Stars and planetary systems in fiction

The planetary systems of stars other than the Sun and the Solar System are a staple element in much science fiction.

Overview

The notion that there might be inhabited extrasolar planets can be traced at least as far back as Giordano Bruno who, in his De l'infinito, universo e mondi (On the Infinite, Universe and Worlds, 1584), declared that "There are then innumerable suns, and an infinite number of earths revolve around those suns, ... [These worlds are inhabited] if not exactly as our own, and if not more nobly, at least no less inhabited and no less nobly."[1] Allusions to inhabitants of other stars' planetary systems remained rare in literature for some centuries thereafter. One of these is found in Voltaire's Micromégas (1752), which features a traveller from Sirius.[2]

As science fiction became established in the early 20th century, destinations such as the Moon, Mars, Venus, and other bodies within the Solar System began to seem stale.[3] Authors invoked a variety of mechanisms for superluminal travel (or generation starships) and placed their stories on worlds in planetary systems around other stars, an innovation that gave them the freedom to construct exotic fictional planets and themes. This tendency became predominant once the exploration of the Solar System was complete enough to conclusively demonstrate the unlikelihood of any highly developed form of extraterrestrial life here, aside from Humans on Earth.

Although some of the stars named in works of science fiction are purely imaginary, many authors and artists have preferred to use the names of real stars that are well known to astronomers, and indeed the lay public, either because they are notably bright in the sky or because they are relatively close to Earth.

Planetary romances

The fictional genres that appear in the list below include films, television serials, interactive games, and print (among others). Of all these, the print medium, specifically novels and novellas, are of note because they are often planetary romances.

Any science fiction tale whose primary venue is a planet and whose plot turns on the nature of the planet can be described as a planetary romance. It is not enough that the story simply be set on a world. For example, James Blish's A Case of Conscience (1958) is set on the planet Lithia, but it is not a planetary romance because the nature or description of this world has little bearing on the story being told. And in the hard science fiction novels by Hal Clement (see 61 Cygni: A Mission of Gravity below) and Robert L. Forward (see Barnard's Star: Rocheworld below), the worlds on which they are set amount to little more than the sum of the physical and logical problems that they illustrate, and that their protagonists solve. In the true planetary romance, the world itself encompasses—and survives—the tale that temporarily illuminates it.[4]

One seminal practitioner of the planetary romance was Edgar Rice Burroughs, as for example in his Barsoom (Mars) series (1912–1943). However, as with most writers of his era, his settings did not extend beyond the Solar System, and so his work is not found in this article.[5]

General uses of star names

Stars may be referred to in fictional works for their metaphorical (meta) or mythological (myth) associations, or else as points of light in the sky of Earth (sky), but not as locations in space or centers of planetary systems:

List of planetary systems in fiction

Planetary systems (mostly hypothetical or imaginary) of real stars appearing in fiction are:

36 Ophiuchi

40 (ο²) Eridani

Comparison of the habitable zone of 40 Eridani with the habitable zone in the Solar System

47 Ursae Majoris

61 Cygni

61 Ursae Majoris

70 Ophiuchi

82 Eridani

In 2011 three Super-Earths were confirmed in orbit around 82 Eridani (HD20794).[21]

94 Aquarii

107 Piscium

Acamar (Theta Eridani)

Achernar (Alpha Eridani)

Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri)

Main article: Aldebaran in fiction

Algenubi (Epsilon Leonis)

Algol (Beta Persei)

As an eclipsing binary, Algol ("the Ghoul") pulsates in a cycle lasting about 70 hours, which has given it its evil reputation as a "demon star"

Alhena (Gamma Geminorum)

Alioth (Epsilon Ursae Majoris)

Alkalurops (Mu Boötis)

Alnilam (Epsilon Orionis)

Alnitak (Zeta Orionis)

Alpha Centauri (Rigil Kentaurus/Toliman)

Alpha Ceti (Menkar or Menkab)

Alpha Coronae Borealis (Alphecca/Alphekka)

Alpha Draconis (Thuban)

Alpha Hydri

Alpha Pavonis

Alpha Tucanae

Altair (Alpha Aquilae)

Main article: Altair in fiction

Antares (Alpha Scorpii)

Comparison between the red supergiant Antares and the Sun, shown as the tiny dot toward the upper right. The black circle is the size of the orbit of Mars. Arcturus is also included in the picture for size comparison.

