Jack Dempsey

This article is about the 20th-century boxing champion. For the 19th-century boxing champion, see Jack "Nonpareil" Dempsey. For other uses, see Jack Dempsey (disambiguation).
Jack Dempsey
Statistics
Real name William Harrison Dempsey
Nickname(s) Kid Blackie
The Manassa Mauler
Height 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Reach 77 in (196 cm)
Nationality American
Born (1895-06-24)June 24, 1895
Manassa, Colorado
Died May 31, 1983(1983-05-31) (aged 87)
New York City, New York
Stance Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights 83
Wins 65
Wins by KO 51
Losses 6
Draws 11
No contests 1

William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983), also known as "Kid Blackie" and "The Manassa Mauler", was an American professional boxer who became a cultural icon of the 1920s.[1] Dempsey held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1919 to 1926, and his aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history.[2][3] Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first million-dollar gate. Listed at #10 on The Ring's list of all-time heavyweights and #7 among its Top 100 Greatest Punchers, in 1950 the Associated Press voted Dempsey as the greatest fighter of the past 50 years.[4] Dempsey is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, and was inducted into The Ring magazine's Boxing Hall of Fame in 1951.[2]

Early life and career

Born William Harrison Dempsey in Manassa, Colorado, he grew up in a poor family in Colorado, West Virginia, and Utah.[upper-alpha 1] The son of Mary Celia (née Smoot) and Hiram Dempsey, his family's lineage consisted of Irish, Cherokee, and Jewish ancestry.[5][6][7] Following his parents' conversion to Mormonism,[8] Dempsey was baptized into the LDS Church in 1903 following his 8th birthday, the "age of accountability", according to Mormon doctrine.[9] Because his father had difficulty finding work, the family traveled often and Dempsey dropped out of elementary school to work and left home at the age of 16. Due to his lack of money, he frequently traveled underneath trains and slept in hobo camps.

Desperate for money, Dempsey would occasionally visit saloons and challenge for fights, saying "I can't sing and I can't dance, but I can lick any SOB in the house." If anyone accepted the challenge, bets would be made. According to Dempsey's autobiography, he rarely lost these barroom brawls.[10] For a short time, Dempsey was a part-time bodyguard for Thomas F. Kearns, president of The Salt Lake Tribune and son of Utah's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns.[11] The two men remained friends for years afterward.

Because he occasionally fought under the pseudonym "Kid Blackie" until 1916, Dempsey's complete boxing record is not known. He first competed as "Jack Dempsey" in 1914 as a tribute to middleweight boxer Jack "Nonpareil" Dempsey. Following the name change, Dempsey won six bouts in a row by knockout before losing on a disqualification in four rounds to Jack Downey. During this early part of his career, Dempsey campaigned in Utah, frequently entering fights in towns in the Wasatch Mountain Range region. He followed his loss against Downey with a knockout win and two draws versus Johnny Sudenberg in Nevada. Three more wins and a draw followed when he met Downey again, this time resulting in a four-round draw. Following these wins, Dempsey racked up ten more wins that included matches against Sudenberg and Downey, knocking out Downey in two rounds. These wins were followed with three no-decision matches, though at this point in the history of boxing, the use of judges to score a fight was often forbidden, so if a fight went the distance, it was called a draw or a no decision, depending on the state or county where the fight was held.

After the United States entered World War I in 1917, Dempsey worked in a shipyard and continued to box. Afterward, he was accused by some boxing fans of being a slacker for not enlisting. This remained a black mark on his reputation until 1920, when evidence produced showed he had attempted to enlist in the U.S. Army, but had been classified 4-F. After the war, Dempsey spent two years in Salt Lake City, "bumming around" as he called it, before returning to the ring.[12]

World Heavyweight Champion

Dempsey mock punching Harry Houdini (held back by Benny Leonard)

Among his opponents for World Heavyweight Champion were Fireman Jim Flynn, the only boxer ever to beat Dempsey by a knockout when Dempsey lost to him in the first round (although some boxing historians believe the fight was a "fix"),[13] and Gunboat Smith, formerly a highly ranked contender who had beaten both World Champion Jess Willard and Hall of Famer Sam Langford. Dempsey beat Smith for the third time on a second-round knockout.

