April 1981

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April 12, 1981: Space shuttle era begins with U.S. launch of Columbia

The following events occurred in April 1981:

April 1, 1981 (Wednesday)

• The Isuzu Motor Company formally began selling its cars in the United States, becoming the sixth Japanese manufacturer to sell in the United States.;^[1]
• The U.S.S.R. implemented daylight saving time for the first time since 1930, with all clocks being set forward an hour at midnight. Many nations in Western Europe had changed the time on Sunday.^[2](at the time, the U.S. did not spring forward until the last Sunday in April, April 26 in 1981)
• A videotape of psychic Tamara Rand's January 6, 1981, appearance on "The Dick Maurice Show", with a prediction that President Reagan would be shot by an assassin with the initials "J.H.", was broadcast on CNN, and the next day on NBC's Today and ABC's Good Morning America. Five days later, Rand and Maurice admitted that the prediction sequence had been taped the day after the shooting.^[3]
• Born: Asli Bayram, Turkish-German actress, in Darmstadt; and Hannah Spearritt, English singer (S Club) and actress, in Great Yarmouth

April 2, 1981 (Thursday)

• Lebanese Civil War: Syrian airplanes bombed Lebanese Christian strongholds in Zahlé and East Beirut, renewing a war that had been on hiatus since 1976.^[4]
• The Soviet Union paid $3,000,000 to Canada to settle all claims for environmental damage that had been caused by the disintegration of the Kosmos 954 satellite on January 24, 1978.^[5]
• Born: Bethany Joy Galeotti, American actress (One Tree Hill), in Hollywood, Florida

April 3, 1981 (Friday)

• After two days, the attempted coup d'état in Thailand was put down as thousands of troops took back control of Bangkok without a fight. Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda had taken King Bhumibol Adulyadej and the royal family with him to the city of Korat after General Sant Chipatima had seized control on Wednesday.^[6]
• Days before it was to be the showpiece of the California Energy Commission's conference on wind energy, the Alcoa 500 kW wind turbine at San Gorgonio Pass began turning. After only 2 ¹⁄₂ hours, the turbine was out of control, a blade came loose and the structure collapsed. The embarrassment was enough that Alcoa went no further in wind energy research.^[7]

The Osborne 1

• Preceding the launch of the IBM Personal Computer by almost four months, the Osborne 1 was introduced at the 7th annual West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco.^[8]
• Died: Juan Trippe, 81, founder of Pan American World Airways

April 4, 1981 (Saturday)

• Henry Cisneros became the first Hispanic American to be elected to lead a major United States city. The 33-year-old professor won 62% of the votes to become the new Mayor of San Antonio.^[9]
• Mario Moretti, a co-founder of Red Brigades and the mastermind of the 1978 kidnapping and murder of former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro, was caught by police after nearly three years of pursuit.^[10]
• Appearing for the United Kingdom, the rock band Bucks Fizz won the 26th Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin, with the song "Making Your Mind Up".^[11]
• Cancer survivor Bob Champion won the 1981 Grand National at Aintree on the horse Aldaniti. His story inspired the film Champions.^[12]
• CERN produced the world's first proton-antiproton collisions.^[13]
• The 127th Boat Race, the annual competition between the rowing eights the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club, was held. Oxford was coxed by Sue Brown, the first female coxswain in the history of the event, and passed the finishing post eight lengths ahead of Cambridge, their largest margin of victory since 1898.

April 5, 1981 (Sunday)

• Si Unyil began its run as the most successful children's television program in Indonesia.^[14]
• Born: Michael A. Monsoor, American Medal of Honor recipient, in Long Beach, California; killed in Iraq in 2006

April 6, 1981 (Monday)

• A pair of gunmen attempted to rob a branch of the Augusta Savings and Loan at the Dundalk (Maryland) Shopping Center and accidentally locked themselves out. When they departed through the exit, they found themselves surrounded by most of the officers of the Precinct 12 station of the Baltimore County, Maryland, police, which was only 250 yards away and had been changing shifts.^[15]
• Born: Robert Earnshaw, Wales national football team striker, 2002–present; in Mufulira, Zambia

April 7, 1981 (Tuesday)

• National Guardsmen in El Salvador drove into the San Salvador neighborhood of Monte Carmelos, pulled out residents accused of rebellion against the government, and executed them. Reporters who arrived later found thirty bodies in the streets.^[16]
• The "Soyuz '81" maneuvers by armies of the Warsaw Pact nations came to an end, allaying fears that they were a prelude to an invasion of Poland to suppress the Solidarity union. Earlier in the day, Pact commander General Kulikov had a closed meeting with Polish leaders Stanislaw Kania and Jaruselski for a commitment to get the union movement under control.^[17]
• The explosion of a grain elevator at Corpus Christi, Texas, killed nine people and injured 30.^[18]
• Born: Suzann Pettersen, Norwegian golfer, 2007 LPGA Champion, in Oslo
• Died: Norman Taurog, 82 American film director who won an Academy Award in 1931 for the film Skippy

April 8, 1981 (Wednesday)

• In Moscow, KGB investigators arrested Vyacheslav Ivankov, an organized crime leader who was nicknamed "Yaponchik" and was the boss of the so-called "Russian Mafia".^[19]
• Born: Frédérick Bousquet, French swimmer and recordholder in 50m freestyle, in Perpignan