Arcturus (Alpha Boötis)

Death from a Distance 1935 - Prominent in this movie on YouTube

Barnard's Star

An artist's conception of a planet in orbit around a red dwarf star

Barnard's Star is a red dwarf of apparent magnitude 9 and is thus too dim to be seen with the unaided eye. However, at approximately 6 light-years away it is the second closest stellar system to the Sun; only the Alpha Centauri system is known to be closer. Thus, even though it is suspected to be a flare star, it has attracted the attention of science fiction authors, filmmakers, and game developers. A claim has been made for the discovery by astrometry of one or more extrasolar planets in the Barnard's system, but it has been refuted as an artifact of telescope maintenance and upgrade work.

Beta Aquarii (Sadalsuud)

Beta Aquilae (Alshain)

Beta Aurigae (Menkalinan)

Beta Caeli

Beta Canum Venaticorum (Chara)

Beta Corvi (Kraz)

Beta Eridani (Cursa)

Beta Hydri

Beta Librae (Zubeneschamali)

Beta Tauri (El Nath)

Beta Virginis

Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis)

Main article: Betelgeuse in fiction

Canopus (Alpha Carinae)

Artist's conception of Arrakis, the third planet of Canopus in Frank Herbert's Dune universe. The sandstorm in the north equatorial region extends about 3000 km along its longest dimension.

Capella (Alpha Aurigae)

Caph (Beta Cassiopeiae)

Chi Draconis

CY Aquarii

Delta Crateris

Delta Draconis (Altais)

Delta Pavonis

Delta Sagittarii (Kaus Media)

 

Deneb (Alpha Cygni)

Main article: Deneb in fiction

Dorsum (Theta Capricorni)

Ensis (Eta Orionis)

 

Epsilon Eridani

Epsilon Gruis

Epsilon Indi

Artist's conception of the Epsilon Indi system showing Epsilon Indi and its brown-dwarf binary companions

Epsilon Pegasi (Enif)

Epsilon Scorpii

Eta Boötis (Mufrid)

Eta Cassiopeiae (Achird)

Fomalhaut (Alpha Piscis Austrini)

Fomalhaut traditionally represents the mouth of the "fish", referring to its position in its constellation, Piscis Austrinus, "the southern fish"
Artist's impression of Fomalhaut b, the single gas giant known to orbit Fomalhaut. The planet is embedded in the star's vast dust belt, often referred to as "Fomalhaut's Kuiper belt". Fomalhaut's dusty disk is believed to be protoplanetary.

Gamma Andromedae (Almach)

Gamma Draconis (Etamin / Eltanin)

Gamma Leporis

Gamma Orionis (Bellatrix)

Gamma Serpentis

Gamma Trianguli

Gliese catalog of stars

The Gliese stars in this list (but not all stars in the Gliese catalog) are red dwarfs, and they are among the closest stars to the Solar System. They were catalogued beginning in 1957 by the German astronomer Wilhelm Gliese. The stars listed below, despite their faint magnitudes (all numerically greater than 9), have attracted the attention of authors interested in fiction depicting the earliest stages of humanity's expansion into the galaxy. At least one of the Gliese stars has been confirmed to possess multiple extrasolar planets as of 2013. Another star in the catalog, Gliese 581, has been the subject of controversy: In 2010 Steven S. Vogt and R. Paul Butler reported the existence of Gliese 581g, an earthlike planet in the star's habitable zone. Within months a group led by Michel Mayor published a paper refuting the validity of the claim. As of 2013 the issue is unresolved.[75] A number of stars in this list that are listed under other names also possess Gliese designations; they may be found by searching on "Gliese".

Gliese 687 (GJ 687)

Gliese 754

An artist's conception of the giant extrasolar planet Gliese 876 b, including two candidate moons for terraforming

Gliese 876 (Ross 780)

Item(s) in this section refer to the star as Gliese 876. For references to Ross 780, see the separate section in this article. As of 2013, it has been confirmed that four (nonfictional) extrasolar planets orbit the star.

Groombridge 34

Groombridge 1618

Iota Horologii (Gliese 108)

Izar (Epsilon Boötis)

Kappa Coronae Borealis

In Star Trek: The Next Generation (episode "Firstborn") and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (episode "The Forsaken"), according to the Star Trek: Star Charts, on the star chart United Federation of Planets I, the Dopterians (an unscrupulous humanoid species found throughout the Alpha Quadrant) were from the Dopteria (Kappa Coronae Borealis) system. This system was located in the Alpha Quadrant.[83]

Kapteyn's Star

Kruger 60 (DO Cephei)

Lacaille 9352

Lalande 21185 (Gliese 411)

Lalande 21185 is a red dwarf of apparent magnitude 7 and is thus too dim to be seen with the unaided eye. However, at approximately 8.3 light-years away it is the fifth closest stellar system to the Sun; only the Alpha Centauri system, Barnard's Star, Luhman 16 and Wolf 359 are known to be closer. thus the star has attracted the attention of science fiction authors and game developers. A number of claims have been made for the discovery by astrometry of one or more extrasolar planets in the Lalande 21185 system, but these are now in doubt.