Before he employed the long-experienced Jack Kearns as his manager, Dempsey was first managed by John J. Reisler.[upper-alpha 2][upper-alpha 3]

In 1918, Dempsey fought in 17 matches, going 15–1 with one no decision. In a fight with Flynn, Dempsey knocked his opponent out in the first round. Among other matches won that year were against Light Heavyweight Champion Battling Levinsky, Bill Brennan, Fred Fulton, Carl E. Morris, Billy Miske, heavyweight Lefty Jim McGettigan, and Homer Smith. In 1919, he won five consecutive regular bouts by knockout in the first round as well as a one-round special bout.[14]

Title fight and controversy

On July 4, 1919, Dempsey and World Heavyweight Champion Jess Willard met at Toledo for the world title. Pro lightweight fighter Benny Leonard predicted a victory for the 6'1", 187 pound Dempsey even though Willard, known as the "Pottawatamie Giant", was 6'6½" tall and 245 pounds. Ultimately, Willard was knocked down seven times by Dempsey in the first round.[15]

Accounts of the fight reported that Willard suffered a broken jaw, broken ribs, several broken teeth, and a number of deep fractures to his facial bones. This aroused suspicion that Dempsey had cheated, with some questioning how the force capable of causing such damage had been transmitted through Dempsey's knuckles without fracturing them.[12]

Other reports, however, failed to mention Willard suffered any real injuries.[16] The New York Times' account of the fight described severe swelling visible on one side of Willard's face, but did not mention any broken bones.[17] A still photograph of Willard following the fight appears to show discoloration and swelling on his face.[12]

Following the match, Willard was quoted as saying, "Dempsey is a remarkable hitter. It was the first time that I had ever been knocked off my feet. I have sent many birds home in the same bruised condition that I am in, and now I know how they felt. I sincerely wish Dempsey all the luck possible and hope that he garnishes all the riches that comes with the championship. I have had my fling with the title. I was champion for four years and I assure you that they'll never have to give a benefit for me. I have invested the money I have made".[16] Willard later claimed to have been defeated by "gangsterism".[12]

After being fired by Dempsey, manager Jack Kearns gave an account of the fight in the January 20, 1964 issue of Sports Illustrated that has become known as the "loaded gloves theory". In the interview, Kearns claimed to have informed Dempsey he had wagered his share of the purse favoring a Dempsey win with a first-round knockout. Kearns further stated he had applied plaster of Paris to the wrappings on the fighter's hands.

Boxing historian J. J. Johnston said, "the films show Willard upon entering the ring walking over to Dempsey and examining his hands." That, along with an experiment conducted by a boxing magazine designed to re-enact the fight have been noted as proof that Kearns' story was false.[16]

The Ring magazine founder and editor Nat Fleischer claimed to be present when Dempsey's hands were wrapped, stating, "Jack Dempsey had no loaded gloves, and no plaster of Paris over his bandages. I watched the proceedings and the only person who had anything to do with the taping of Jack's hands was Deforest. Kearns had nothing to do with it, so his plaster of Paris story is simply not true.

Deforest himself said that he regarded the stories of Dempsey's gloves being loaded as libel, calling them "trash", and said he did not apply any foreign substance to them, which I can verify since I watched the taping."[18] Sports writer Red Smith, in Dempsey's obituary published by The New York Times' was openly dismissive of the claim.[19]

Another rumor is that Dempsey used a knuckleduster during the first round. Some speculated that the object used was a rail spike.[12] In the Los Angeles Times on July 3, 1979, Joe Stone, an ex-referee and boxing writer, asserted that in a film taken of the fight an object on the canvas could be seen after the final knockdown. He further asserted that the object appears to be removed by someone from Dempsey's corner. In the same film, however, Dempsey can be seen at various times during the fight pushing and holding with Willard with the palm of the glove in question, making it unlikely that he had any foreign object embedded in his glove.[16]

Further controversy was fueled by the fact that Dempsey left the ring at the end of the first round, thinking the fight was over. This was seen as a violation of the rules, however, Willard's corner did not ask for enforcement in order for the referee to disqualify Dempsey.[12]

Title defenses

Dempsey and Carpentier in the arena before the fight

Following his victory, Jack Dempsey traveled around the country, making publicity appearances with circuses, staging exhibitions, and a low-budget Hollywood movie. Dempsey did not defend his title until September 1920, with a fight against Billy Miske in Benton Harbor, Michigan. Miske was knocked out in three rounds.

