Alethic modality

For the concept in modal logic, see Subjunctive possibility.

Alethic modality (from Greek ἀλήθεια = truth) is a linguistic modality that indicates modalities of truth, in particular the modalities of logical necessity, possibility or impossibility.^[1]

Alethic modality is often associated with epistemic modality in research, and it has been questioned whether this modality should be considered distinct from epistemic modality which denotes the speaker's evaluation or judgment of the truth. The criticism states that there is no real difference between "the truth in the world" (alethic) and "the truth in an individual's mind" (epistemic).^[2] An investigation has not found a single language in which alethic and epistemic modalities would be formally distinguished, for example by the means of a grammatical mood.^[3] In such a language, "A circle can't be square", "can't be" would be expressed by an alethic mood, whereas for "He can't be that wealthy", "can't be" would be expressed by an epistemic mood. As we can see, this is not a distinction drawn in English grammar.

"You can't give these plants too much water." is a well-known play on the distinction between perhaps alethic and hortatory or injunctive modalities. The dilemma is fairly easily resolved when listening through paralinguistic cues and particularly suprasegmental cues (intonation). So while there may not be a morphologically based alethic mood, this does not seem to preclude the usefulness of distinguishing between these two types of modes. Alethic modality might then concern what are considered to be apodictic statements.

References

↑ Loos, Eugene E.; Susan Anderson; Dwight H. Day, Jr.; Paul C. Jordan; J. Douglas Wingate. "What is alethic modality?". Glossary of linguistic terms. SIL International. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
↑ Eschenroeder, Erin; Sarah Mills; Thao Nguyen (2006-09-30). William Frawley, ed. The Expression of Modality. The Expression of Cognitive Categories. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 8–9. ISBN 3-11-018436-2. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
↑ Nuyts, Jan (November 2000). Epistemic Modality, Language, and Conceptualization: A Cognitive-pragmatic Perspective. Human Cognitive Processing. John Benjamins Publishing Co. p. 28. ISBN 90-272-2357-2.

Linguistic modalities and grammatical moods

Realis
(what is)

Irrealis

Deontic (what should be)	Benedictive Commissive (promises, threats) Directive (commands, requests, requirements) Deliberative Hortative (+ subtypes) Imperative Jussive Necessitative Permissive Precative Prohibitive Propositive Volitive (hopes, wishes, fears) Desiderative Imprecative Optative

Epistemic (what may be)	(inferences, possibilities, questions, etc.) Alethic Assumptive Deductive Dubitative Hypothetical Inferential/renarrative/oblique Interrogative Potential Speculative Subjunctive

Dependent circumstances (what would be)	Conditional Eventive

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