Times Square

For other uses, see Times Square (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 40°45′28″N 73°59′09″W / 40.75773°N 73.985708°W / 40.75773; -73.985708

Times Square
Neighborhood in Manhattan

Broadway show billboards in Times Square, 2013
Nickname(s): The Crossroads of the World
Country United States of America
State New York
City New York City
Borough / County Manhattan / New York County
Boundaries Broadway, 7th Avenue, 42nd and 47th Streets
Subway services 1 2 3 7 <7> A C E N Q R S trains at Times Square station
Bus routes M7, M20, M42, M50, M104
Historical features Duffy Square
George Michael Cohan statue
One Times Square

Times Square is a major commercial intersection and neighborhood in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue, and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets.[1] Brightly adorned with billboards and advertisements, Times Square is sometimes referred to as The Crossroads of the World,[2] The Center of the Universe,[3] the heart of The Great White Way,[4][5][6] and the "heart of the world".[7] One of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections,[8] it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District[9] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.[10] Times Square is one of the world's most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually.[11] Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists,[12] while over 460,000 pedestrians walk through Times Square on its busiest days.[7]

Formerly Longacre Square, Times Square was renamed in 1904 after The New York Times moved its headquarters to the newly erected Times Building, the site of the annual ball drop which began on December 31, 1907, and continues today, attracting over a million visitors to Times Square every New Year's Eve.[13]

Duffy Square, the northernmost of Times Square's triangles, was dedicated in 1937 to Chaplain Francis P. Duffy of New York City's U.S. 69th Infantry Regiment and is the site of a memorial to him, along with a statue of George M. Cohan.[14]

History

Broadway at 42nd Street in 1898
A crowd outside The New York Times to follow the progress of the Jack Dempsey–Georges Carpentier fight in 1921
Crowds celebrating in Times Square on V-J Day (August 15, 1945)

Early history

When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street. These three streams formed the "Great Kill" (Dutch: Grote Kill). From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl[15] and emptied into a deep bay in the Hudson River at the present 42nd Street.[16] The name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre.[17]

Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, a general of the New York militia, in which he served under George Washington. Scott's manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. In the first half of the 19th century, it became one of the prized possessions of John Jacob Astor, who made a second fortune selling off lots to hotels and other real estate concerns as the city rapidly spread uptown.[18]

By 1872, the area had become the center of New York's carriage industry. The area not having previously been named, the city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade in that city was centered.[19] William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there. In 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre.[20]

As more profitable commerce and industrialization of lower Manhattan pushed homes, theaters, and prostitution northward from the Tenderloin District, Long Acre Square became nicknamed the Thieves Lair for its rollicking reputation as a low entertainment district. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer and impresario Oscar Hammerstein I. "By the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons."[21]

1900s–1960s

In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs moved the newspaper's operations to a new skyscraper on 42nd Street at Longacre Square, on the site of the former Pabst Hotel, which had existed on the site for less than a decade. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B. McClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed "Times Square" on April 8, 1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street and Broadway.[22] The north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre.

The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to more spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building. Now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Year's Eve.

In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway, at the southeast corner of Times Square, to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway, the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles (5,454 km) coast-to-coast through 13 states to its western end in Lincoln Park in San Francisco, California.[23]

Times Square grew dramatically after World War I.[24] It became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels.[24]

Times Square quickly became New York's agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, whether a World Series or a presidential election
— James Traub, The Devil's Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square

Advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade.[25] For example, the Wrigley Spearmint Gum sign, possibly the biggest electric sign "in the world," cost $9,000 per month to rent.[26] Some contemporary critics, such as Thorstein Veblen[27] and G.K. Chesterton,[28] disliked the advertising at Times Square. Fritz Lang, after seeing Times Square in 1923, used it as inspiration for his dark industrial film Metropolis.[27]

Celebrities such as Irving Berlin, Fred Astaire, and Charlie Chaplin were closely associated with Times Square in the 1910s and 1920s. During this period, the area was nicknamed The Tenderloin[29] because it was supposedly the most desirable location in Manhattan. However, it was during this period that the area was besieged by crime and corruption, in the form of gambling and prostitution; one case that garnered huge attention was the arrest and subsequent execution of police officer Charles Becker.[30]

The general atmosphere changed with the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Times Square acquired a reputation as a dangerous neighborhood in the following decades. From the 1960s to the early 1990s, the seediness of the area, especially due to its go-go bars, sex shops, peep shows and adult theaters, became an infamous symbol of the city's decline.[31]

