Amway

Amway
Private
Industry multi-level marketing
Founded November 9, 1959
Founder Rich DeVos
Jay Van Andel
Headquarters Ada, Michigan, United States
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 Steve Van Andel (Chairman)
Doug DeVos (President)
Products Amway Home, Glister, G&H, Nutrilite, Artistry, AmwayQueen, eSpring, Atmosphere, XS Energy...
Revenue US$ 9.5 billion (2015)[1]
Number of employees
 21,000 (as of 2014)[2]
Parent Alticor
Website www.amwayglobal.com

Amway (short for The American Way) is an American company that uses a multi-level marketing model to sell a variety of products, primarily in the health, beauty, and home care markets.[3][4][5] Amway was founded in 1959 by Jay Van Andel and Richard DeVos. Based in Ada, Michigan, the company and family of companies under Alticor reported sales of $9.5 billion for 2015, the second consecutive year of decline for the company.[1] Its product lines include home care products, personal care products, jewelry, electronics, Nutrilite dietary supplements, water purifiers, air purifiers, insurance, and cosmetics. Amway conducts business through a number of affiliated companies in more than a hundred countries and territories around the world.[6] Amway was ranked No.26 among the largest private companies in the United States by Forbes in 2012.[7] Amway has been subject to investigation as a pyramid scheme.[8][9][10][11][12]

History

Founding

Amway Japan Head Office
Amway Vietnam (Hồ Chí Minh since 2008)

Jay Van Andel and Rich DeVos, friends since school days, had been business partners in various endeavors including a hamburger stand, air charter service, and a sailing business. In 1949 they were introduced by Neil Maaskant (Van Andel's second cousin) to the Nutrilite Products Corporation. Nutrilite was a California-based direct sales company founded by Carl Rehnborg, developer of the first multivitamin marketed in the United States. In August 1949, after a night-long talk, DeVos and Van Andel signed up to become distributors for Nutrilite food supplements.[13] They sold their first box the next day for $19.50, but lost interest for the next two weeks. Shortly thereafter, at the urging of Maaskant, who had become their sponsor, they traveled to Chicago to attend a Nutrilite seminar. The meeting was at a downtown hotel, with over a hundred people in attendance. After seeing promotional filmstrips and listening to talks by company representatives and successful distributors, they decided to pursue the Nutrilite business opportunity with enthusiasm. They sold their second box of supplements on their return trip to Michigan, and rapidly proceeded to develop their new business further.[13]

In 1949, DeVos and Van Andel had formed Ja-Ri Corporation (abbreviated from their respective first names) for importing wooden goods from South American countries. After their trip to the Nutrilite seminar, they dropped this business and Ja-Ri became their Nutrilite distributorship.[14] In addition to profits on each product sold, Nutrilite also offered commission on the sales of products by new distributors introduced to the company by existing distributors—a system today known as multi-level marketing or network marketing. By 1958, DeVos and Van Andel had built an organization of over 5,000 distributors. However, following concerns about the stability of Nutrilite, in April 1959 they and some of their top distributors formed The American Way Association to represent the distributors and look for additional products to market.[15]

Their first product was called Frisk, a concentrated organic cleaner developed by a scientist in Ohio. DeVos and Van Andel bought the rights to manufacture and distribute Frisk, and later changed the name to LOC (Liquid Organic Cleaner).[16] They subsequently formed Amway Sales Corporation to procure and inventory products and to handle the sales and marketing plan, and Amway Services Corporation to handle insurance and other benefits for distributors (Amway being an abbreviation of "American Way").[17] In 1960 they purchased a 50% share in Atco Manufacturing Company in Detroit, the original manufacturers of LOC, and changed its name to Amway Manufacturing Corporation.[18] In 1964 the Amway Sales Corporation, Amway Services Corporation, and Amway Manufacturing Corporation merged to form a single entity, Amway Corporation.[19] Amway bought control of Nutrilite in 1972 and full ownership in 1994.[20]

International expansion

Amway expanded overseas to Australia in 1971, to Europe in 1973, to parts of Asia in 1974, to Japan in 1979, to Latin America in 1985, to Thailand in 1987, to China in 1995, to Africa in 1997, to India and Scandinavia in 1998, to Ukraine in 2003, to Russia in 2005, and to Vietnam in 2008.

Quixtar

Main article: Amway Global

In 1999 the founders of the Amway corporation established a new holding company, named Alticor, and launched three new companies: a sister (and separate) Internet-focused company named Quixtar, Access Business Group, and Pyxis Innovations. Pyxis, later replaced by Fulton Innovation, pursued research and development and Access Business Group handled manufacturing and logistics for Amway, Quixtar, and third-party clients.[21]

The main difference was that all "Independent Business Owners" (IBO) could order directly from Amway on the Internet, rather than from their upline "direct distributor", and have products shipped directly to their home. The Amway name continued being used in the rest of the world. After virtually all Amway distributors in North America switched to Quixtar, Alticor elected to close Amway North America after 2001. In June 2007 it was announced that the Quixtar brand would be phased out over an 18- to 24-month period in favor of a unified Amway brand (Amway Global) worldwide.

In 2006, Quixtar published The Quixtar Independent Business Owner Compensation Plan, in which the company reported that the average monthly gross income for "Active" IBOs was $115.[22]

Global markets

According to the Amway website, as of 2011 the company operates in over 100 countries and territories, organized into regional markets: the Americas, Europe, greater China, Japan and Korea, and SE Asia/Australia. The top 10 markets for Amway in 2015 were China, South Korea, United States, Japan, Thailand, Russia, Taiwan, Malaysia, India and Ukraine.[1]

In 2008, Alticor announced that two-thirds of the company's 58 markets reported sales increases, including strong growth in the China, Russia, Ukraine and India markets.[23]

Amway Australia

Amway China

Amway grew quickly in China from its market launch in 1995. In 1998, after abuses of illegal pyramid schemes led to riots, the Chinese government enacted a ban on all direct selling companies, including Amway.[24] After the negotiations, some companies like Amway, Avon, and Mary Kay continued to operate through a network of retail stores promoted by an independent sales force.[25] China introduced new direct selling laws in December 2005, and in December 2006 Amway was one of the first companies to receive a license to resume direct sales. However, the law forbids teachers, doctors, and civil servants from becoming direct sales agents for the company and, unlike in the United States, salespeople in China are ineligible to receive commissions from sales made by the distributors they recruit.

