Alfred Eisenstaedt

"Eisenstaedt" redirects here. For other uses, see Eisenstadt (disambiguation).
Alfred Eisenstaedt

In London, 1932 (age 34)
Born (1898-12-06)December 6, 1898
Dirschau, West Prussia, Imperial Germany (now Tczew,Poland)
Died August 23, 1995(1995-08-23) (aged 96)
Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, United States
Occupation Photojournalism

Alfred Eisenstaedt (December 6, 1898 – August 23, 1995) was a German-born American photographer and photojournalist. One of the most prolific photographers of the twentieth century, he began his career in pre-World War II Germany, and after moving to the U.S., achieved prominence as a staff photographer for Life Magazine which featured more than 90 of his pictures on its covers with over 2,500 photo stories published.

Among his most famous cover photographs was the V-J Day celebration in New York City of "an exuberant American sailor kissing a nurse in a dancelike dip [that] summed up the euphoria many Americans felt as the war came to a close."[1] Eisenstaedt was "renowned for his ability to capture memorable images of important people in the news, including statesmen, movie stars and artists" and for his candid photographs, taken with a small 35mm Leica camera and typically with only natural lighting.[1]

Early life

Eisenstaedt was born in Dirschau (Tczew) in West Prussia, Imperial Germany in 1898.[2] His family moved to Berlin in 1906. Eisenstaedt was fascinated by photography from his youth and began taking pictures at age 14 when he was given his first camera, an Eastman Kodak Folding Camera with roll film. He later served in the German Army's artillery during World War I, and was wounded in 1918. While working as a belt and button salesman in the 1920s in Weimar Germany, Eisenstaedt began taking photographs as a freelancer for the Pacific and Atlantic Photos' Berlin office in 1928. The office was taken over by the Associated Press in 1931.

Professional photographer

Eisenstaedt became a full-time photographer in 1929 when he was hired by the Associated Press office in Germany, and within a year he was described as a "photographer extraordinaire."[3] He also worked for Illustrierte Zeitung, published by Ullstein Verlag, then the world's largest publishing house.[3] Four years later he photographed the famous first meeting between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Italy. Other notable, early pictures by Eisenstaedt include his depiction of a waiter at the ice rink of the Grand Hotel in St. Moritz in 1932 and Joseph Goebbels at the League of Nations in Geneva in 1933. Although initially friendly, Goebbels scowled at Eisenstaedt when he took the photograph.[4]

Because of oppression in Hitler's Nazi Germany, Eisenstaedt's family saw that the Nazis were targeting Germany's Jewish population and decided to emigrate to the U.S.[5] They arrived in 1935 and settled in New York, where he subsequently became a naturalized citizen,[6] and joined fellow Associated Press émigrés Leon Daniel and Celia Kutschuk in their PIX Publishing photo agency founded that year. The following year, 1936, Time founder Henry Luce bought Life magazine, and Eisenstaedt, already noted for his photography in Europe,[3] was asked to join the new magazine as one of its original staff of four photographers, including Margaret Bourke-White and Robert Capa.[5] He remained a staff photographer from 1936 to 1972, achieving notability for his photojournalism of news events and celebrities.[1]

Along with entertainers and celebrities, he photographed politicians, philosophers, artists, industrialists and authors during his career with Life, and by 1972 he had photographed nearly 2,500 stories and had more than 90 of his photos on the cover.[7] With Life's circulation of two million readers, Eisenstaedt's reputation increased substantially.[3] According to one historian, "his photographs have a power and a symbolic resonance that made him one of the best Life photographers.[8] In subsequent years, he also worked for Harper's Bazaar, Vogue, Town & Country and others.[8]

Style and technique

From his early years as professional photographer he became an enthusiast for small 35 mm film cameras, especially the Leica camera. Unlike most news photographers at the time, who relied on much larger and less portable 4" x 5" press cameras with flash attachments, Eisenstaedt preferred the smaller hand-held Leica which gave him greater speed and more flexibility when shooting news events or capturing candids of people in action.[6] His photos were also notable as a result of his typical use of natural light as opposed to relying of flash lighting.[6] In 1944, Life described him as the "dean of today's miniature-camera experts."[3]

At the time, this style of photojournalism, with a smaller camera with its ability to use available light, was then in its infancy.[7] It also helped Eisenstaedt create a more relaxed atmosphere when shooting famous people, where he was able to capture more natural poses and expressions: "They don't take me too seriously with my little camera," he stated. "I don't come as a photographer. I come as a friend."[7] It was a style he learned from his 35 years in Europe, where he preferred shooting informal, unposed portraits, along with extended picture stories. As a result, Life began using more such photo stories, with the magazine becoming a recognized source of such photojournalism of the world's luminaries.[7] Of Life's photographers, Eisenstaedt was most noted for his "human interest" photos, and less the hard news images used by most news publications.[7]

His success at establishing a relaxed setting for his subjects was not without difficulties, however, when he needed to capture the feeling he wanted. Anthony Eden, resistant to being photographed, called Eisenstaedt "the gentle executioner."[7] Similarly, Winston Churchill told him where to place the camera to get a good picture.[7] And during a photo shoot of Ernest Hemingway in his boat, Hemingway, in a rage, tore his own shirt to shreds and threatened to throw Eisenstaedt overboard.[7]

Martha's Vineyard

Alfred Eisenstaedt photographing the Clinton family on Martha's Vineyard.