Times Square - 1977

1970s–1980s

As early as 1960, 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenue was described by The New York Times as "the 'worst' [block] in town".[32] Times Square in that decade, as depicted in Midnight Cowboy, was gritty, dark and desperate, and it got worse in the 1970s and 1980s, as did the crime in the rest of the city. By 1984, an unprecedented 2,300 annual crimes occurred on that single block, of which 460 were serious felonies such as murder and rape. At the time, since police morale was low, misdemeanors were allowed to go unpunished. William Bratton, who was appointed New York City Police Commissioner in 1994 and again in 2014, stated, "The [NYPD] didn't want high performance; it wanted to stay out of trouble, to avoid corruption scandals and conflicts in the community. For years, therefore, the key to career success in the NYPD, as in many bureaucratic leviathans, was to shun risk and avoid failure. Accordingly, cops became more cautious as they rose in rank, right up to the highest levels."[33] As the city government did not implement broken windows theory at first, the allowance of low-profile crime was thought to have caused more high-profile crimes to occur.[34] Formerly elegant movie theaters began to show porn, and hustlers were common.[35] The area was so abandoned at one point during the time that the entire Times Square area paid the city only $6 million in property taxes, which is less than what a medium-sized office building in Manhattan typically would produce in tax revenue today in 1984 dollars.

In the 1980s, a commercial building boom began in the western parts of Midtown as part of a long-term development plan developed under Mayors Ed Koch and David Dinkins. In the mid-1990s, Rudolph Giuliani led an effort to clean up the area, an effort that is described by Steve Macekin in Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right, And the Moral Panic Over the City: Security was increased, pornographic theatres were closed, and “undesirable” low-rent residents were pressured to relocate, and then more tourist-friendly attractions and upscale establishments were opened. Advocates of the remodeling claim that the neighborhood is safer and cleaner. Detractors have countered that the changes have homogenized or "Disneyfied" the character of Times Square and have unfairly targeted lower-income New Yorkers from nearby neighborhoods such as Hell's Kitchen.[36][37]

Madame Tussauds Wax Museum and Ripley's Believe It or Not! Odditorium are two of the newer attractions on the redeveloped 42nd Street.

1990s

In 1990, the state of New York took possession of six of the nine historic theatres on 42nd Street, and the New 42nd Street non-profit organization was appointed to oversee their restoration and maintenance. The theatres underwent renovation for Broadway shows, conversion for commercial purposes, or demolition.[38]

In 1992, the Times Square Alliance (formerly the Times Square Business Improvement District, or "BID" for short), a coalition of city government and local businesses dedicated to improving the quality of commerce and cleanliness in the district, started operations in the area.[39] Times Square now boasts attractions such as ABC's Times Square Studios, where Good Morning America is broadcast live, and competing Hershey's and M&M's stores across the street from each other, as well as multiple multiplex movie theaters. Additionally, the area contains restaurants such as Ruby Foo's, a Chinese eatery; the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, a seafood establishment; Planet Hollywood Restaurant and Bar, a theme restaurant; and Carmine's, serving Italian cuisine. It has also attracted a number of large financial, publishing, and media firms to set up headquarters in the area. A larger presence of police has improved the safety of the area.[38]

The theatres of Broadway and the huge number of animated neon and LED signs have been one of New York's iconic images, as well as a symbol of the intensely urban aspects of Manhattan. The prevalence of such signage is because Times Square is the only neighborhood with zoning ordinances requiring building owners to display illuminated signs.[40] The neighborhood actually has a minimum limit for lighting instead of the standard maximum limit.[41] The density of illuminated signs in Times Square rivals that in Las Vegas. Officially, signs in Times Square are called "spectaculars", and the largest of them are called "jumbotrons." This signage ordinance was implemented in accordance with guidelines set in a revitalization program that New York Governor Mario Cuomo implemented in 1993.[38]

The "Naked Cowboy" – who is not actually naked – has been a fixture on Times Square for decades

Notable signage includes the Toshiba billboard directly under the NYE ball drop and the curved seven-story NASDAQ sign at the NASDAQ MarketSite at 4 Times Square on 43rd Street and the curved Coca-Cola sign located underneath another large LED display owned and operated by Samsung. Both the Coca-Cola sign and Samsung LED displays were built by LED display manufacturer Daktronics. Times Square's first environmentally friendly billboard powered by wind and solar energy was first lit on December 4, 2008.[42] On completion, the 20 Times Square development will host the largest LED signage in Times Square at 18,000 square feet.[43] The display will be 1,000 square feet larger than the Times Square Walgreens display and one of the largest video-capable screen in the world.[44]