In 2006, Amway China had a reported 180,000 sales representatives, 140 stores, and $2 billion in annual sales.[26] In 2007 Amway Greater China and South-east Asia Chief Executive Eva Cheng was ranked No.88 by Forbes magazine in its list of the World's Most Powerful Women.[27] In 2008, China was Amway's largest market, reporting 28% growth and sales of ¥17 billion (US$2.5 billion).[28] According to a report in Bloomberg Businessweek in April 2010, Amway had 237 retail shops in China, 160,000 direct sales agents, and $3 billion in revenue.[29]

Brands

Amway's product line grew from LOC, with the laundry detergent SA8 added in 1960, and later the hair care product Satinique (1965) and the cosmetics line Artistry (1968). Today Amway manufactures over 450 products, with manufacturing facilities in China, India and the United States, as well as Nutrilite organic farms in Brazil, Mexico and the United States (California and Washington State). Amway brands include Artistry, Atmosphere, Body Blends, Bodykey, Body Works, Clear Now, eSpring, Glister (brand)|Glister, iCook, Legacy of Clean, Nutrilite, Peter Island, Perfect Empowered Drinking Water, Personal Accents, Ribbon, Satinique, Artistry Men and XS.

In 2015, the vitamins and weight management products accounted for 46 percent of Alticor's sales. Beauty and personal care products represented 25 percent of sales while durable products, such as eSpring water treatment systems and Atmosphere air treatment systems, represented 16 percent of sales. Home care products generated 7 percent of sales.[1]

According to Euromonitor International, Amway sells more products with a satisfaction guarantee than any other direct seller.[30]

Household cleaners

Amway is best known in North America for its original multi-purpose cleaning product LOC, SA8 laundry detergent, and Dish Drops dishwashing liquid. In the January 2007 issue of Consumer Reports, SA8 with Bioquest was rated the best-performing laundry detergent, scoring 99 out of a possible 100 points.[31] Consumer Reports did, however, criticize SA8's pricing, a situation which was disputed by Amway.[32] Consumer Reports conducted blind testing of detergents in 2010 and ranked versions of Amway's Legacy of Clean detergents 9th and 18th of 20 detergents tested. Consumer Reports program manager Pat Slaven recommended against buying the products because consumers can "go to the grocery store and get something that performs a whole lot better for a whole lot less money".[33][34]

Health and beauty

Amway's health and beauty brands include Artistry, Satinique, Hymm, Body Series, Glister, Moiskin (South America),[35] Nutrilite, Nutriway (Scandinavia and Australia/New Zealand), Attitude (India), eSpring, Atmosphere and iCook as well as XL and XS Energy drinks. Other Amway brands that were discontinued or replaced include: Tolsom, Eddie Funkhouser New York, or beautycycle (Eastern Europe).

Artistry

Main article: Artistry (cosmetics)

Amway's Artistry products include skin care, cosmetics, and anti-aging creams and serums. In 2011, Artistry brand reached sales of $2.8 billion.[36] According to Euromonitor International, the Artistry brand was among the world’s top five, largest selling, premium skincare brands, and among world’s top ten, largest selling, premium cosmetic brands in 2014-2015.[30]

Nutrilite

Main article: Nutrilite

Amway's largest selling brand is the Nutrilite range of health supplements (marketed as Nutriway in some countries), and in 2008 Nutrilite sales exceeded $3 billion globally.[37] In 2001, five Nutrilite products were the first dietary supplements to be certified by NSF International.[38] In 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 in the nutrient and health food category, Nutrilite won "Platinum" and "Gold" awards in Malaysia, China, Taiwan, Thailand, and Asia overall in the Reader's Digest "Trusted Brands of Asia" survey.[39] In 2008 Nutrilite scientists, in partnership with Alticor subsidiary Interleukin Genetics won the 12th John M. Kinney Award for Nutrition and Metabolism for their research into the interaction between nutrition and genetics.[40]

In 2011, Nutrilite brand of vitamins and dietary supplements led Amway's sales, totaling almost $4.7 billion.[36] According to Euromonitor International, in 2014, Nutrilite was the world’s No. 1 selling vitamins and dietary supplements brand.[30] In 2015, it was reported that according to Euromonitor International, Amway was the largest vitamin and dietary supplement vendor in China, with 11% of a market that generated 100 billion yuan ($15.6 billion) in annual sales.[41] In 2015, it was reported that according to China Confidential consumer brands survey, Amway Nutrilite was the most popular vitamin and dietary supplement brand in China.[42]

In January 2009, Amway announced a voluntary recall of Nutrilite and XS Energy Bars after learning that they had possibly been manufactured with Salmonella-contaminated ingredients from Peanut Corporation of America. The company indicated that it had not received any reports of illness in connection with the products.[43]

In 2012, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), accused Amway of making unsubstantiated and illegal claims about Nutrilite Fruits & Vegetables 2GO Twist Tubes and threatened to launch a class action lawsuit against the company unless it took remedial action.[44][45] Amway countered that the claims made about the products were properly substantiated and that they did not plan to change the product’s labeling but nevertheless would review the statements that CSPI has questioned.[46] CSPI later reported that Amway had agreed to changing product labels by the end of 2014.[47]

eSpring

Amway's eSpring water filter was introduced in 2000. According to Amway, it was the first system to combine a carbon block filter and ultraviolet light with electronic-monitoring technology in the filter cartridge and it became the first home system to achieve certification for ANSI/NSF Standards 42, 53, and 55.[48][49] According to Amway, eSpring was the first water treatment system to receive certification for all fifteen NSF/ANSI 401 contaminants which includes pharmaceuticals, pesticides and herbicides.[48][50] The company also claims that, in addition to these 15 contaminants, eSpring is certified for more than 145 potential contaminants, including lead and mercury.[48]

eSpring was the first commercial product which employed Fulton Innovation's eCoupled wireless power induction technology.[51] In December 2006, Amway sister company, Fulton Innovations, announced that it would introduce eCoupled technology in other consumer electronic products at the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show.[52] Companies licensing this technology include Visteon, Herman Miller, Motorola and Mobility Electronics.[53] Fulton was a founding member of the Wireless Power Consortium which developed the Qi (inductive power standard).[54]

In 2007 eSpring was ranked fifth out of 27 brands in a comparison of water filters by Consumer Reports.[55] In 2012, eSpring scored 94 points (out of a possible 100 points) - best among countertop models and third out of 18 brands in a comparison by Consumer Reports.[56]

In 2013, eSpring was one of the Reader’s Digest Trusted Brands Award winners in the water purifiers category in Malaysia.[57] In 2015, Amway was recognized for the sixth consecutive year by Frost & Sullivan as Asia Pacific Water Filtration company of the year.[50] According to an Amway commissioned study of global sales conducted by marketing research firm Verify Markets, eSpring was the world's largest selling brand of kitchen water treatment systems and home water treatment systems in 2014.[58]

XS

On January 14, 2015, Amway announced that it had acquired XS Energy, a California-based brand of energy drinks and snacks. The XS Energy brand has been sold as an Amway product since 2003. As of January 2015, it has been distributed in 38 countries, generating annual sales of $150 million.[59][60][61]

According to Euromonitor International, the XS Energy was the first exclusively sugar-free energy drink brand sold globally.[30]

Ditto Delivery

Alticor owns a patent on the online shopping method of Ditto Delivery, which allows consumers to specify an automatic monthly delivery of each product.[62] In May 2001, Ditto Delivery accounted for 30% of Quixtar's North American sales.[63]

Business model

Amway combines direct selling with a multi-level marketing strategy. Amway distributors, referred to as "Independent Business Owners" (IBOs), may market products directly to potential customers and may also sponsor and mentor other people to become IBOs. IBOs may earn income both from the retail markup on any products they sell personally, plus a performance bonus based on the sales volume they and their downline (IBOs they have sponsored) have generated.[3] People may also register as IBOs to buy products at discounted prices.

