles (13 km) from the community of Gustavus, is served occasionally by the M/V LeConte in summer months.

Current vessels

The Matanuska at the AMH maintenance docks in Ketchikan

The following vessels, from smallest to largest, currently serve in the Alaska Marine Highway's fleet:

Most Alaska Marine Highway System vessels are built for multiple-day voyages due to the large distances between ports. For example, it takes just under three days to travel from Bellingham to Skagway, and 18 hours for the Sitka to Juneau "milk run". Because of this, larger vessels (M/V Tustumena and larger) come with staterooms, while all mainline vessels have solariums, showers, and lounges for sleeping. Hot food services and, on the M/V Columbia, a sit-down restaurant are also offered.

In July 2011 the Marine Highway began the bidding process to build the first of what they refer to as "Alaska-Class Vessels", made to travel shorter routes. They would not have staterooms available for passengers. One hundred-twenty million dollars have been set aside for the project and the ferries are scheduled to be delivered in 2018.[14]

All current vessels are named after Alaskan glaciers.

Retired vessels

In addition to the current fleet, the following vessels have been retired:

Traffic

The AMHS carries around 350,000 passengers and 100,000 vehicles every year. In their 2008 Annual Traffic Volume Report, the Alaska Marine Highway reported moving 340,412 passengers and 109,839 vehicles; equating to the highest passenger ridership in eight years and the highest vehicle ridership in sixteen. The Ferry is very popular with summer tourists (one of the primary reasons Bellingham and Prince Rupert are AMHS destinations). Tent cities commonly sprout up on the aft of mainline vessels, and for budget-travellers, the AMHS is one of the top modes of transportation to the "Last Frontier". Service drops off significantly in winter. Vessels usually undergo overhauls and renovations during this period due to the decline in passenger and vehicle traffic (attributed to lack of tourists).

See also

Together, these services cover the length of the Inside Passage. They connect at a number of locations.

References

  1. 1 2 Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. "The Alaska Marine Highway System" (PDF). Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  2. 1 2 Alaska Channel. "Alaska Marine Highway". Alaska.org. Alaska Channel. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  3. ↑ Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. "Alaska Marine Highway: Gulf Coast Route". Alaska's Scenic Byways. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  4. ↑ Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. "Alaska Marine Highway: Inside Passage". Alaska's Scenic Byways. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  5. ↑ Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. "Contact Us". Alaska Marine Highway. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kiffer, Dave (July 8, 1996). "The Grand Ships of the Alaska Marine Highway System". SitNews. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
  7. ↑ McKibben, Jackinsky (August 17, 2011). "After Years of Service, Chilkat's Future Uncertain". Homer News. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  8. 1 2 Cohen, Stan (1997). Highway on the Sea: A Pictorial History of the Alaska Marine Highway System. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing. ISBN 0-929521-87-0.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Kiffer, Dave (October 11, 2006). "The 'Wickersham' Sailed on After Leaving Alaska". SitNews. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  10. ↑ Schneider, Keith (April 3, 1889). "New Equipment Enables Alaska to Intensify Cleanup". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  11. ↑ "New AMHS Ferry Lituya Arrives In Ketchikan". SitNews. April 12, 2004. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Inaugural Ceremony for M/V Lituya Scheduled for May 4 in Metlakatla". SitNews. April 13, 2004. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 Alaska Marine Highway System (2008). Alaska Marine Highway System; Annual Traffic Volume Report (PDF) (Report). Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2013.
  14. ↑ Schoenfeld, Ed (July 13, 2011). "Officials to Meet with Shipyard to Build Next State Ferry". Juneau: CoastAlaska/Alaska Public Radio Network.

External links

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