Albert the Bear

Albert the Bear
Monument commemorating Albert at Spandau Citadel, Berlin, by Walter Schott
Count of Anhalt
Reign	1123–1170
Predecessor	Otto the Rich
Successor	Bernhard
Duke of Saxony
Reign	1138–1142
Predecessor	Henry II
Successor	Henry the Lion
Margrave of Brandenburg
Reign	1157–1170
Predecessor	none
Successor	Otto I
Born	c.  1100
Died	18 November 1170 possibly Stendal
Burial	Ballenstedt
Spouse	Sophie of Winzenburg
Issue	Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg Hermann I, Count of Orlamünde Siegfried, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen Heinrich Albert Dietrich Bernhard, Count of Anhalt Hedwig, Margravine of Meissen daughter Adelheid Gertrude, Duchess of Moravia Sybille, Abbess of Quedlinburg Eilika
House	House of Ascania
Father	Otto, Count of Ballenstedt
Mother	Eilika of Saxony

Albert the Bear (German: Albrecht der Bär; c. 1100 – 18 November 1170) was the first Margrave of Brandenburg (as Albert I) from 1157 to his death and was briefly Duke of Saxony between 1138 and 1142.

Life

Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, and Eilika, daughter of Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony. He inherited the valuable estates in northern Saxony of his father in 1123, and on his mother's death, in 1142, succeeded to one-half of the lands of the house of Billung. Albert was a loyal vassal of his relation, Lothar I, Duke of Saxony, from whom, about 1123, he received the Margraviate of Lusatia, to the east; after Lothar became King of the Germans, he accompanied him on a disastrous expedition to Bohemia in 1126, when he suffered a short imprisonment.

Albert's entanglements in Saxony stemmed from his desire to expand his inherited estates there. After the death of his brother-in-law, Henry II, margrave of a small area on the Elbe called the Saxon Northern March, in 1128, Albert, disappointed at not receiving this fief himself, attacked Udo, the heir, and was consequently deprived of Lusatia by Lothar. In spite of this, he went to Italy in 1132 in the train of the king, and his services there were rewarded in 1134 by the investiture of the Northern March, which was again without a ruler.

Once he was firmly established in the Northern March, Albert's covetous eye lay also on the thinly populated lands to the north and east. For three years he was occupied in campaigns against the Slavic Wends, who as pagans were considered fair game, and whose subjugation to Christianity was the aim of the Wendish Crusade of 1147 in which Albert took part. Diplomatic measures were more successful, and by an arrangement made with the last of the Wendish princes of Brandenburg, Pribislav of the Hevelli, Albert secured this district when the prince died in 1150. Taking the title "Margrave of Brandenburg", he pressed the "crusade" against the Wends, extended the area of his mark, encouraged German migration, established bishoprics under his protection, and so became the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1157, which his heirs — the House of Ascania — held until the line died out in 1320.

The seal of Albert the Bear.

In 1137 Conrad III, the Hohenstaufen King of the Germans, deprived Albert's cousin and nemesis, Henry the Proud of his Saxon duchy, which was awarded to Albert if he could take it. After some initial success in his efforts to take possession, Albert was driven from Saxony, and also from his Northern march by Henry, and compelled to take refuge in south Germany. When peace was made with Henry in 1142, Albert renounced the Saxon duchy and received the counties of Weimar and Orlamünde. It was possibly at this time that Albert was made Archchamberlain of the Empire, an office which afterwards gave the Margraves of Brandenburg the rights of a prince-elector.

In 1158 a feud with Henry's son, Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, was interrupted by a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. On his return in 1160, he, with the consent of his sons; Siegfried not being mentioned, donated land to the Knights of Saint John in memory of his wife, Sofia, at Werben at the Elbe.^[1][2][3] In 1162 Albert accompanied Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to Italy, where he distinguished himself at the storming of Milan.