Harvard Business School of Leadership, which described Amway as "one of the most profitable direct selling companies in the world", noted that Amway founders Van Andel and DeVos "accomplished their success through the use of an elaborate pyramid-like distribution system in which independent distributors of Amway products received a percentage of the merchandise they sold and also a percentage of the merchandise sold by recruited distributors".[64]

Commercial sponsorships

In December 2006, Alticor secured the naming rights for the Orlando Magic's home basketball arena in Orlando, Florida. The Orlando Magic are owned by the DeVos family. The arena, formerly known as the TD Waterhouse Centre, was renamed the Amway Arena. Its successor, the Amway Center, was opened in 2010, and the older arena was demolished in 2012.[65]

In 2009, Amway Global signed a three-year deal with the San Jose Earthquakes Major League Soccer team to become the jersey sponsor.

In March 2009, Amway Global signed a multi-year deal to become the presenting partner of the Los Angeles Sol of Women's Professional Soccer.[66] The deal, however, would last only one year, as the Sol folded the next year.

In 2011 Amway signed a three-year deal to be the presenting sponsor of the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings.[67]

Since 2012, Amway has been the title sponsor of the Canadian Championship, an annual soccer tournament.

Politics and culture

Political contributions

In the 1990s, the Amway organization was a major contributor to the Republican Party (GOP) and to the election campaigns of various GOP candidates. Amway and its sales force contributed a substantial amount (up to half) of the total funds ($669,525) for the 1994 political campaign of Republican congresswoman and Amway distributor Sue Myrick (N.C.).[68] According to two reports by Mother Jones magazine, Amway distributor Dexter Yager "used the company’s extensive voice-mail system to rally hundreds of Amway distributors into giving a total of $295,871" to Myrick’s campaign.[68][69] According to a campaign staffer quoted by the magazine, Myrick had appeared regularly on the Amway circuit, speaking at hundreds of rallies and selling $5 and $10 audiotapes.[68] Following the 1994 election, Myrick maintained "close ties to Amway and Yager", and raised $100,000 from Amway sources, "most notably through fundraisers at the homes of big distributors", in the 1997–98 election cycle.[69]

In October 1994, Amway gave the biggest corporate contribution recorded to that date to a political party for a single election, $2.5 million to the Republican National Committee, and was the number one corporate political donor in the United States.[68] In the 2004 election cycle, the organization contributed a total of $4 million to a conservative 527 group, Progress for America.[70]

In July 1996, Amway co-founder Richard DeVos was honored at a $3 million fundraiser for the Republican Party, and a week later, it was reported that Amway had tried to donate $1.3 million to pay for Republican "infomercials" and televising of the GOP convention on Pat Robertson's Family Channel, but backed off when Democrats criticized the donation as a ploy to avoid campaign-finance restrictions.[68][71]

In April 1997 Richard DeVos and his wife, Helen, gave $1 million to the Republican National Committee (RNC),[69][71] which at the time was the second-largest soft-money donation ever, behind Amway's 1994 gift of $2.5 million to the RNC.[69] In July 1997, Senate Majority leader Trent Lott and House Speaker Newt Gingrich slipped a last-minute provision into a hotly contested compromise tax bill that granted Amway a tax break on its Asian branches, saving it $19 million.[69]

In a column published in the Fort Worth Star-Telegram newspaper in August 1997,[72] reporter Molly Ivins wrote that Amway had "its own caucus in Congress...Five Republican House members are also Amway distributors: Reps. Sue Myrick of North Carolina, Jon Christensen of Nebraska, Dick Chrysler of Michigan, Richard Pombo of California, and John Ensign of Nevada. Their informal caucus meets several times a year with Amway bigwigs to discuss policy matters affecting the company, including China's trade status."[73]

A 1998 analysis of campaign contributions conducted by Businessweek found that Amway, along with the founding families and some top distributors, had donated at least $7 million to GOP causes in the preceding decade.[71] Political candidates who received campaign funding from Amway in 1998 included Representatives Bill Redmond (R–N.M.), Heather Wilson (R–N.M.), and Jon Christensen (R–Neb).[69]

According to a report by the Center for Public Integrity, in the 2004 election cycle, members of the Van Andel and DeVos families were the second, third and fifth largest donors to the Republican party.[74]

Dick DeVos, son of Amway founder Richard DeVos and past president of the company, served as Finance Chairman of the Republican National Committee,[75] and his wife Betsy DeVos served as chair of the Michigan Republican Party from 1996 to 2000 and 2003 to 2005.[76]

In May 2005, Dick DeVos ran against incumbent Governor Jennifer Granholm in Michigan's 2006 gubernatorial election. DeVos was defeated by Granholm, who won 56% of the popular vote to DeVos' 42%.[77]

In August 2012, gay rights activist Fred Karger began a movement to boycott Amway in protest of the contribution from a private foundation of Amway President Doug DeVos to the National Organization for Marriage, a political organization which opposes legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States.[78]

Religion

Several sources have commented on the promotion of Christian conservative ideology within the Amway organization.[69][79][80][81] Mother Jones magazine described the Amway distributor force as "heavily influenced by the company's dual themes of Christian morality and free enterprise" and operating "like a private political army".[69] In The Cult of Free Enterprise, author Stephen Butterfield book about his experiences in the Yager group within Amway, wrote "[Amway] sells a marketing and motivational system, a cause, a way of life, in a fervid emotional atmosphere of rallies and political religious revivalism."[79] Philadelphia City Paper correspondent Maryam Henein stated that "The language used in motivational tools for Amway frequently echoes or directly quotes the Bible, with the unstated assumption of a shared Christian perspective."[80] These motivational tools are produced by some top distributors independent of Amway.[80] In his book, Butterfield states that he did not become aware that the tapes he was purchasing from Yager were not Amway Corporation tapes until months after he left the business and notes "It is questionable how much Amway can be held culpable for the cultist hoopla of the Yager rallies".[79]

Businessweek correspondents Bill Vlasic and Beth Regan characterized the founding families of Amway as "fervently conservative, fervently Christian, and hugely influential in the Republican Party", noting that "Rich DeVos charged up the troops with a message of Christian beliefs and rock-ribbed conservatism."[71]

High-ranking Amway leaders such as Richard DeVos and Dexter Yager were owners and members of the board of Gospel Films, a producer of movies and books geared towards conservative Christians, as well as co-owners (along with Salem Communications) of a right-wing, Christian nonprofit called Gospel Communications International.[69][80][82][83][84] Yager, interviewed on 60 minutes in 1982, admitted that he promotes Christianity through his Amway group, but stated that this might not be the case in other Amway groups.[85]