2000s–present

In 2002, New York City's mayor, Rudy Giuliani, gave the oath of office to the city's next mayor, Michael Bloomberg, at Times Square after midnight on January 1 as part of the 2001–2002 New Year's celebration. Approximately 500,000 revelers attended. Security was high following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001, with more than 7,000 New York City police officers on duty in the Square, twice the number for an ordinary year.[45]

Since 2002, the summer solstice has been marked by "Mind over Madness", a mass yoga event involving up to 15,000 people. Tim Tompkins, co-founder of the event, said part of its appeal was "finding stillness and calm amid the city rush on the longest day of the year".[46][47]

TKTS booth at north end of Times Square
Times Square pedestrian plaza

On the morning of March 6, 2008, a small bomb caused minor damage, but there were no reported injuries.[48]

On May 1, 2010, Times Square was evacuated from 43rd to 46th Streets following the discovery of a car bomb. It was found to be a failed bombing.[49]

In February 2011, Times Square became smoke-free as New York extended the outdoors smoking ban to the area. The measure imposes a $50 fine for any person caught smoking within the area.[50]

Between January 29 to February 1, 2014, a "Super Bowl Boulevard" was held on Broadway, especially in Times Square, between 34th and 47th Streets, in preparation for Super Bowl XLVIII celebrations. The boulevard contained activities such as autographs, a 60 feet (18 m)-high toboggan run, and photographs with the Vince Lombardi Trophy.[51][52][53] The area was under increased security and saw over 400,000 people during the period.[54]

Pedestrian plaza

On February 26, 2009, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that traffic lanes along Broadway from 42nd Street to 47th Street would be de-mapped starting Memorial Day 2009 and transformed into pedestrian plazas until at least the end of the year as a trial. The same was done in Herald Square from 33rd to 35th Street. The goal was to ease traffic congestion throughout the midtown grid. The results were to be closely monitored to determine if the project worked and should be extended.[55] Bloomberg also stated that he believed the street shutdown would make New York more livable by reducing pollution, cutting down on pedestrian accidents and helping traffic flow more smoothly.[56]

The pedestrian plaza project was originally opposed by local businesses, who thought that closing the street to cars would hurt business.[57] The original seats put out for pedestrians were inexpensive multicolored plastic lawn chairs, a source of amusement to many New Yorkers; they lasted from the onset of the plaza transformation until August 14, 2009, when they were ceremoniously bundled together in an installation christened "Now You See It, Now You Don't" by the artist Jason Peters, and shortly afterward were replaced by sturdier metal furniture.[58] Although the plaza had mixed results on traffic in the area, injuries to motorists and pedestrians decreased, fewer pedestrians were walking in the road and the number of pedestrians in Times Square increased.[59] On February 11, 2010, Bloomberg announced that the pedestrian plazas would become permanent.[60]

By December 2013, the first phase of the Times Square pedestrian plaza, at the southern end of the square, was complete, in time for the Times Square Ball drop of New Year's Eve 2013. The project will be complete by the end of 2015. Snøhetta is responsible for the renovations.[61]

The pedestrian plaza became controversial in the summer of 2015, with some opponents claiming that the plaza attracted topless women called "desnudas", as well as costumed characters, who panhandle for tips.[62] Although neither toplessness nor panhandling was illegal, opponents believed that the panhandlers' presence was detrimental to quality of life in the area.[63] There were calls from Police Commissioner Bratton and Mayor Bill de Blasio to remove the plaza, although Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer opposed the proposal.[63]

Number of visitors

Times Square is the most visited place globally with 360,000 pedestrian visitors a day, amounting to over 131 million a year.[64] As of 2013, it has a greater attendance than do each of the Disney theme parks worldwide, with 128,794,000 visitors between March 2012 and February 2013, versus 126,479,000 for Walt Disney World attractions in 2012.[64][65]

Even excluding residents from the visitor count, Times Square is the world's second most visited tourist attraction, behind the Las Vegas Strip.[66] The high level of pedestrian traffic has resulted in $4.8 billion in annual retail, entertainment and hotel sales,[67] with 22 cents out of every dollar spent by visitors in New York City being spent within Times Square.[67][68]