Dempsey's second title defense was in December 1920 against Bill Brennan at Madison Square Garden, New York City. After 10 rounds, Brennan was ahead on points, and Dempsey's left ear was bleeding profusely. Dempsey rebounded to stop Brennan in the 12th round.

Dempsey's next defending fight was against French World War I hero Georges Carpentier, a fighter popular on both sides of the Atlantic.[upper-alpha 4] The bout was promoted by Tex Rickard and George Bernard Shaw, who claimed that Carpentier was "the greatest boxer in the world".[20]

The Dempsey–Carpentier contest took place on July 2, 1921, at Boyle's Thirty Acres in Jersey City, New Jersey. It generated the first million-dollar gate in boxing history; a crowd of 91,000 watched the fight. Though it was deemed "the Fight of the Century", experts anticipated a one-sided win for Dempsey. Radio pioneer RCA arranged for live coverage of the match via KDKA, making the event the first national radio broadcast.[3][21]

Carpentier wobbled Dempsey with a hard right in the second round. A reporter at ringside, however, counted 25 punches from Dempsey in a single 31-second exchange soon after he was supposedly injured by the right.[20] Carpentier also broke his thumb in that round, which crippled his chances. Dempsey ended up winning the match in the fourth round.

Dempsey did not defend his title again until July 1923 against Tommy Gibbons in Shelby, Montana. Dempsey won the match as result of a 15-round decision.

Dempsey and Firpo, 1924 painting by George Bellows

The last successful title defense for Dempsey was in September 1923 at New York's Polo Grounds in Dempsey vs. Firpo. Attendance was 85,000, with another 20,000 trying to get inside the arena. Firpo was knocked down repeatedly by Dempsey, yet continued to battle back, even knocking Dempsey down twice. On the second occasion he was floored, Dempsey flew head-first through the ring ropes, landing on a ringside reporter's typewriter. At this point he was out of the ring for approximately 14 seconds, less than the 20 second rule for out-of-ring knockouts. Ultimately, Dempsey beat Argentinian contender Luis Ángel Firpo with a second-round KO. The fight was transmitted live by radio to Buenos Aires.[22]

Dempsey's heavyweight title-defending fights, exhibition fights, movies, and endorsements, made Dempsey one of the richest athletes in the world, putting him on the cover of TIME Magazine.[23]

Time off from boxing

Jack Dempsey holding his wife, Estelle Taylor, on his shoulder

Dempsey did not defend his title for three years following the Firpo fight. There was pressure from the public and the media for Dempsey to defend his title against Black contender Harry Wills. Disagreement exists among boxing historians as to whether Dempsey avoided Wills, though Dempsey claimed he was willing to fight him. When he originally won the title, however, he had said he would no longer fight Black boxers.[24]

Instead of continuing to defend his title, Dempsey earned money with boxing exhibitions, appearing in films, and endorsing products. Dempsey also did a lot of traveling, spending, and partying. During this time away from competitive fighting, Dempsey married actress Estelle Taylor and fired his long-time trainer/manager Jack "Doc" Kearns. Kearns repeatedly sued Dempsey for large sums of money following his firing.[25]

In April 1924, Dempsey was appointed to an executive position in the Irish Worker League (IWL). The IWL was a Soviet-backed Communist group founded in Dublin by Irish labour leader Jim Larkin in Dublin.[26]

Loss of title

In September 1926, Dempsey fought the Irish American and former U.S. Marine Gene Tunney in Philadelphia,[upper-alpha 5] a fighter who had only lost once in his career. In spite of his record, Tunney was considered the underdog against Dempsey.

The match ended in an upset, with Dempsey losing his title on points in 10 rounds. Attendance for this fight was a record 120,557, the largest attendance ever for a sporting event outside motor racing and soccer. When the defeated Dempsey returned to his dressing room, he explained his loss to his wife by saying, "Honey, I forgot to duck."[19] Fifty five years later president Ronald Reagan borrowed this quote when his wife Nancy visited him in the emergency room after the attempt on his life.[27]

Post title loss

Following his loss of the heavyweight title, Dempsey contemplated retiring, but decided to try a comeback. It was during this time period that tragedy struck his family when his brother, John Dempsey, shot his wife Edna, then killed himself in a murder-suicide. Dempsey was called upon to identify the bodies and was said to be emotionally affected by the incident.[upper-alpha 6]

During a July 21, 1927 fight at Yankee Stadium, Dempsey knocked out future Heavyweight Champion Jack Sharkey in the seventh round. The fight was an elimination bout for a title shot against Tunney. Sharkey was beating Dempsey until the end. The fight ended controversially when Sharkey claimed Dempsey had been hitting him below the belt. When Sharkey turned to the referee to complain, he left himself unprotected. Dempsey crashed a left hook onto Sharkey's chin, knocking him out and the referee counting Sharkey out on a ten-count.