Rolling Stone's Bob Moser reported that former Amway CEO and co-founder Richard DeVos is connected with the Dominionist political movement in the United States. Moser states that DeVos was a supporter of the late D. James Kennedy, giving more than $5 million to Kennedy's Coral Ridge Ministries.[86][87][88] DeVos was also a founding member and two-time president of the Council for National Policy, a right-wing Christian organization.[89]

Sociologist David G. Bromley calls Amway a "quasi-religious corporation" having sectarian characteristics.[90][91] Bromley and Anson Shupe view Amway as preaching the Gospel of Prosperity.[92] Patralekha Bhattacharya and Krishna Kumar Mehta, of the consulting firm Thinkalytics, LLC, reasoned that although some critics have referred to organizations such as Amway as "cults" and have speculated that they engage in "mind control", there are other explanations that could account for the behavior of distributors. Namely, continued involvement of distributors despite minimal economic return may result from social satisfaction compensating for diminished economic satisfaction.[93]

Chamber of Commerce

Amway co-founder, Jay Van Andel (in 1980), and later his son Steve Van Andel (in 2001) were elected by the board of directors of the United States Chamber of Commerce as chairman of the private American lobbying organization.[94]

Accreditation Program

In 2006 Amway (then Quixtar in North America) introduced a Professional Development Accreditation Program in response to concerns surrounding Business Support Materials (BSM), including books, tapes and meetings.[95][96] In 2010 this was superseded by the Accreditation Plus program to ensure that all Business Support Materials (BSM) content is consistent with Amway Quality Assurance Standards that approved providers of BSM must abide by.[97][98] The Quality Assurance standards state that [99][100][101]

Pyramid scheme accusations

Robert Carroll, of the Skeptic's Dictionary, has described Amway as a "legal pyramid scheme", and has said that the quasi-religious devotion of its affiliates is used by the company to conceal poor performance rates by distributors.[102]

FTC investigation

Main article: In re Amway Corp.

In a 1979 ruling,[19][103] the Federal Trade Commission found that Amway does not fit the definition of a pyramid scheme because (a) distributors were not paid to recruit people, (b) it did not require distributors to buy a large stock of unmoving inventory, (c) distributors were required to maintain retail sales (at least 10 per month), and (d) the company and all distributors were required to accept returns of excess inventory from down-level distributors.[104][105]

The FTC did, however, find Amway "guilty of price-fixing and making exaggerated income claims";[106] the company was ordered to stop retail price fixing and allocating customers among distributors and was prohibited from misrepresenting the amount of profit, earnings or sales its distributors are likely to achieve with the business. Amway was ordered to accompany any such statements with the actual averages per distributor, pointing out that more than half of the distributors do not make any money, with the average distributor making less than $100 per month. The order was violated with a 1986 ad campaign, resulting in a $100,000 fine.[107][108]

Amway India (Andhra Pradesh and Kerala)

In September 2006, following a public complaint, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana state police (CID) initiated raids and seizures against Amway distributors in the state, and submitted a petition against them, claiming the company violated the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (banning) Act.[109] They shut down all corporate offices associated with the Amway organization including the offices of some Amway distributors. The enforcement said that the business model of the company is illegal.[10][110] The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had notified the police that Amway in India may be violating certain laws regarding a "money circulation scheme" and the IB Times article writes that "some say ... Amway is really more about making money from recruiting people to become distributors, as opposed to selling products".[10] Amway India's head of corporate affairs, Rajat Banerji, claimed that the complaint was initiated following a dowry dispute between a local man and his wife, an Amway distributor.[111]

Following a petition by Amway, the state High Court issued an injunction against the CID and stated the Act did not prima facie apply;[112] however after Amway requested the CID petition be dismissed the High Court declared that if police allegations were true, Amway's Indian subsidiary would be in violation of the act and the investigation should continue. On August 14, 2007, the Supreme Court of India ordered the state police to complete the investigation against Amway in six months.[113] In 2008, citing the High Court decision, the Andhra Pradesh state government enacted a ban on Amway media advertisements.[109] Amway challenged the ban and in July 2009 the AP High Court refused a petition the ban should be enforced.[114] As of June 2009 the original 2006 CID case was still pending at the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Court in Hyderabad.[115]

On August 6, 2011, Kerala Police sealed the offices of Amway at Kozhikode, Kannur, Kochi, Kottayam, Thrissur, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram following complaints.[11][116][117] Amway stated that "it had been receiving complaints from distributors over the past one month that they were being called to police stations and being 'harassed' to give complaints against the company".[11][118]

The Kerala High Court on November 9 directed the DGP, Kerala Police to file a statement regarding the status of the investigation initiated against the multi-level marketing companies. A Division Bench comprising Acting Chief Justice Manjula Chellur and Justice C N Ramachandran Nair issued the directive while considering a petition challenging the government order regarding the Kerala direct selling regulations.[119]

On November 2012, The Economic Offences Wing of Kerala Police, conducted searches at the offices of Amway at Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kannur as part of its crackdown on money chain activities and closed down the firm's godowns at these centres. Products valued at Rs.2.14 crore were also seized.[120] Later, Area manager of Amway, P. M. Rajkumar, who was arrested following searches was remanded in judicial custody for 14 days.[121]

On May 27, 2013, Crime Branch officials of Kerala Police arrested William S. Pinckney, Managing Director & CEO of Amway India Enterprises along with two other directors of the company from Kozhikode. The three were arrested on charges of running a pyramid scheme.[12][122] They were granted bail the next day and the business was unaffected. On June 8, 2013, Kozhikode Court lifted the freeze on Amway offices in Kerala.[123] On May 26, 2014, Pinckney was arrested by Andhra Pradesh police on the basis of a consumer complaint that alleged unethical circulation of money by Amway. He was subsequently arrested in other criminal cases registered against him in the state on allegations of financial irregularities by the company.[124] Pinckney was jailed for two months until being released on bail.[124][125][126]

U.S. Class action settlement

On November 3, 2010, Amway announced that it had agreed to pay $56 million – $34 million in cash and $22 million in products – to settle a class action that had been filed in Federal District Court in California in 2007.[9] The class action, which had been brought against Quixtar and several of its top-level distributors, alleged fraud, racketeering, and that the defendants operated as an illegal pyramid scheme.

