Valdez, Alaska
| Valdez, Alaska | |
|---|---|
| City | |
|
Aerial view showing the townsite, the harbor, the lower Mineral Creek valley and Blueberry Hill. | |
 Location of Valdez, Alaska | |
| Coordinates: 61°7′51″N 146°20′54″W / 61.13083°N 146.34833°WCoordinates: 61°7′51″N 146°20′54″W / 61.13083°N 146.34833°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Census Area | Valdez-Cordova |
| Incorporated | June 11, 1901[1] |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Larry Weaver[2] |
| • State senator | Mike Dunleavy (R) |
| • State rep. | Jim Colver (R) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 277.1 sq mi (717.6 km2) |
| • Land | 222.0 sq mi (574.9 km2) |
| • Water | 55.1 sq mi (142.7 km2) |
| Elevation | 98 ft (30 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| • Total | 3,976 |
| • Density | 18.2/sq mi (7.0/km2) |
| Time zone | Alaska (AKST) (UTC-9) |
| • Summer (DST) | AKDT (UTC-8) |
| ZIP code | 99686 |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-82200 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1412465 |
| Website | www.ci.valdez.ak.us |
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Valdez /vælˈdiːz/,/vəlˈdɛz/ (Alutiiq: Suacit) is a city in Valdez-Cordova Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to the 2010 US Census, the population of the city is 3,976. The city is one of the most important ports in Alaska. The port of Valdez was named in 1790 after the Spanish Navy Minister Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán.
Economy
Valdez is a fishing port, both for commercial and sport fishing. Freight moves through Valdez bound for the interior of Alaska. Sightseeing of the marine life and glaciers, together with both deep-sea fishing, and heli skiing support a tourist industry in Valdez. The oil from the Trans-Alaska pipeline is loaded onto ships at the Valdez oil terminal.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company is one of the biggest employers in town but it started to move several positions to its headquarters in Anchorage since the town council passed a resolution charging a tax to all the tankers coming into the port to be loaded with oil. This has had an impact in the population size and the economy.
Valdez is connected to the interior of Alaska by the Richardson Highway, and is a port of call in the Alaska Marine Highway ferry system. Just north of Valdez on the highway is Thompson Pass, which has spectacular waterfalls and glaciers next to the highway. Thompson Pass is also known for treacherous driving conditions during the winter.
The Valdez Airport, also known as Pioneer Field, is serviced by one airline, Ravn Alaska.
Valdez hosted the World Extreme Skiing Championship (WESC) in the early 1990s. There are five heli-ski outfits based in the greater Valdez area.
History
The port of Valdez was named in 1790 by the Spanish explorer Salvador Fidalgo after the Spanish naval officer Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán.[3] A scam to lure prospectors off the Klondike Gold Rush trail led to a town being developed there in 1898. Some steamship companies promoted the Valdez Glacier Trail as a better route for miners to reach the Klondike gold fields and discover new ones in the Copper River country of interior Alaska than that from Skagway. The prospectors who believed the promotion found that they had been deceived. The glacier trail was twice as long and steep as reported, and many men died attempting the crossing, in part by contracting scurvy during the long cold winter without adequate supplies. The town did not flourish until after the construction of the Richardson Highway in 1899, which connected Valdez and Fairbanks. With a new road and its ice-free port, Valdez became permanently established as the first overland supply route into the interior of Alaska. The highway was open in summer-only until 1950, when it was operated as a year-round route.[4]
In 1907, a shootout between two rival railroad companies ended Valdez's hope of becoming the railroad link from tidewater to the Kennicott Copper Mine. The mine, located in the heart of the Wrangell-St.Elias Mountains, was one of the richest copper ore deposits on the continent. The exact location of the right-of-way dispute, in which one man was killed and several injured, is located at the southern entrance of the canyon on the Valdez side. A half-completed tunnel in the canyon marks the end of railroad days in Valdez. A rail line to Kennicott was later established from the coastal city of Cordova.[4]
The city of Valdez was badly shaken but not destroyed in the 1964 Good Friday earthquake. Soil liquefaction of the glacial silt that formed the city's foundation led to a massive underwater landslide, which caused a section of the city's shoreline to break off and sink into the sea. The underwater soil displacement caused a local tsunami 30 feet (9.1 m) high that traveled westward, away from the city and down Valdez Bay. Thirty-two men women and children were on the city's main freight dock to help with and watch the unloading of the SS Chena, a supply ship that came to Valdez regularly. All 32 people died as the dock collapsed into the ocean with the violent landslide. There were no deaths in the town.