New Year's Eve celebrations

The Times Square Ball in 2007

Times Square is the site of the annual New Year's Eve ball drop. About one million revelers crowd Times Square for the New Year's Eve celebrations, more than twice the usual number of visitors the area usually receives daily.[69] However, for the millennium celebration on December 31, 1999, published reports stated approximately two million people overflowed Times Square, flowing from 6th Avenue to 8th Avenue and all the way back on Broadway and Seventh Avenues to 59th Street, making it the largest gathering in Times Square since August 1945 during celebrations marking the end of World War II.[70]

On December 31, 1907, a ball signifying New Year's Day was first dropped at Times Square,[71] and the Square has held the main New Year's celebration in New York City ever since. On that night, hundreds of thousands of people congregate to watch the Waterford Crystal ball being lowered on a pole atop the building, marking the start of the new year. It replaced a lavish fireworks display from the top of the building that was held from 1904 to 1906, but stopped by city officials because of the danger of fire. Beginning in 1908, and for more than eighty years thereafter, Times Square sign maker Artkraft Strauss was responsible for the ball-lowering. During World War II, a minute of silence, followed by a recording of church bells pealing, replaced the ball drop because of wartime blackout restrictions. Today, Countdown Entertainment and One Times Square handle the New Year's Eve event in conjunction with the Times Square Alliance.[71]

A new energy-efficient LED ball debuted for the arrival of 2008, which was the centennial of the Times Square ball drop. The 2008/2009 ball was larger and has become a permanent installation as a year-round attraction, being used for celebrations on days such as Valentine's Day and Halloween.[71]

The New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 a.m. on New Year's Day 2014, it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from the New Year's celebration, using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance.[72]

The Paramount Building at 1501 Broadway once housed the Paramount Theatre, where Frank Sinatra had bobby-soxers fainting in the aisles.
One Astor Plaza (1515 Broadway) is the headquarters of Viacom. It replaced the Astor Hotel in 1972, when Times Square "redevelopment" plans allowed oversized office towers if they included new theatres.[73]

Notable landmarks

Times Square is a busy intersection of art and commerce, where scores of advertisements – electric, neon and illuminated signs and "zipper" news crawls – vie for viewers' attention. A few famous examples:

Major buildings on or near Times Square

"Numbered" Times Square buildings

Hotels

Corporate presence
The following companies have corporate presences in the area:

In popular culture

Times Square has been featured countless times in literature, on television, in films, in video games, and in music videos.

An immediately recognizable location, Times Square has been frequently attacked and destroyed in a number of movies, including Knowing, when a solar flare destroys New York City, Deep Impact, when a tsunami created from a meteor impact destroys New York City; the 1998 film Godzilla, where Godzilla is chased through the square; the Ghostbusters movies; Stephen King's The Stand, where the intersection is overcome by total anarchy; the ending of Captain America: The First Avenger; and Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. Films have also employed the opposite tactic, depicting the typically bustling area as eerily still, such as in Vanilla Sky, as well as the post-apocalyptic I Am Legend, in which Will Smith and his dog go hunting for deer in the deserted urban canyon. Times Square was also depicted in the 2011 movie, New Year's Eve, and was also seen in the festival battle scene in the 2002 film Spider-Man, and a stand-off in later film The Amazing Spider-Man 2. The area was shown in the 1980 film Times Square, which featured a punk rock/new wave soundtrack. It also has featured prominently in video games, such as Grand Theft Auto IV, in which a recreation of the Times Square area is included in the game's fictional "Liberty City" setting; Battlefield 3, where the final fight with the main antagonist takes place, where the player must stop him from detonating a nuke in the square; and Crysis 2, in which player must fight off attacking alien forces in order to assist US Marines to evacuate the area. Times Square also appeared on The Amazing Race as one of the locations in a race around the world. In the pilot episode of the TV series Blindspot, Times Square is completely emptied due to an abandoned bag being suspected to be a bomb.