While noting that the settlement is not an admission of wrongdoing or liability, Amway acknowledged that it had made changes to its business operations as a result of the lawsuit. The settlement is subject to approval by the court, which was expected in early 2011.[9] The economic value of the settlement, including the changes Amway made to its business model, totals $100 million.[127]

Class action in Canada

A 2009 class action case lodged in Canada was rejected by the Federal Court and confirmed on appeal by the Federal Court of Appeal, with costs awarded to Amway and the plaintiffs directed to arbitration.[128][129][130][131]

Other legal actions

Canadian tax fraud case

In 1982, Amway co-founders, Richard M. DeVos and Jay Van Andel, along with Amway's executive vice president for corporate services, William J. Mr. Discher Jr., were indicted in Canada on several criminal charges, including allegations that they underreported the value of goods brought into the country and had defrauded the Canadian government of more than $28 million from 1965 to 1980.[132][133][134][135] The charges were dropped in 1983 after Amway and its Canadian subsidiary pleaded guilty to criminal customs fraud charges. The companies paid a fine of $25 million CAD, the largest fine ever imposed in Canada at the time. In 1989 the company settled the outstanding customs duties for $45 million CAD. In a 1994 article authored by DeVos, he stated that the guilty plea was entered for technical reasons, despite believing they were innocent of the charges, and that he believed that the case had been motivated by "political reasons".[136]

RIAA lawsuit

The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), as part of its anti-piracy efforts, sued Amway and several distributors in 1996, alleging that copyrighted music was used on "highly profitable" training videotapes.[137] Amway denied wrongdoing, blaming the case on a misunderstanding by distributors, and settled the case out of court for $9 million.[138] In a related lawsuit initiated by the distributors involved, the Court established that Mahaleel Lee Luster, who had been contracted to make the videotapes, had violated copyright without the knowledge of three of the five of those distributors.[139]

Amway UK

In 2007, Amway’s operations were halted in the United Kingdom and Ireland following a yearlong investigation by the UK Department of Trade and Industry, which moved to have Amway banned on the basis that the company had employed deceptive marketing, presented inflated earnings estimates, and lured distributors into buying bogus “motivation and training” tools.[140][141] In 2008, a UK judge dismissed government claims against Amway’s operations, saying major reforms in the prior year (which included banning non-Amway approved motivational events and materials) had fixed company faults that favored selling training materials over products and misrepresented earnings. However, the judge also expressed his belief that Amway allowed "misrepresentations" of its business by independent sellers in years past and failed to act decisively against the misrepresentations.[142]

Welcome to Life (Poland)

In 1997, Amway Poland and Network TwentyOne separately sued the makers of a Polish film Welcome to Life for defamation and copyright violations. The director and producer were later acquitted on the charge of disseminating false information.[143][144] The film, banned for 12 years, was one of the highly anticipated movies of 2009's Warsaw Film Festival and was dubbed by the promoters as a "scary movie about brainwashing"[143] It was said to depict hard-sell "pep rallies", and to include statements from distributors that meetings had a similar tone to meetings of the Communist Party before it lost power in Poland. Methods of recruitment that confusingly resembled those of a sect were also described.[145] A bestseller on the local video black market, the film was banned while the suit proceeded.[146]

In 2001 a regional court ruled in favor of Network 21; however, in 2004 the Warsaw Regional Court dismissed Amway's civil lawsuit. On appeal Amway won the case and the producers were ordered to pay a fine to a children's charity and publish a public apology.[147][148] As of 2009 the film was still banned due to an ongoing case brought by "private individuals" ridiculed in the film.[149]

On December 18, 2012, the court ruled that film can be screened, but the makers have to remove "untrue information", as the screen near the end of the movie stated that 30% of company income is generated by sales of training materials and that the vast majority of its profits are shared only by the tiny fraction of top distributors.[150] This is not the only court case, so the film is still banned on other grounds.[151]

Dr. Phil and Shape Up

In March 2004, TV personality Phil McGraw (a.k.a. Dr. Phil) pulled his "Shape Up" line of supplements off the market in the face of an investigation by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The supplements were manufactured by CSA Nutraceuticals, a subsidiary of Alticor’s Access Business Group.[152] The FTC later dropped the probe, but in October 2005 a class-action lawsuit was filed against McGraw by several people who used the products and claimed that the supplements, which cost $120 per month, did not stimulate weight loss.[153] In September 2006, a $10.5 million settlement was reached, in which Alticor agreed to provide $4.5 million in cash and $6 million in Nutrilite products to disgruntled users of Shape Up.[154][155][156][157]

Procter & Gamble

Some Amway distributors distributed an urban legend that the (old) Procter & Gamble service mark was in fact a Satanic symbol or that the CEO of P&G is himself a practicing Satanist. (In some variants of the story, it is also claimed that the CEO of Procter & Gamble donated "satanic tithes" to the Church of Satan.)[158] Procter & Gamble alleged that several Amway distributors were behind a resurgence of the story in the 1990s and sued several independent Amway distributors and the company for defamation and slander.[159] The distributors had used Amway's Amvox voice messaging service to send the rumor to their downline distributors in April 1995. After more than a decade of lawsuits in multiple states, by 2003 all allegations against Amway and Amway distributors had been dismissed. In October 2005 a Utah appeals court reversed part of the decision dismissing the case against the four Amway distributors, and remanded it to the lower court for further proceedings.[160] On March 20, 2007, Procter & Gamble was awarded $19.25 million by a U.S. District Court jury in Salt Lake City, in the lawsuit against the four former Amway distributors.[161][162] On November 24, 2008, the case was officially settled.[163]

Other issues

Cultism

Some Amway distributor groups have been accused of using "cult-like" tactics to attract new distributors and keep them involved and committed.[79][164][165][166] Allegations include resemblance to a Big Brother organization with paranoid attitude to insiders critical of the organization,[166] seminars and rallies resembling religious revival meetings[79][166] and enormous involvement of distributors despite minimal incomes.[79][165][166] An examination of the 1979–1980 tax records in the state of Wisconsin showed that the Direct Distributors reported a net loss of $918 on average.[90][165]

Dateline NBC

In 2004, Dateline NBC featured a critical report based on a yearlong undercover investigation of business practices of Quixtar.[167] The report noted that the average distributor makes only about $1,400 per year and that many of the “high level distributors singing the praises of Quixtar” are actually “making most of their money by selling motivational books, tapes and seminars; not Quixtar’s cosmetics, soaps, and electronics”.

"In fact, about twenty high level distributors are part of an exclusive club; one that those hundreds of thousands of other distributors don’t get to join. For years only a privileged few, including Bill Britt, have run hugely profitable businesses selling all those books tapes and seminars; things the rank and file distributors can’t sell themselves but, are told over and over again, they need to buy in order to succeed."

The program said that a Quixtar recruiter featured in the report made misleading and inconsistent statements about Quixtar earnings during a recruitment meeting and had an outstanding arrest warrant for cocaine possession from the mid-90s.[167]

In a response to Dateline NBC, Quixtar published a link to "Dateline Quixtar Response" on its official website.[168] In its response,[169] Quixtar, among others, stated:

"We learned that two Dateline producers had registered as IBOs and for months had been conducting undercover research for the story, which included using a hidden camera to videotape meetings and conversations with IBOs. The producers did not identify themselves as working for Dateline, instead feigning interest in building a business powered by Quixtar."