Tunney rematch: "The Long Count"

The Dempsey-Tunney rematch took place in Chicago, Illinois, on September 22, 1927 – one day less than a year after losing his title to Tunney. Generating more interest than the Carpentier and Firpo bouts, the fight brought in a record-setting $2 million gate. Reportedly, gangster Al Capone offered to fix the rematch in his favor, but Dempsey refused. Millions around the country listened to the match by radio while hundreds of reporters covered the event. Tunney was paid a record one million dollars for the rematch. Today's equivalent in U.S currency would be approximately $13,622,605.00.[28]

Dempsey was losing the fight on points when in the seventh round he knocked Tunney down with a left hook to the chin then landed several more punches. A new rule instituted at the time of the fight mandated that when a fighter knocked down an opponent, he must immediately go to a neutral corner. Dempsey, however, refused to immediately move to the neutral corner when instructed by the referee. The referee had to escort Dempsey to the neutral corner, which bought Tunney at least an extra five seconds to recover. Even though the official timekeeper clocked 14 seconds Tunney was down, Tunney got up at the referee's count of 9. Dempsey then attempted to finish Tunney off before the end of the round, but failed to do so. Tunney dropped Dempsey for a count of one in round eight and won the final two rounds of the fight, retaining the title of World Heavyweight Champion on a unanimous decision. Ironically, the neutral corner rule was requested during negotiations by members of the Dempsey camp. Another discrepancy was, when Tunney knocked Dempsey down, the timekeeper started the count immediately, not waiting for Tunney to move to a neutral corner.[29] Because of the controversial nature of the fight due to the neutral corner rule and conflicting counts, the Dempsey-Tunney rematch remains known as "The Long Count Fight".

Post-retirement

Jack Dempsey (date unknown)

Dempsey retired from boxing following the Tunney rematch, but continued with numerous exhibition bouts. Following retirement, Dempsey became known as a philanthropist. In June 1932, he sponsored the "Ride of Champions" bucking horse event at Reno, Nevada with the "Dempsey Trophy" going to legendary bronc rider Pete Knight. In 1933, Dempsey was approached by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to portray a boxer in the film, The Prizefighter and the Lady, directed by W. S. Van Dyke and co-starring Myrna Loy.

In Ensenada, Mexico, Riviera del Pacifico Cultural and Convention Center built in 1930 Ensenada, Baja California was a gambling casino supposedly financed by Al Capone and managed by Jack Dempsey. Its clientele included Myrna Loy, Lana Turner and Dolores del Rio.

In 1935, Dempsey opened Jack Dempsey's Restaurant in New York City on Eighth Avenue and 50th Street, across from the third Madison Square Garden. The restaurant's name was later changed to Jack Dempsey's Broadway Restaurant when it relocated to Times Square on Broadway between 49th and 50th Streets. It remained open until 1974.[30] Dempsey was also a co-owner of the Howard Manor in Palm Springs, California.[31]

Dempsey married four times; his first two wives were Maxine Gates (married from 1916 to 1919) and Estelle Taylor (married in 1925).[32] Dempsey divorced Taylor in 1930, and married Broadway singer and recent divorcee Hannah Williams in 1933. Williams was previously married to bandleader Roger Wolfe Kahn. Dempsey and Williams had two children together and divorced in 1943. Dempsey then married Deanna Piatelli, remaining married to her until his death in 1983. The couple had one child, a daughter whom they adopted together and would later write a book on Dempsey's life with Piatelli.[32]