View of the northern part of Times Square, with Two Times Square in the center

See also

In the Times Square area

Other

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Rybczynski, Witold. City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World New York: Scribner, 1995. p.27. ISBN 0-684-81302-5. Quote: "...despite its name [Times Square] is really a street intersection, not a square."
  2. ↑ Allan Tannenbaum. "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". © The Digital Journalist. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  3. ↑ Explore Manhattan Neighborhoods: The Center of the Universe (aka Times Square). Her Campus (March 22, 2011). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
  4. ↑ Federal Writers' Project (author). New York City: Vol 1, New York City Guide. Best Books (1939) ISBN 9781603540551 page 170 Quote: “The phrase ‘Great White Way’ is supposed to have been coined in 1901 by O. J. Gude, an advertising man, who is said also to have been the first to see the tremendous possibilities of electric display.”
  5. ↑ Tell, Darcy. Times Square spectacular: lighting up Broadway New York: HarperCollins, 2007
  6. ↑ Allen, Irving Lewis. The City in Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Quote: "By 1910, the blocks of Broadway just above 42nd Street were at the very heart of the Great White Way. The glow of Times Square symbolized the center of New York, if not of the world."
  7. 1 2 Noah Remnick and Tatiana Schlossberg (August 24, 2015). "New York Today:Transforming Times Square". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  8. ↑ "The Most Jivin' Streetscapes in the World". Luigi Di Serio. 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Times Square". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  10. ↑ "New York Architecture Images- Midtown Times Square". 2011 nyc-architecture. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  11. ↑ Ann Shields (November 10, 2014). "The World's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions - No. 3: Times Square, New York City - Annual Visitors: 50,000,000". Travel+Lesiure. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  12. ↑ Owen, David (January 21, 2013). "The Psychology of Space – Can a Norwegian firm solve the problems of Times Square?". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
  13. ↑ VR Macbeth (November 17, 2005). "Times Square: Part of New York City History". (C) 1980 – 2010 TimesSquare.com A Dataware Corporation Company. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  14. ↑ Harris, Stephen L. Duffy's War: Fr. Francis Duffy, Wild Bill Donovan, and the Irish Fighting 69th in World War I, Potomac Books, 2006
  15. ↑ Gerard T. Koeppel, Water for Gotham: A History, 2001:10.
  16. ↑ Edric W. Sanderson, Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City, 2009: Appendix A p 253; refs. G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr, "Old wells and water-courses on the isle of Manhattan", in Historic New York, M.W. Goodwin, A.C. Royce, and R. Putnam, 1897; and others.
  17. ↑ Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, 1999, p.721.
  18. ↑ Ulam, Alex (June 2, 2008). "John Jacob Astor: The making of a hardnosed speculator | The Real Deal | New York Real Estate News". The Real Deal. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  19. ↑ Kelly, Frank Bergen. Historical Guide to the City of New York New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1909
  20. ↑ Stavrou, Gene. "Where was the American Horse Exchange? - TreebaseNYC". www.treebase.com. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
  21. ↑ Burrows and Wallace 1999:1149.
  22. ↑ "Times Square – New York, New York – Scenic at Night on". Waymarking.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  23. ↑ "The Lincoln Highway Marker". Hmdb.org. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  24. 1 2 Leach (1993), p.339
  25. ↑ Leach (1993), p.340
  26. ↑ Leach (1993), p.341
  27. 1 2 Leach (1993), p.345
  28. ↑ Leach (1993), p.346
  29. ↑ "Tenderloin facts". Freebase. May 30, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  30. ↑ "Killer Cop: Charles Becker – Crime Library on". Trutv.com. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  31. ↑ "Times Square New York City". Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  32. ↑ Milton Bracker, "Life on W. 42nd St. a study in decay," New York Times, March 14, 1960, at 1, 26.
  33. ↑ William J. Bratton and William Andrews, "What we've learned about policing," City Journal, Spring 1999, available at http://www.city-journal.org/html/9_2_what_weve_learned.html (accessed February 3, 2009).
  34. ↑ George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson, "Broken Windows," The Atlantic, March 1982, available at http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198203/broken-windows (accessed February 3, 2009).
  35. ↑ Traub, James. The Devil's Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square, New York: Random House, 2004. ISBN 0375759786.
  36. ↑ Macek, Steve. Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right, And the Moral Panic Over the City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 111. ISBN 9780816643608.