The site also stated that:

"Dateline's story on Quixtar boiled down to the complaints of three former Independent Business Owners (IBOs) – one of whom is a competitor – and ignored the hundreds of thousands of IBOs powered by Quixtar who are achieving their goals."

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Amway's 2015 revenues fall to lowest level in 5 years". MLive.
  2. ↑ Roger Adler All Articles (March 4, 2009). "Amway GC Lives the Dream". Law.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  3. 1 2 Xardel, Dominique (1993). The Direct Selling Revolution. Understanding the Growth of the Amway Corporation. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-631-19229-9.
  4. ↑ "About Amway – Global Leader in Direct Selling". Amway.com. June 23, 2011. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  5. ↑ "The Times 100 Business Case Studies: Amway – Direct selling and supply chain". Replay.web.archive.org. February 22, 2008. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  6. ↑ Amway (uk) – Who is Amway? Archived March 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ "Amway on the Forbe's Largest Private Companies List". Forbes. October 1, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Pyramid Schemes". Federal Trade Commission. May 13, 1998. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  9. 1 2 3 Chris Knape (November 2010). "Amway agrees to pay $56 million, settle case alleging it operates a 'pyramid scheme'". The Grand Rapids Press. MLive.com. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 Saha, Arijit (December 13, 2006). "Amway in hot water in Hyderabad over "business model" controversy". IB Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  11. 1 2 3 "Amway offices raided at nine places". Hindustan Times (India). August 6, 2011. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011.
  12. 1 2 Sanandakumar, S (May 29, 2013). "Amway India Chairman William S Pinckney, two Directors granted bail". The Economic Times. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
  13. 1 2 Conn, Charles Paul (1977). The Possible Dream: A Candid Look At Amway. Revell. ISBN 0-8007-0857-1.
  14. ↑ Van Andel, Jay (1998). An Enterprising Life. HarperCollins. pp. 37–39. ISBN 0-88730-997-6.
  15. ↑ Robinson, James W. (1997). Empire of Freedom: The Amway Story and What It Means to You. Prima Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 0-7615-1088-5.
  16. ↑ Profiles of the American Dream: Rich DeVos and Jay Van Andel and the Remarkable Beginnings of Amway (Documentary). Premiere Films. 1997.
  17. ↑ Bill Hybels interview with Rich DeVos at the Willow Creek Association's Global Leadership Summit in 2000
  18. ↑ Van Andel, Jay (1998). An Enterprising Life. HarperCollins. pp. 58–60. ISBN 0-88730-997-6.
  19. 1 2 From MLM Law Library: FTC Final Order from May 8, 1979 (93 F.T.C. 618).
  20. ↑ "Orange County, Calif., Firm Goes Back to Dawn of Vitamin Age". Accessmylibrary.com. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Amway marque to be revived; Quixtar label scrapped". The Detroit News. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  22. ↑ "Quixtar.com" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  23. ↑ "Amway Parent hits 50th year running recording 15% sales growth". Reuters. February 5, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Chinese officials ban direct marketing", April 22, 1998 Associated Press, The Associated Press
  25. ↑ "Once-barred Amway becomes booming business in China", Leslie Chang, March 12, 2003, Wall Street Journal
  26. ↑ "Amway, Mary Kay get long-awaited direct-selling licenses in China" Rob Kirkbride, December 24, 2006, Kalamazoo Gazette
  27. ↑ "Forbes' The 100 Most Powerful Women; No.88 Eva Cheng". Forbes. August 27, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  28. ↑ Levin, Dan (August 27, 2009). "Amway's China Redux". Forbes. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  29. ↑ Einhorn, Bruce (April 8, 2010). "Why Amway and China are a Good Fit". Businessweek. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "Amway Claims". www.euromonitor.com. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  31. ↑ "Laundry Detergents". Consumer Reports. July 1, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  32. ↑ Rob Kirkbride / The Grand Rapids Press (December 12, 2006). "Amway's old reliable cleans up". Grand Rapids Press, The (MI). p. A1.
  33. ↑ O'Donnell, Jayne (February 10, 2011). "Multilevel marketing or 'pyramid?' Sales people find it hard to earn much". USA Today. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  34. ↑ O'Donnell, Jayne (February 7, 2011). "Some Multilevel Salespeople Ask: What Profits?". USA Today. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  35. ↑ "Amway do Brasil". Amway.com.br. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  36. 1 2 Daly, Pete (27 February 2012). "Amway grew in almost all regions in 2011". Grand Rapids Business Journal. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  37. ↑ e-point SA. "Nutrilite passes $3 billion mark in annual sales". Amway.ua. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  38. ↑ "NSF International Announces Dietary Supplements Certification Program". Replay.web.archive.org. December 14, 2008. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  39. ↑ "Reader's Digest Trusted Brands Asia". Rdasiatrustedbrands.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  40. ↑ "Nutrition" (PDF). Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  41. ↑ Loretta, Chao (18 August 2015). "Amway’s Made in America Strategy Scores with Asian Customers". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  42. ↑ Plowright, Matthew (14 May 2015). "China’s vitamin market harder to crack for western companies". Financial Times. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  43. ↑ "Amway Global Announces Nationwide Recall Of XS® Energy Bar Chocolate Nut Roll And Expansion Of Nutrilite® Energy Bars Recall Because Of Possible Health Risk". US Food and Drug Administration. February 4, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  44. ↑ "Amway Makes Illegal Deceptive Claims for its Nutrilite Twist Tubes". Center for Science in the Public Interest. February 28, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Group alleges Amway deception". United Press International. February 28, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  46. ↑ "CSPI Threatens Amway with Lawsuit". April 5, 2012.
  47. ↑ "Litigation Project - Current Docket". Center for Science in the Public Interest. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  48. 1 2 3 Dewey, Charlsie (8 December 2014). "Amway wins Asia-Pacific award for water filtration". Grand Rapids Business Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  49. ↑ "Frost & Sullivan Names Amway 2011 Water Filtration Company of the Year For Promoting Water Quality Standards in the Asia Pacific Region". www.frost.com. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  50. 1 2 "Amway's eSpring Receives Water Filtration Award". Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 5, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  51. ↑ Yannan, Tuo (5 November 2010). "Cutting off the power cables". China Daily. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  52. ↑ Fulton. "The Big Story for CES 2007: the Public Debut of eCoupled Intelligent Wireless Power". PRN Newswire. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  53. ↑ Schoonmaker, Daniel (8 January 2007). "Alticor Cuts Wires". Grand Rapids Business Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  54. ↑ Stevens, Tim. "Fulton Innovation blows our minds with eCoupled wireless Tesla, inductive cereal boxes (video)". engadget. Aol, inc. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  55. ↑ "Most (& Least) Reliable Brands". Consumer Reports. May 27, 2007.
  56. ↑ "Water Filters". Consumer Reports. February 1, 2012.