Service during WWII

Commander Dempsey (center) looking on as two seamen load an antiaircraft gun

When the United States entered World War II, Dempsey had an opportunity to refute any remaining criticism of his war record of two decades earlier. Dempsey joined the New York State Guard and was given a commission as a first lieutenant, later resigning that commission to accept a commission as a lieutenant in the Coast Guard Reserve. Dempsey reported for duty in June 1942 at Coast Guard Training Station, Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, New York, where he was assigned as "Director of Physical Education." As part of the ongoing war effort, Dempsey made personal appearances at fights, camps, hospitals and War Bond drives. Dempsey was promoted to lieutenant commander in December 1942 and commander in March 1944. In 1944, Dempsey was assigned to the transport USS Wakefield (AP-21). In 1945, he was on board the attack transport USS Arthur Middleton (APA-25) for the invasion of Okinawa. Dempsey also spent time aboard the USS General William Mitchell (AP-114), where he spent time showing the crew sparring techniques. Dempsey was released from active duty in September 1945 and received an honorable discharge from the Coast Guard Reserve in 1952.[2][33]

Later life and legacy

Dempsey authored a book on boxing titled Championship Fighting: Explosive Punching and Aggressive Defense and published in 1950. The book emphasizes knockout power derived from enabling fast motion from one's heavy bodyweight. Dempsey's book became and remains the recognized treatise in boxing. During World War II while in the Coast Guard, he co-authored How to Fight Tough with professional wrestler Bernard J. Cosneck. The book was used by the Coast Guard to instruct guardsmen on close-quarters hand-to-hand combat while incorporating boxing, wrestling, and jiujitsu.

After the world-famous Louis-Schmeling fight, Dempsey stated he was glad he never had to face Joe Louis in the ring. When Louis eventually fell on hard times financially, Dempsey served as honorary chairman of a relief fund to assist him.[3]

Dempsey made friends with former opponents Wills and Tunney after retirement, with Dempsey campaigning for Tunney's son, Democrat John V. Tunney, when he ran for the U.S. Senate, from California. One of Dempsey's best friends was Judge John Sirica, who presided over the Watergate trials.[34]

In tribute to his legacy and boxing career, a PBS documentary summarized: "Jack Dempsey's boxing style consisted of constantly bobbing and weaving. His attacks were furious and sustained. Behind it all was rage. His aggressive behavior prompted a rule that boxers had to retreat to a neutral corner and give opponents who had been knocked down a chance to get up."[3] According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, constant attack was his strategic defense.[2]

In 1971, Dempsey recounted an incident when he was mugged while walking home at night. According to Dempsey, the two young muggers attempted to grab his arms, but Dempsey broke free and laid them both out cold on the sidewalk. The story of the encounter appeared in the Hendersonville Times-News in July 1971. In the print-story, the incident was reported to have taken place "a few years ago".[35]

In 1977, in collaboration with his daughter Barbara Lynn, Dempsey published his autobiography, titled Dempsey.

Dempsey was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1954.[32] The street where Madison Square Garden is located is called Jack Dempsey Corner. A segment of Montgomery Avenue in Jersey City running past the old Boyle's Thirty Acres was renamed Jack Dempsey Way.

In 1970, Jack Dempsey was inducted as part of the charter class into the Utah Sports Hall of Fame.[36]

In 2011, Dempsey was posthumously inducted into the Irish American Hall of Fame.[37]

Dempsey was a Freemason and member of Kenwood Lodge #800 in Chicago, Illinois.[38][39][40][41]

Death

On May 31, 1983, Jack Dempsey died of heart failure at age 87 in New York City. With his wife Deanna at his side, his last words were, "Don't worry honey, I'm too mean to die." He is buried in the Southampton Cemetery in Southampton, New York.[42] His widow, Deanna Dempsey died in 2003.