  37. ↑ Rofes, Eric E. (2001). "Imperial New York: Destruction and Disneyfication under Emperor Giuliani. Review of Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. Samuel R. Delany. New York: New York University Press, 1999". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 7 (1): 101–09. doi:10.1215/10642684-7-1-101.
  38. 1 2 3 David W. Dunlap (January 7, 2015). "With a Friendlier 42nd Street, Mario Cuomo Left His Mark on Times Square". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  39. ↑ Times Square Alliance Tourist information center in former Embassy Theater
  40. ↑ Oser, Alan S. (December 14, 1986). "GREAT WHITE WAY; Planning for a Brighter Times Sq.". New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  41. ↑ "Architect Robert A.M. Stern: Presence of the Past" (PBS video) on the Arch Daily website
  42. ↑ Collins, Glenn (November 14, 2008). "In Times Square, a Company’s Name in (Wind- and Solar-Powered) Lights". New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  43. ↑ Barbarino, Al. "Ian Schrager Taps CBRE for 20 Times Square Retail". Commercial Observer. (May 21, 2014)
  44. ↑ Collins, Glenn (May 24, 2008). "How to Stand Out in Times Square? Build a Bigger and Brighter Billboard". New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2013. (May 24, 2008)
  45. ↑ "Inaugural Address Of Mayor Michael Bloomberg". Gothamgazette.com. January 1, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  46. ↑ "Times Square takes yoga time-out on summer solstice at BBC News". BBC News. June 21, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  47. ↑ "Solstice in Times Square: Athleta Mind Over Madness Yoga". Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  48. ↑ BBC News March 6, 2008
  49. ↑ Baker, Al; Rashbaum, William K. (May 1, 2010). "Police Find Car Bomb in Times Square". The New York Times.
  50. ↑ Pilkington, Ed (February 3, 2011). "Times Square becomes smoke free as New York extends ban outdoors". Guardian (London). Retrieved February 3, 2011.
  51. ↑ "Times Square Alliance : Super Bowl Boulevard". Timessquarenyc.org. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  52. ↑  . "Finishing Touches Being Put on Super Bowl Boulevard". NY1. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  53. ↑ "Super Bowl Blvd. starting to take shape - New York News". Myfoxny.com. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  54. ↑ Celona, Larry (January 27, 2014). "NYPD plans high security on Super Bowl Boulevard | New York Post". Nypost.com. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  55. ↑ Seifman, David (February 26, 2009). "Broadway Cars Can Take A Walk". New York Post. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  56. ↑ Vanderford, Richard; Goldsmith, Samuel (May 25, 2009). "Walk, bike or sit, car-free, in Times Square and Herald Square". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  57. ↑ Citing "Livability and Mobility," Bloomberg Declares Broadway Plazas a Success – Next City. Americancity.org. Retrieved on August 17, 2013.
  58. ↑ Noel Y.C. (August 16, 2009). "NYC ♥ NYC: Jason Peters' NOW YOU SEE IT, NOW YOU DON'T – Lawn Chair Sculpture". Nyclovesnyc.blogspot.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.. See also: Media:NowYouSeeIt-TimesSq2009.JPG.
  59. ↑ Nyc Dot. Nyc.gov. Retrieved on August 17, 2013.
  60. ↑   (March 30, 2010). "Pedestrian Plaza To Remain Permanent Fixture Of Times Square". NY1.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  61. ↑ http://www.archdaily.com/465343/nyc-s-times-square-becomes-permanently-pedestrian/
  62. ↑ Dunlap, David W. (2015-08-23). "Debating Value of Pedestrian Plazas Beyond New York City". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
  63. 1 2 Barkan, Ross (2015-08-24). "Manhattan Beep Calls Plan to Tear Up Times Square Pedestrian Plaza 'Preposterous'". Observer. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
  64. 1 2 "Times Square Pedestrian Counts, Times Square Alliance". Retrieved October 4, 2014.
  65. ↑ Global Attractions Attendance Report, TEA/AECOM, Published June 10, 2013.
  66. ↑ "The World's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions". Huffington Post. February 26, 2014.
  67. 1 2 Times Square Economic Impact Update, Times Square Alliance / HRA, March 2012
  68. ↑ New York City Tourism: A Model for Success, NYC and Company, 2013
  69. ↑ "Times Square Alliance – New Year's Eve". Timessquarenyc.org. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  70. ↑ www.nyctourist.com. "Times Square New York City, New York City Times Square by NYCTourist.com". Timessquare.nyctourist.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  71. 1 2 3 "Times Square Alliance – New Year's Eve – About The Ball". Timessquarenyc.org. November 11, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
  72. ↑ "Crews Clean Up Times Square After New Year’s Celebration". CBS Local (CBS New York). January 1, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  73. ↑ White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5.
  74. ↑ "The Reuters Building". Wirednewyork.com. Retrieved April 21, 2010.

Bibliography

External links

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