Eisenstaedt, known as "Eisie" to his close friends, enjoyed his annual August vacations on the island of Martha's Vineyard for 50 years. During these summers, he would conduct photographic experiments, working with different lenses, filters, and prisms in natural light. Eisenstaedt was fond of Martha's Vineyard's photogenic lighthouses, and was the focus of lighthouse fundraisers organized by Vineyard Environmental Research, Institute (VERI).

Two years before his death, Eisenstaedt photographed President Bill Clinton with wife, Hillary, and daughter, Chelsea. The photograph session took place at the Granary Gallery in West Tisbury on Martha's Vineyard, and was documented by this photograph published in People magazine on September 13, 1993.[9]

Personal life and death

After first settling in New York in 1935, Eisenstaedt lived in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York, for the rest of his life. Until shortly before his death, he would walk daily from his home to his Life office on the Avenue of the Americas and 51st Street.[10]

He died in his bed at midnight at his beloved Menemsha Inn cottage known as the "Pilot House" at age 96,[1] in the company of his sister-in-law, Lucille Kaye (LuLu),[11] and friend, William E. Marks.[12]

Notable Eisenstaedt photos

V-J day in Times Square

Eisenstaedt's most famous photograph is of an American sailor kissing a young woman on August 14, 1945 in Times Square. He took this famous photograph using a Leica IIIa. (The photograph is known under various names: V-J Day in Times Square, V-Day, etc.[13]) Because Eisenstaedt was photographing rapidly changing events during the V-J Day celebrations, he stated that he didn't get a chance to obtain names and details, which has encouraged a number of mutually incompatible claims to the identity of the subjects.

Portraits of Sophia Loren

The portraits of Sophia Loren have been described as conveying mischievousness, dignity, and love on the part of both Eisenstaedt and Loren.

Ice Skating Waiter, St. Moritz

This 1932 photograph depicts a waiter at the ice rink of the Grand Hotel. "I did one smashing picture", Eisenstaedt wrote, "of the skating headwaiter. To be sure the picture was sharp, I put a chair on the ice and asked the waiter to skate by it. I had a Miroflex camera and focused on the chair."

Awards and honors

Eisenstaedt was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1989 by President George Bush in a ceremony on the White House lawn.[14] Since 1999, the Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards for Magazine Photography have been administered by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.[15]

In 1986, the International Center of Photography, a museum in New York City, exhibited his photos at a retrospective, "Alfred Eisenstaedt: 'Eisie' at 88".[7]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Alfred Eisenstaedt, Photographer of the Defining Moment, Is Dead at 96". New York Times. 1995-08-25. Retrieved 2007-07-21. Alfred Eisenstaedt, the German photographer whose pioneering images for Life magazine helped define American photojournalism, died on Wednesday while vacationing on Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts. He was 96 and lived in Manhattan.
  2. ↑ Zone, Ray (2007). "Alfred Eisenstaedt".
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Speaking of Pictures: Eisenstaedt has a 15th Anniversary", Life magazine, Sept. 4, 1944 p. 13
  4. ↑ Behind the Picture: Joseph Goebbels Glares at the Camera, Geneva.
  5. 1 2 Ciment, James. ed. The Home Front Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO (2007) p. 585
  6. 1 2 3 Morgan, Ann Lee. ed. The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists, Oxford Univ. Press (2007) pp. 144–145
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 New York Magazine, Sept. 15, 1986
  8. 1 2 Marter, Joan M. ed. The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Vol I, Oxford Univ. Press, (2011) p. 156
  9. ↑ "Star Tracks", People, Sept. 13, 1993
  10. ↑ Grundberg, Andy. "Alfred Eisenstaedt, 90: The Image of Activity", The New York Times, November 12, 1998. Accessed September 25, 2007.
  11. ↑ Meras, Phyllis. "Lulu Kaye Was Keeper of Eisie Flame", Vineyard Gazette, August 20, 2012
  12. ↑ "Vineyard Time with Eisie", The Digital Journalist
  13. ↑ V-J day in Times Square: The Photo Book (London: Phaidon, 2000; ISBN 0-7148-3937-X), p.134. V–Day: Twentieth Century Photography: Museum Ludwig Cologne (Cologne: Taschen, 2005; ISBN 3-8228-4083-1), pp. 148–9.
  14. ↑ Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts
  15. ↑ Alfred Eisenstaedt Awards Established at Columbia, 11 November 1997

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