Lalande 46650

Lambda Scorpii (Shaula)

Lambda Serpentis

Luyten's Star

In Larry Niven's Known Space stories, Luyten's Star is Down's primary (known as "L5 1668", almost certainly a corrupted form of the BD+05°1668 designation).[91][92] In Michael McCollum's Antares series, Luyten's Star is the destination of the first foldpoint transition from Sol.

Maia (20 Tauri)

Markab / Markeb (Kappa Velorum)

Mintaka (Delta Orionis)

Mira (Omicron Ceti)

An artist's impression of a protoplanetary disc, such as that orbiting the white dwarf Mira B. Credit: ESO/L Calçada

Mira is a binary star system that consists of a red giant (Mira A) losing mass to its partner, the high temperature white dwarf companion (Mira B) steadily accreting substance from the primary. Mira A, a variable star, would actually be a poor candidate for the home sun of any of the "habitable" planets described below, since its brightness fluctuates over the long run by a total factor of around 1700, with each individual cycle lasting about 300 days. In 2007, observations showed a protoplanetary disc around the companion, Mira B. This disc is being accreted from material in the solar wind from Mira and could eventually form new planets.

Mirach (Beta Andromedae)

Mizar (Zeta Ursae Majoris)

Mu Capricorni

In Star Trek: The Motion Picture, according the Star Trek: Star Charts, on the star chart United Federation of Planets I, Zaran (Mu Capricorni) was the name of a star in the Alpha Quadrant and it was homeland of Zaranite (a humanoid species known to the Federation during the mid-23rd century). The primary was a Class F star. Magnitude of this star was +5, which was the same brightness as Sol. This was a Federation system, with at least one planet being an affiliate.[99]

Mu Cassiopeiae

Mu Herculis

Nu Ophiuchi (Sinistra)

Omicron Persei (Al Atik)

p Eridani (Gliese 66)

Phecda (Gamma Ursae Majoris)

The constellation Ophiuchus drawn by Johannes Kepler. φ Oph is the topmost of 3 stars in Asclepius' left calf.

Phi Ophiuchi (8 Ophiuchi)

Phi Orionis1 or φ2)

Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris)

Polaris is a multiple star system. The graphic shows the supergiant Polaris A, accompanied by the white dwarf star Polaris Ab, and distant companion Polaris B.

Pollux (Beta Geminorum)

Procyon (Alpha Canis Minoris)

Proxima Centauri (Alpha Centauri C)

Proxima Centauri, possibly part of a triple star system with Alpha Centauri A and B, is the nearest known star to the Solar System. Even though it is known to be a flare star, a disproportionate number of early fiction titles are dedicated to Proxima Centauri, as the destination of humanity's first interstellar voyage. No claims have been made for the discovery of extrasolar planets in the Proxima Centauri system, although the possibility was explored in the 2005 television documentary Alien Worlds.

This artist's conception illustrates a rogue planet alone in the dark of space, floating freely without a parent star, like the orphan world Medusa

Regulus (Alpha Leonis)

 

Rigel (Beta Orionis)

Main article: Rigel in fiction
An artist's conception of multiple planets in orbit around a red dwarf star

Ross catalog of stars

The Ross stars in this list (but not all stars in the Ross catalog) are red dwarfs, and they are among the closest stars to the Solar System. They were catalogued beginning in 1926 by the American astronomer Frank Elmore Ross, and some of them are still widely known by the catalog number he gave them (for one that is not, see Ross 780). The stars listed below, despite their faint magnitudes (all numerically greater than 10), have attracted the attention of authors and game developers interested in fiction depicting the earliest stages of humanity's expansion into the galaxy. At least one of the Ross stars has been confirmed to possess multiple extrasolar planets as of 2013.

Ross 128 (FI Virginis)

Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii)

Ross 248 (HH Andromedae)

An artist's conception of the innermost (possibly terrestrial) planet of Ross 780 depicting it as a hot, volcanically active world illuminated by red light from the star

Ross 780 (Gliese 876)

Item(s) in this section refer to the star as Ross 780. For references to Gliese 876, see the separate section in this article. As of 2013, it has been confirmed that four (nonfictional) extrasolar planets orbit the star.