Professional Boxing record

Boxing record

Legend:       Win       Loss       Draw/No contest       Notes

Published works

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ According to a January 11, 1955 Sports Illustrated article
  2. ↑ "'John the Barber' Fight Mentor, Dead. Jack Dempsey's First Manager Succumbs to an Infection of His Finger. His Wife, Reconciled After Long Separation, Is at Bedside With Their Children.". The New York Times. September 16, 1930. Retrieved 2008-10-16. "John the Barber," in private life John J. Reisler, known on Broadway for many years as a barber, fight manager, and friend of the street's great and near-great, died yesterday...
  3. ↑ "Jack Kearns, Manager of Dempsey, Dies at 80; Earned and Spent a Fortune as Pilot of Six Champions. Associated With Rickard Life Full of Drama Taught Dempsey Left Hook Dempsey Winner in 15.". The New York Times. July 8, 1963. Retrieved 2008-10-16. Jack Kearns, who managed Jack Dempsey and other boxing champions, died today at the home of his son Jack Kearns Jr. He was 80 years old.
  4. ↑ Radosta, John S. (October 29, 1975). "Georges Carpentier, Boxer, Dies in Paris; He Fought Dempsey at Boyle's Thirty Acres in 1921". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-16. Georges Carpentier, who lost on a fourth-round knockout to Jack Dempsey in boxing's first $1-million gate, died last night of a heart attack. He was 81 years old.
  5. ↑ "Tunney, Boxing Champion Who Beat Dempsey, Dies. Lectured on Shakespeare.". The New York Times. November 8, 1978. Retrieved 2008-10-16. Gene Tunney, the former heavyweight boxing champion who twice defeated Jack Dempsey, died yesterday at the Greenwich Hospital in Connecticut. He was 80 years old and had been suffering from a circulation ailment.
  6. ↑ "Dempsey's Brother Slays Wife, Self. John Dempsey Shoots Woman, Then Commits Suicide, at Schenectady. Boxer Identifies Bodies. He Is Deeply Affected by the Tragedy. Couple Had Been Estranged for Year.". The New York Times. July 3, 1927. Retrieved 2008-10-16. Apparently in a spell of temporary insanity due to a recurring attack of an illness to which he had been subject for several years, John Dempsey, brother of the former heavyweight champion, fatally shot his 21-year-old revile, Edna, in a rooming house here today.