In 1164 Albert joined a league of princes formed against Henry the Lion, and peace being made in 1169, Albert divided his territories among his six sons. He died on 13 November 1170, possibly in Stendal, and was buried at Ballenstedt.

Cognomen

Foundation of the memorial to Albert at Spandau Citadel.

Albert's personal qualities won for him the cognomen of the Bear, "not from his looks or qualities, for he was a tall handsome man, but from the cognisance on his shield, an able man, had a quick eye as well as a strong hand, and could pick what way was straightest among crooked things, was the shining figure and the great man of the North in his day, got much in the North and kept it, got Brandenburg for one there, a conspicuous country ever since," says Carlyle, who called Albert "a restless, much-managing, wide-warring man." He is also called by later writers "the Handsome."

Family and children

Albert was married in 1124 to Sophie of Winzenburg (died 25 March 1160) and they had the following children:

1. Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg (1126/1128–7 March 1184)
2. Count Hermann I of Orlamünde (died 1176)
3. Siegfried (died 24 October 1184), Bishop of Brandenburg from 1173–1180, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, the first ranked prince, from 1180–1184
4. Heinrich (died 1185), a canon in Magdeburg
5. Count Albert of Ballenstedt (died after 6 December 1172)
6. Count Dietrich of Werben (died after 5 September 1183)
7. Count Bernhard of Anhalt (1140–9 February 1212), Duke of Saxony from 1180-1212 as Bernard III
8. Hedwig (d. 1203), married to Otto II, Margrave of Meissen
9. Daughter, married c. 1152 to Vladislav of Bohemia
10. Adelheid (died 1162), a nun in Lamspringe
11. Gertrude, married in 1155 to Duke Diepold of Moravia
12. Sybille (died c. 1170), Abbess of Quedlinburg
13. Eilika

Ancestry

Ancestors of Albert the Bear

16. Adalbert von Ballenstedt               8. Esiko, Count of Ballenstedt                       17. Hidda               4. Adalbert II, Count of Ballenstedt                             18. Herman II, Duke of Swabia               9. Mathilde of Swabia                       19. Gerberga of Burgundy               2. Otto, Count of Ballenstedt                                   20. Weimar III, Count of Weimar               10. Otto I, Margrave of Meissen                       21. Oda of the Saxon Ostmark               5. Adelheid of Weimar-Orlamünde                             22. Lambert II, Count of Louvain               11. Adela of Louvain                       23. Oda of Verdun               1. Albert the Bear                                         24. Bernard II, Duke of Saxony               12. Ordulf, Duke of Saxony                       25. Eilika of Schweinfurt               6. Magnus, Duke of Saxony                             26. Olaf II of Norway               13. Wulfhild of Norway                       27. Astrid Olofsdotter               3. Eilika of Saxony                                   28. Vazul               14. Béla I of Hungary                       7. Sophia of Hungary                             30. Mieszko II Lambert               15. Adelaide or Rixa of Poland                       31. Richeza of Lotharingia

References

Citations

1. Freller 2010, pp. 40
2. Freller 2010, pp. 55
3. Lyon 2013, pp. 35

Primary sources

• Chronica Slavorum

Bibliography

• Carlyle, Thomas (1898). History of Frederick the Great.
• Freller, Thomas (2010). The German Langue of the Order of Malta. Malta: Midsea Books. ISBN 978-99932-7-299-1.
• Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100-1250. New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801451300.
• Partenheimer, Lutz (2007). Die Entstehung der Mark Brandenburg: Mit einem lateinisch-deutschen Quellenanhang. Köln: Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-17106-3.
• Partenheimer, Lutz (2003). Albrecht der Bär (in German). Cologne: Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 3-412-16302-3.
• Schultze, Johannes (2011). Die Mark Brandenburg.: (Bd. I-V in einem Band). Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 978-3428134809.

External links

• Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich ii Chapter iv: Albert the Bear
• The History Files: Rulers of Brandenburg