  57. ↑ "Reader's Digest honours preferred names in Malaysia and the region". The Star. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  58. ↑ "Amway's eSpring Brand - Verify Markets". verifymarkets.com. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  59. ↑ Martinez, Shandra (14 January 2015). "Amway buys California-based energy drink and snack company". mlive.com. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  60. ↑ "Amway acquires energy drink". mibiz.com. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  61. ↑ Dewey, Charlsie (14 January 2015). "Amway acquires energy drink maker". Grand Rapids Business Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  62. ↑ U.S. Patent 7,359,871
  63. ↑ Bannan, Karen J (June 25, 2001). "Amway.com". Forbes. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  64. ↑ "American Business Leaders of the Twentieth Century – Richard M. DeVos, Amway Corporation". Harvard Business School. 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  65. ↑ "Amway Arena To Be Imploded" WESH.com Orlando
  66. ↑ Los Angeles Sol. "Amway Global becomes Los Angeles Sol presenting sponsor". Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  67. ↑ Khan, Ansar (September 2, 2011). "Red Wings sign multi-year deal with Amway as its presenting sponsor". Booth Newspapers.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 Rachel Burstein (September–October 1996). "She Did it Amway". Mother Jones. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 John Zibrowski, Jenna Ziman (Nov–Dec 1998). "Tough sell". Mother Jones. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  70. ↑ From opensecrets.org: Progress for America – Top Contributors, 2004 Cycle
  71. 1 2 3 4 Vlasic, Bill; Mary Beth Regan (February 16, 1998). "Amway II: The Kids take over". BusinessWeek. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
  72. ↑ Ivins, Molly (August 7, 1997). "Congress distributes a tax break to Amway". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
  73. ↑ Berkowitz, Bill (February 16, 1998). "Amway's GOPyramid Scheme". Media Transparency. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  74. ↑ Houle, Dana (October 21, 2007). "Bush Authoritarianism: Blackwater+Amway=GOP, Pt. 3". Daily Kos. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  75. ↑ "Richard and Helen DeVos Foundation". Old.mediatransparency.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  76. ↑ Jeremy Scahill (2007). Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army. Nation Books. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-56858-394-5.
  77. ↑ State of Michigan, Department of State; Terry Lynn Land; Secretary of State (May 10, 2007). "2006 Michigan Gubernatorial General Election". Governor 4 Year Term (1) Position. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
  78. ↑ "Amway faces boycott over donation to anti-gay group". Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  79. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stephen Butterfield (1985). Amway: The Cult of Free Enterprise. South End Press. 185 pages.
  80. 1 2 3 4 Maryam Henein (November 28 – December 5, 1997). "The Revenge of the Amdroids". Philadelphia City Paper. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  81. ↑ Zina Klapper (February–March 1981). "Do You know these godfathers? You should". Mother Jones. p. 33-M.
  82. ↑ How to Be Like Rich DeVos: Succeeding with Integrity in Business and Life. HCI. 2004.
  83. ↑ "Asian Symposium on Direct Selling 2007: Speakers Bios—Doug DeVos". Direct Selling Association of Hong Kong. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  84. ↑ Calvin College (2011). "Gospel Communications International/Billy Zeoli Scholarship in Christian Media and Communication". Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  85. ↑ Presenter:Mike Wallace. "Soap and Hope". 60 Minutes. CBS. Year 1983.
  86. ↑ "The Crusaders" Bob Moser, April 7, 2005, Rolling Stone
  87. ↑ Berkowitz, Bill (February 11, 2009). "Worse Than Madoff: Amway Launches Domestic Revival". Religion Dispatches. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  88. ↑ Berkowitz, Bill (January 30, 2009). "Amway Shoots For Comeback, Despite Right-Wing Ties of Founders". Albion Monitor. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  89. ↑ Dave Zirin (2010). Bad Sports: How Owners Are Ruining the Games We Love. Simon & Schuster. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4165-5475-2.
  90. 1 2 Quasi religious corporations: A new integration of religion and capitalism? by David G. Bromley. In Religion and the Transformations of Capitalism: Comparative Approaches, edited by Richard H. Roberts, pages 135–160. Routledge, 1995
  91. ↑ Transformative movements and quasi-religious corporations: the case of Amway, by David G. Bromley. In Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations, edited by Nicholas Jay Demerath, Peter Dobkin Hall, Terry Schmitt and Rhys H. Williams, pages 349–363. Oxford University Press, 1998
  92. ↑ Rebottling the Elixir: The Gospel of Prosperity in America's Religioeconomic Corporations, by David G. Bromley and Anson Shupe. In In Gods we trust: new patterns of religious pluralism in America, edited by Thomas Robbins and Dick Anthony, pages 233–254. Transaction Publishers, 1990
  93. ↑ Socialization in network marketing organizations: is it cult behavior? by Patralekha Bhattacharya and Krishna Kumar Mehta, Journal of Socio-Economics. 29(4):361–374.
  94. ↑ "Steve Van Andel Bio – U.S. Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors". Uschamber.com. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  95. ↑ "Quixtar Professional Development Accreditation Program". Quixtar Accreditation. Quixtar, Inc. Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  96. ↑ Dornan, Beth. "A short history of BSMs (business support materials)". Amway Insider. Amway. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  97. ↑ Droog, Cindy. "A+". Amway Insider. Amway. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  98. ↑ "IBOAI Milestones". IBOAI - Your Voice. IBOAI. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  99. ↑ "Quality Assurance Standards for Business Support Materials (BSM)". Amway india. Amway. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  100. ↑ "UKRAINIAN BSM (BUSINESS SUPPORT MATERIAL) QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDS" (PDF). Amway. Amway. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  101. ↑ "Quality Assurance Standards" (PDF). Amway. Amway. Retrieved 26 March 2016.(subscription required)
  102. ↑ Carroll, Robert Todd (July 9, 2014). "Amway". Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  103. ↑ "Pyramid Schemes". Ftc.gov. June 25, 2007. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  104. ↑ Eisenberg, Richard (June 1, 1987). "The Mess Called Multi-Level Marketing With celebrities setting the bait, hundreds of pyramid-style sales companies are raking in millions, often taking in the gullible". CNN Money. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  105. ↑ Valentine, Debra A., Former General Counsel (May 13, 1998). "Pyramid Schemes". www.ftc.gov. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
  106. ↑ "Amway: Selling the Dream of Financial Freedom". Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. May 5, 2011. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  107. ↑ "''Amway Corp. To Pay $100,000 Civil Penalty, Settling FTC Charges''". Casewatch.org. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  108. ↑ Manes, Billy (January 18, 2007). "Look Who's Knockin". Orlando Weekly. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