Residents continued to live there for an additional three years while a new site was being prepared on more stable ground four miles (6 km) away. The new construction was supervised by the Army Corps of Engineers. They transported 54 houses and buildings by truck to the new site, to re-establish the new city at its present location. The original town site was dismantled and abandoned.[4]
From 1975 to 1977, the Trans-Alaska pipeline was built to carry oil from the Prudhoe Bay oil fields in northern Alaska to a terminal in Valdez, the nearest ice-free port. Oil is loaded onto tanker ships for transport. The construction and operation of the pipeline and terminal boosted the economy of Valdez.
The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred as the oil tanker Exxon Valdez was leaving the terminal at Valdez full of oil. The spill occurred at Bligh Reef, about 40 km (25 mi) from Valdez. Although the oil did not reach Valdez, it devastated much of the marine life in the surrounding area. The clean-up of the oil caused a short-term boost to the economy of Valdez.
On January 24, 2014 a major avalanche occurred just outside Valdez at Mile 16 near Keystone Canyon, prompting the closure of the only highway in or out of town. On January 25, Alaska DOT triggered another massive slide that further choked the roadway. Due to weather conditions at the time, the avalanche dammed the Lowe River, creating a half-mile-long lake that stalled snow removal efforts for nearly a week. The blockage was dubbed the "Damalanche" by local city officials after a name coined by local resident, Joshua Buffington. News of this event spread to media outlets nationwide. Once the water receded, crews worked around the clock to clear about 200,000 cubic yards of snow in five days. No one was injured during this incident.
Geography and climate
Valdez is located at 61°7′51″N 146°20′54″W / 61.13083°N 146.34833°W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 277.1 square miles (718 km2), of which, 222.0 square miles (575 km2) of it is land and 55.1 square miles (143 km2) of it (19.88%) is water.
Valdez is located near the head of a deep fjord in the Prince William Sound in Alaska. It is surrounded by the Chugach Mountains, which are heavily glaciated. Valdez is the northernmost port in North America that is ice-free year-round. The northernmost point of the coastal Pacific temperate rain forest is in Valdez, on Blueberry Hill.[5] Despite the presence of temperate rainforest, Valdez under the Köppen climate classification has a subarctic climate (Dfc): its winters, though much warmer than most climates of this type, are not sufficiently mild, as those of, say, Ketchikan or Kodiak are, to fit into the oceanic or subpolar oceanic climate category.
According to the Weather Channel and NOAA, Valdez is the snowiest city in the United States, with an average of almost 300 inches per year. In winters past, they have had years when more than 100 inches of snow fell in 5 separate months (not in the same year).[6] [7]
| Climate data for Valdez, Alaska | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 46 (8) |
52 (11) |
57 (14) |
68 (20) |
78 (26) |
86 (30) |
85 (29) |
82 (28) |
74 (23) |
64 (18) |
50 (10) |
54 (12) |
86 (30) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 26.6 (−3) |
30.0 (−1.1) |
35.8 (2.1) |
44.4 (6.9) |
52.9 (11.6) |
59.4 (15.2) |
62.3 (16.8) |
60.8 (16) |
53.3 (11.8) |
43.0 (6.1) |
32.7 (0.4) |
29.1 (−1.6) |
44.2 (6.8) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 17.2 (−8.2) |
19.6 (−6.9) |
23.8 (−4.6) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
38.6 (3.7) |
45.0 (7.2) |
48.0 (8.9) |
46.4 (8) |
40.9 (4.9) |
33.4 (0.8) |
23.9 (−4.5) |
20.2 (−6.6) |
32.3 (0.2) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −20 (−29) |
−23 (−31) |
−6 (−21) |
5 (−15) |
19 (−7) |
31 (−1) |
33 (1) |
32 (0) |
25 (−4) |
8 (−13) |
1 (−17) |
−15 (−26) |
−23 (−31) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 6.02 (152.9) |
5.53 (140.5) |
4.49 (114) |
3.55 (90.2) |
3.08 (78.2) |
3.01 (76.5) |
3.84 (97.5) |
6.62 (168.1) |
9.59 (243.6) |
8.58 (217.9) |
5.51 (140) |
7.59 (192.8) |
67.41 (1,712.2) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 57.0 (144.8) |
51.8 (131.6) |
50.0 (127) |
19.4 (49.3) |
1.2 (3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.4 (1) |
11.5 (29.2) |
38.8 (98.6) |
67.6 (171.7) |
297.7 (756.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 17.1 | 14.8 | 15.3 | 14.2 | 16.6 | 15.0 | 16.9 | 17.3 | 20.6 | 19.1 | 15.0 | 17.9 | 199.8 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 11.8 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 6.8 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 4.9 | 11.2 | 13.6 | 70.4 |
| Source: NOAA[8] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
| Historical population | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1900 | 315 | — | |
| 1910 | 810 | 157.1% | |
| 1920 | 466 | −42.5% | |
| 1930 | 442 | −5.2% | |
| 1940 | 529 | 19.7% | |
| 1950 | 554 | 4.7% | |
| 1960 | 555 | 0.2% | |
| 1970 | 1,005 | 81.1% | |
| 1980 | 3,079 | 206.4% | |
| 1990 | 4,068 | 32.1% | |
| 2000 | 4,036 | −0.8% | |
| 2010 | 3,977 | −1.5% | |
| Est. 2014 | 3,921 | [9] | −1.4% |
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,036 people, 1,494 households, and 1,042 families residing in the city. The population density was 18.2 people per square mile (7.0/km²). There were 1,645 housing units at an average density of 7.4 per square mile (2.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 83.62% White, 0.42% Black or African American, 7.19% Native American, 2.18% Asian, 0.45% Pacific Islander, 1.41% from other races, and 4.73% from two or more races. 3.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,494 households out of which 41.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.15.