Notes

  1. ↑ "Jack Dempsey". Biography.com. 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Jack Dempsey". Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 24 June 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Jack Dempsey (1895–1983)". The American Experience The Fight. Public Broadcasting System. September 22, 2004. Retrieved June 24, 2012.
  4. ↑ "On this date: 1950 — Jack Dempsey voted the greatest fighter of the past 50 years". Honolulu Advertiser. Associated Press. January 29, 2010. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
  5. ↑ Cavanaugh, Jack (2007). Tunney: Boxing's Brainiest Champ and His Upset of the Great Jack Dempsey (Softcover). New York London: Ballantine Books, Turnaround distributor. ISBN 0812967836. ISBN 0-8129-6783-6; ISBN 9780812967838.
  6. ↑ "DEMPSEY'S RISE LIKE FLASH OF METEOR; New Champion Battled His Way to Pugilistic Fame in Period of Three Years. WILLARD HIS ANTITHESIS Giant Kansan Disliked Fighting and Has Only One Great Victory to His Credit. Dempsey a Powerful Hitter. Willard's Age Camouflaged". The New York Times (Chicago, Illinois). Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  7. ↑ Marcus, Norman (March 1, 2012). "Dempsey–Tunney 1927: The Long Count…". boxing.com. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  8. ↑ Kahn, Roger (1999). A Flame of Pure Fire: Jack Dempsey and the Roaring '20s (Paperback). San Diego: Mariner Books, Harcourt, Inc. p. 175. ISBN 0156014149.
  9. ↑ Topical Guide; Accountability, Age of. lds.org – Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
  10. ↑ "Jack Dempsey The Manassa Mauler". worldinsport.com. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Roaring 20s: The Life of Jack Dempsey, by Sabrina Boxer, 10 December 2012. Accessed: 4 October 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pacheco, Ferdie (November 30, 2004 – April 1, 2005). The 12 Greatest Rounds Of Boxing: The Untold Stories. London: Robson, Trafalgar Square. p. 208. ISBN 9781861058058.
  13. ↑ Cox, Monte; Soderman, Bob. "Did Jack Dempsey Take a Dive?". Cox's Corner. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
  14. ↑ Jack Dempsey. BoxRec.com. Retrieve 2011-12-27.
  15. ↑ Lee Groves (July 4, 2013). "Notable July 4th Fights". Ring Magazine. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Cox, Monte D.; Bardelli, John A.; Caico, Bob; Cox, Jeff; Cuoc, Dan; Johnston, Chuck; Moyle, Clay; Stallone, Frank; Ugarkovich, Miles (December 1, 2004). "Were Dempsey's Gloves Loaded? You Decide!". Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  17. ↑ The New York Times (July 5, 1919). Saturday Section: Sports, p. 18
  18. ↑ Fleischer, Nat (1958). 50 Years At Ringside. New York: Fleet Publishing Corp. p. 118.
  19. 1 2 Smith, Red (June 1, 1983). "OBITUARY: Jack Dempsey, 87, is Dead; Boxing Champion of 1920's". The New York Times. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  20. 1 2 Sann, Paul. The Lawless Decade. lawlessdecade.net
  21. ↑ Fisher, Marc (2007). Something in the Air. New York: Random House. xiv. ISBN 978-0-375-50907-0.
  22. ↑ "Cuando Firpo tiró a Dempsey fuera del ring: El encuentro por la corona mundial de Box". Revista El Gráfico. 1923-09-22. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  23. ↑ "Jack Dempsey cover". TIME Magazine. September 10, 1923. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  24. ↑ "Jack Dempsey, New Heavyweight Champion, Announces He Will Draw the Color Line". The New York Times. July 5, 1919.
  25. ↑ "Pick Jury for Trial of Kearns vs. Dempsey". The Milwaukee Journal (Princeton, New Jersey). Nov 16, 1927. p. 17.
  26. ↑ O'Connor, Emmet (2004). Reds and the Green: Ireland, Russia and the Communist Internationals, 1919–1943. Dublin, Ireland: University College Dublin. ISBN 1 904558 20 8.
  27. ↑ "Ronald Reagan ... Assassination Attempt". ronaldreagan.com.
  28. ↑ "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  29. ↑ Jack Dempsey – The Idol of Fistiana Book by Nat Fleischer – Chapter 63 at the Wayback Machine (archived March 14, 2007)
  30. ↑ Dana, Robert W. (August 1, 1949). "Tips on Tables: Jack Dempsey's Is Notable For Special Dishes". Tips on Tables.com. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
  31. ↑ Vincent, Roger (June 18, 2012). "L.A. investors acquire Palm Springs hotel". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 16, 2012. (with correction on: "For the record" (June 22, 2012). Los Angeles Times)
  32. 1 2 3 Jack Dempsey. biography.com
  33. ↑ "USCG: Frequently Asked Questions". Uscg.mil. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  34. ↑ John J. Sirica, Watergate Case Judge, Dies at 88, Los Angeles Times, August 15, 1992
  35. ↑ Richman, Milton (22 July 1971). "Sports Parade". Hendersonville Times-News/UPI. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  36. ↑ HALL OF FAME HONOREES CHARTER CLASS OF 1970. utahsportshalloffame.org
  37. ↑ "The Irish American Hall of Fame Announces 2011 Inaugural Class". Irish American Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  38. ↑ "Famous Free Masons: Athletes". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  39. ↑ "Well Known Freemasons". Grand Lodge of British Columbia A.F. & A. M. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  40. ↑ "Free Mason Athletes". Freemason Home Page. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  41. ↑ Hamill, John; Gilert, Robert, Eds. (1998). Freemasonry, A Celebration Of The Craft. J.G. Press. p. 230. ISBN 0-9516355-2-2.
  42. ↑ Jack Dempsey at Find a Grave
  43. ↑ "Jack Dempsey's career boxing record". Boxrec.com. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  44. ↑ Par, Aryana (17 September 2013). "Cosneck Bernard J. – American combat judo". Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  45. ↑ Dempsey, Jack; Menke, Frank Grant (2002). "How to Fight Tough". Paladin Press/Abe Books. ISBN 1581603150. Retrieved April 16, 2014. ISBN 9781581603156

Further reading

Biographies

  • Fleischer, Nat (1936). Jack Dempsey: The Idol of Fistiana. Literary Licensing, LLC. p. 234. ISBN 1258114399. 
  • Kahn, Roger (1999). A Flame of Pure Fire: Jack Dempsey and the Roaring '20s (Paperback). San Diego: Mariner Books, Harcourt, Inc. p. 496. ISBN 0156014149. 
  • Roberts, Randy (1987) [1979]. Jack Dempsey: The Manassa Mauler. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. 336. ISBN 0252071484. 

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Achievements
Preceded by
Jess Willard		 World Heavyweight Champion
July 4, 1919 – September 23, 1926 		Succeeded by
Gene Tunney
Preceded by
Jack Johnson		 Longest Reigning Heavyweight Champion
October 13, 1925 – September 12, 1944 		Succeeded by
Joe Louis
Awards
Preceded by
David Lloyd George		 Cover of Time Magazine
10 September 1923 		Succeeded by
Israel Zangwill
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