Rukbat (Alpha Sagittarii)

Sheliak (Beta Lyrae)

The Beta Lyrae binary in the sky of an airless planet, after the painting by Chesley Bonestell

Among the star systems commonly appearing in science fiction, Beta Lyrae is the second most distant (at 900 ly, with ~10 fictional references below), even though as the beta of the constellation Lyra it has an appreciable apparent magnitude of 3.52. Only Delta Orionis in Orion's belt (Mintaka, 900 ly, ~5 references, mag 2.23) and hyperluminous Deneb (1400 ly, ~25 references, mag 1.25) can compare. Why the attention? Beta Lyrae is an eclipsing binary system (see animation) in which mass is being transferred from the brighter primary to the more massive secondary star in a presumably spectacular accretion disc. Because of this, it has inspired the imaginations of artists and authors alike across the years; Chesley Bonestell (1964), for example, painted a famously evocative, influential (and imaginative) canvas depicting Beta Lyrae as it traces a vast fiery spiral across the black sky of some jagged airless world.[108][109]

Sigma Draconis (Alsafi)

 

Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris)

Main article: Sirius in fiction

Spica (Alpha Virginis)

 

T Coronae Borealis

Tau Ceti

Main article: Tau Ceti in fiction

Tau Coronae Borealis

In Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (episode "The Nagus", "Prophet Motive" and "Profit and Lace"), according the Star Trek: Star Charts, on the star chart United Federation of Planets I, the Hupyrians (a humanoid species native to either the Alpha or Beta Quadrant) were from the Hupyria (Tau Coronae Borealis) system. Both the primary and the secondary were K-type stars. This system was located in the Alpha Quadrant.[115]

Tau Cygni

Theta Centauri (Menkent)

Theta Hydrae

Theta Ursae Majoris

Unukalhai (Alpha Serpentis)

UV Ceti (Luyten 726-8)

Luyten 726-8 is a binary star system: The component Luyten 726-8A is a red dwarf star with the variable designation BL Ceti, and Luyten 726-8B is a red dwarf with the alternate designation UV Ceti. The latter is the prototype for the class of flare stars, and it goes through fairly extreme changes of brightness: For instance, in 1952, its brightness increased by 75 times in only 20 seconds. None of the items below pretend that UV Ceti is orbited by habitable worlds.

Van Maanen's Star (Gliese 35)

 

Vega (Alpha Lyrae)

Main article: Vega in fiction

Wolf 359 (CN Leonis)

Artist's conception of a red dwarf star

Wolf 359 is a red dwarf of apparent magnitude 13.5 and thus can only be seen with a large telescope. However, at approximately 7.8 light-years away it is the fourth closest stellar system to the Sun; only the Alpha Centauri system, Luhman 16 and Barnard's Star are known to be closer. Thus, even though it is suspected to be a flare star, it has attracted the attention of science fiction authors, filmmakers, and game developers.

Xi Puppis (Asmidiske)

Zeta Aquilae

Zeta Draconis (Aldhibain)

Zeta Ophiuchi

Zeta Persei (Menkib)

Zeta Reticuli

Zeta Tucanae

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. Shakespeare mistakenly applied sixteenth-century astronomy to the era of Julius Caesar. In Roman times the north celestial pole was about equally distant from α Ursae Minoris (Polaris) and β Ursae Minoris (Kochab). Before this, during the 1st millennium BC, β Ursae Minoris was the bright star closest to the celestial pole, but it was never close enough to be taken as marking the pole, and the Greek navigator Pytheas in ~320 BC described the celestial pole as devoid of stars.
  2. Later in the story (pp 47; 70) Pournelle refers twice to the star as 81 Eridani, an apparent editorial error. In spite of majority rule, it is probable that he really meant the once-mentioned 82 Eridani, a well-known star 20 ly from the Earth, with an apparent magnitude of 4+, rather than its Gould catalog predecessor 81 Eridani, a nondescript star about which little is known.
  3. To calculate: 1 ly = c ·1 yr = c ·52 wk, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum. The speed of the Tours (cranking Mike 400) as it makes the run of "forty-six (46) light-years in under six (6) weeks" is: Mike 400 = distance/time = 46(c ·52 wk)/(6 wk) = 398.7+c, so that Mike 1 = (398.7+c)/400 = 0.997+c  c. Mike 1 is the speed of light. Note that the current best estimate of the distance to Capella is 42.2 ± 0.5 ly.
  4. Grendel is the name of the beast-monster slain by the hero Beowulf in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem of the same name.
  5. While terrestrial genetic matter and proteins are levorotary, those of Dextra are dextrorotary. The question of nutrition was posed by Lewis Carroll's Alice, in a discussion with her cat on the prospect of stepping through the looking glass, "How would you like to live in Looking-glass House, Kitty? I wonder if they'd give you milk in there? Perhaps Looking-glass milk isn't good to drink...".[54] It isn't, although interestingly, Looking-glass oranges would smell like lemons, and vice versa.[55]
  6. Rann was originally located in the Alpha Centauri system until it was fictionally transposed to the Polaris system. It eventually found a home in the Vega system (see Vega: Omega Men).

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