In the city the age distribution of the population shows 29.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 107.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $66,532, and the median income for a family was $74,188. Males had a median income of $56,932 versus $31,855 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,341. About 5.0% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.
Oil terminal
The Valdez Marine Terminal is an oil port in Valdez, at the southern end of the Alaska Pipeline. The terminal was the point of departure for the Exxon Valdez just prior to the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
There are 14 active aboveground crude oil storage tanks at the terminal, and an average of three to five oil tankers depart from the terminal each week. Since the pipeline became operational in 1976, more than 15,000 tankers full of oil have left the terminal.
Media and culture
Despite its small size, Valdez was at one time home to two weekly newspapers, the Valdez Star and the Valdez Vanguard. In 2004, the Star bought out the Vanguard. Valdez is also home to radio broadcasters KCHU, KVAK, KVAK-FM.
Valdez is also home to the Last Frontier Theatre Conference, hosted by the Prince William Sound College. The annual conference attracts playwrights and actors from around the United States.
On Deadly Ground (1994) was filmed near Worthington Glacier, Alaska, as well as the Valdez Civic Center and Valdez Airport, and 30 miles (48 km) outside Valdez on Thompson Pass in the Chugach Mountains.
Notable people
- Neva Egan, first First Lady of Alaska (1959–1966, 1970–1974)[11]
- William A. Egan, first Governor of Alaska (1959–1966, 1970–1974)
- Owen Meals (1891–1974), an important and even pioneering figure in Valdez throughout the middle 20th century, particularly in transportation. Meals operated the first Ford auto dealership in Valdez and made the first flight from Valdez to Fairbanks; his aviation business launched the Alaska aviation career of Bob Reeve (see entry below). His hillside residence became a local landmark and tourist attraction. Arguably, his greatest contribution to Valdez was a land exchange with the state government, which enabled the move of Valdez to its present location following the earthquake.[12]
- Robert Campbell Reeve, Valdez-based bush pilot
- Bill Walker, current Governor of Alaska
- Ed Walker, last surviving member of Castner's Cutthroats, former member of the Valdez city council.[13]
See also
References
- ↑ 1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. p. 156.
- ↑ 2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League. 2015. p. 160.
- ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Valdez, Alaska
- 1 2 3 Paragraph edited by the Valdez Museum and Historical Archive Mar 2009
- ↑ InfoRain.org: "Prince William Sound / Copper River Ecosystem: Biological and Ecological Resources"
- ↑ America's Top 10 Snowiest Cities
- ↑
- ↑ "NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ↑ Dunham, Mike (2011-01-21). "Neva Egan, the first of Alaska's first ladies, dies at age 96". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
- ↑ "Hardest Hit by Great Earthquake, Valdez Moves to Entirely New Townsite". Lou Jacobin's Guide to Alaska and the Yukon (Nineteenth ed.). Anchorage: Guide to Alaska, Inc. 1965. p. 187.
This new townsite is made possible through the unstinting cooperation of Valdez citizens themselves, the Federal Urban Renewal Administration and the generosity of one of the town's leading business men, Valdez pioneer Owen E. Meals, owner of the Valdez Light, Power and Telephone Co., whose offer to donate 'pieces of ground' was accepted by the Valdez City Council and the townspeople.
- ↑ "Ed Walker obituary". Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman. 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
External links
- Official website
- Visitor information
- Valdez Museum & Historical Archive
- Maxine & Jesse Whitney Museum
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