  109. 1 2 "Ban on Amway Chits, Schemes". The Hindu (India). September 17, 2008. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  110. ↑ NULL. "Hyderabad Police shuts down Amway offices". Moneycontrol.com. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  111. ↑ "Indiatimes.com". The Times of India. September 30, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  112. ↑ "Amway back to business in state". The Times of India. September 30, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  113. ↑ "SC asks Andhra to finish Amway probe in 6 mths". Replay.web.archive.org. January 12, 2009. Archived from the original on 11 July 2010. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  114. ↑ No Direction on Amway Ads Archived July 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  115. ↑ Writ Against Amway Archived April 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  116. ↑ "Police raid at Amway offices". Mathrubhumi English. 2011-08-06. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  117. ↑ "Statewide raids on Amway offices". The New Indian Express. 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  118. ↑ "Police raid nine Amway centres in Kerala". The Hindu Business Line. 6 August 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  119. ↑ "Money chain fraud: DGP asked to file statement". The New Indian Express. 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  120. ↑ "Searches conducted on Amway offices". The Hindu. 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  121. ↑ "Amway: accused in judicial custody". The Hindu. 2012-11-11. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  122. ↑ "Amway India CEO William Scott Pinckney arrested Mathrubhumi Business". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  123. ↑ "Kozhikode Court lifts freeze on Amway offices Deccan Chronicle". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  124. 1 2 "Amway India CEO William Pinckney released on bail". Hindustan Times. July 28, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  125. ↑ "Amway India MD & CEO William Pinckney released on bail". Economic Times. Jul 29, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  126. ↑ "Amway India MD & CEO William Pinckney released on bail". The Hindu Business Line. Jul 28, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
  127. ↑ ""Lawyers say their $20 million payment is fair for $100 million settlement in Amway pyramid scheme lawsuit", ''Grand Rapids Press'' (November 4, 2010)". Mlive.com. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  128. ↑ Murphy v. Amway Canada Corporation 2013 FCA 38, Federal Court of Appeal (Canada)
  129. ↑ "No class action this time: Federal Court of Appeal upholds arbitration agreement". Globe Business Media Group. April 9, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  130. ↑ "Federal Court of Appeal Holds that Competition Act Claims are Arbitrable". McCarthy Tétrault LLP. February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  131. ↑ "Federal Court of Appeal confirms availability of contractual waiver of class actions in favour of arbitration absent contrary statutory language". Stikeman Elliott LLP. March 28, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  132. ↑ Martin, Douglas (November 11, 1983). "Amway admits fraud". New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  133. ↑ "Amway Pleads Guilty to Fraud". Lakeland Ledger. November 11, 1983. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  134. ↑ "Amway of Canada Drops Tax Appeal". New York Times. Reuters. February 7, 1984. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
  135. ↑ "Amway, Canada Reach Settlement In Customs Dispute". The Wall Street Journal. September 25, 1989. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
  136. ↑ Rich DeVos. "Capitalism with Compassion, ''Religion and Liberty'',''Volume 4'',''Number 5''". Acton.org. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  137. ↑ "Record Labels Sue Amway over its videos". New York Times. February 21, 1996. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  138. ↑ "Amway pays $9 million to settle copyright infringement suit". Highbeam.com. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  139. ↑ "''Foley v Luster''" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  140. ↑ "Pyramid scam alert" (42(8)). Financial Times. July 22, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  141. ↑ Lupo, Lee (July 1, 2007). "UK threatens to ban Amway". The Muskegon Chronicle (Grand Rapids).
  142. ↑ Knape, Chris (May 14, 2008). "U.K. judge dismisses claims against Amway". MLive Media Group. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  143. 1 2 ""Przerażający film o praniu mózgów" – nie w Warszawie – Wiadomości – WP.PL". Wiadomosci.wp.pl. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  144. ↑ Perlez, Jane (June 14, 1998). "Ban on Film Has Poland Debating Censorship". The New York Times (Warsaw).
  145. ↑ ""Witajcie w życiu", film o Amwayu wycofany z WFF – Film – Plejada – Sprawdź, co słychać w show-biznesie". Plejada.pl. October 13, 2009. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  146. ↑ Perlez, Jane (June 14, 1998). "Ban on Film Has Poland Debating Censorship". The New York Times (Warsaw).
  147. ↑ "Amway wygrał z Dederką (Amway wins against Dederko)". Money.pl. December 10, 2001.
  148. ↑ "Witajcie w życiu wciąż półkownikiem". WProst (Warsaw). October 10, 2005.
  149. ↑ e-point SA (October 13, 2009). "Amway (pl) – OŚWIADCZENIE". Amway.pl. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  150. ↑ Andrzej Biernat, poseł PO o zachowaniu Jarosława Gowina. "Wiadomości - Gazeta.pl" (in Polish). Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  151. ↑ "Reżyser filmu o Amwayu szczerze o wyroku: Nikt nic nie rozumie, czyli 'Witajcie w życiu' [WYWIAD]" (in Polish). Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. 2012-12-18. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  152. ↑ Sophia Dembling and Lisa Gutierrez (2003). The making of Dr. Phil: the straight-talking true story of everyone's. John Wiley and Sons. p. 181.
  153. ↑ CTV.ca News Staff (2005). "Class-action status sought in Dr. Phil diet suit". CTV Globe Media. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  154. ↑ "Settlement reached on Dr. Phil diet plan". USA Today – Associated Press. Associated Press. September 26, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
  155. ↑ http://www.casewatch.org/civil/drphil/settlement.pdf
  156. ↑ "News+Views: Slimming the Amway". Metro Times. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  157. ↑ "California judge gives tentative OK to Toyota class-action suit". CNN. November 19, 2010.
  158. ↑ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Procter and Gamble and Satanism Rumor". Snopes.com. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  159. ↑ Procter & Gamble v. Amway, 280 F.3d 519 (Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals July 19, 2004).
  160. ↑ 03-4234 – Procter & Gamble Co. V. Haugen – October 19, 2005 Archived July 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  161. ↑ "Procter & Gamble Awarded $19.25 million in Satanism Lawsuit". Fox News.com/AP. March 20, 2007. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
  162. ↑ Kirdahy, Matthew (March 22, 2007). "The Devil Didn't Make Them Do It". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
  163. ↑ "P&G Satanic Rumors Case Settles After Marathon Battle". onpointnews.com. December 16, 2008. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
  164. ↑ Dangerous persuaders by Louise Samways. Penguin books, 1994
  165. 1 2 3 Hidden persuaders, by Tony Thompson. Time Out, June 22–29, 1994
  166. 1 2 3 4 The power of positive inspiration by Paul Klebnikov. Forbes, December 9, 1991
  167. 1 2 Hansen, Chris (May 7, 2004). "In pursuit of the almighty dollar". Dateline NBC (NBC News). Retrieved July 5, 2007.
  168. ↑ "Quixtar - Official Quixtar Company Site of Quixtar.com, Inc". quixtar.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2004. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
  169. ↑ "Quixtar - Dateline Quixtar Response to NBC Dateline Quixtar Story". quixtarresponse.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2004. Retrieved March 26, 2016.

Books

Documentaries

External links

Government documents

Profiles

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amway Corporate.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, April 27, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.