General Bradley

• Died: General of the Army Omar N. Bradley, 88, last "five-star general" in the United States

April 9, 1981 (Thursday)

• AIDS pandemic: The first confirmed diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease causing Kaposi's sarcoma was made by Dr. John Gullett in San Francisco. Dr. Gullett reported his findings to the Centers for Disease Control two weeks later.^[20]
• The Japanese ship Nissho Maru was sunk after colliding with the USS George Washington (SSBN-598), an American nuclear submarine.^[21]

Valenzuela

• Fernando Valenzuela, the 20-year-old rookie for the Los Angeles Dodgers, pitched a 2-0 win over the Houston Astros, the first of eight consecutive wins, and one of five shutouts. In his first 8 games, he had an ERA of 0.50, though he lost 7 of the 12 games pitched afterward.^[22]
• Born: Eric Harris, American murderer (Columbine High School massacre), in Wichita, Kansas; committed suicide in 1999

April 10, 1981 (Friday)

• Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, April 1981: Incarcerated at the H-Block of Maze Prison and on a hunger strike, Irish Republican Army member Bobby Sands was elected to a vacant seat in the British House of Commons, with 30,492 votes for his "Anti-H-Block Party", ahead of Harry West's 29,046 votes. MP Sands died of starvation on May 5.^[23]
• Born: Laura Bell Bundy, American stage actress and country singer, in Lexington, Kentucky; and Gretchen Bleiler, American snowboarder and X-Games gold medalist, in Toledo, Ohio

April 11, 1981 (Saturday)

• Brixton riot (1981): In the mostly black London neighborhood of Brixton, police had stopped and questioned hundreds of residents as part of "Swamp 81", an anti-crime campaign that started five days earlier.^[24] Resentment built, and at 4:45 pm, the arrest of a young black man on Atlantic Road triggered the worst race riot in England's history. A crowd broke the windows of the police van transporting the arrest subject, then set fire to an empty police car and began looting stores. By 5:30, the violence had spread to Railton Road and Mayall Road, and at 6:30, the first gasoline bombs were hurled at police cars. Order was restored by 10:00 pm.^[25] A subsequent government investigation reported that 279 policemen and at least 45 civilians were injured, noting that "In the centre of Brixton, a few hundred young people- most, but not all of them black — attacked the police on the streets... demonstrating to the millions of their fellow citizens the fragile basis of the Queen's peace. The petrol bomb was now used for the first time on the streets of Britain (the idea, no doubt, copied from the disturbances in Northern Ireland). These young people, by their criminal behaviour — for such, whatever their grievances or frustrations, it was — brought about a temporary collapse of law and order in the centre of an inner suburb of London."^[26]
• Actress Valerie Bertinelli married rock musician Eddie Van Halen, and 77-year-old actor Cary Grant married 46-year-old actress Barbara Harris.
• Died: Caroline Gordon, 85, American novelist

April 12, 1981 (Sunday)

• The world's first reusable spacecraft, the space shuttle Columbia was launched from Cape Canaveral at 7:00 a.m. EST.^[27] As one historian noted later, "Never before in the history of the space program had NASA asked its astronauts to pilot a rocket or a spacecraft into space on its maiden voyage... NASA engineers counted 748 different ways in which the two astronauts on the maiden voyage of the space shuttle Columbia could die.".^[28] John Young, who had gone into space four times before, and Robert Crippen, who would fly three more shuttle missions, reached orbit and returned two days later. Delayed several times, the liftoff came 20 years to the day after Yuri Gagarin had become the first man to be sent into outer space, on the April 12, 1961 liftoff of Vostok 1.
• Died: Joe Louis, 66, American heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949; the night before, he had watched Larry Holmes defeat challenger Trevor Berbick in Lasa Vegas

Louis

April 13, 1981 (Monday)

• The 1981 Pulitzer Prize winners were announced. John Kennedy O'Toole, won the prize for fiction for A Confederacy of Dunces. Despondent over failing to find a publisher, O'Toole had killed himself 12 years earlier, on March 26, 1969.^[29] Janet Cooke of the Washington Post won the prize for feature writing, for her September 28, 1980 story "Jimmy's World", about an 8-year old heroin addict. Two days later, the Post revealed that Cooke had confessed to fabricating the story; she returned the prize and quit her job.^[30]

April 14, 1981 (Tuesday)

• At 10:21 am PST (1821 UTC), the Columbia became the first manned spaceship to land in California. Sixty minutes earlier at an altitude of 172 miles over the Indian Ocean, astronauts Young and Crippen had taken the space shuttle orbiter out of orbit.^[31] During the first mission, the thermostat, the cargo doors and the zero-G toilet all malfunctioned, and some of the heat-shielding tiles had fallen off (though not from the underside of the orbiter). Columbia would fly 27 more missions. On February 1, 2003, the Columbia would be destroyed and its crew of 7 killed, after leading edge wing damage led to the orbiter burning up during its return to earth.^[32]
• Died: William Henry Vanderbilt, 79, tycoon and former Governor of Massachusetts;

April 15, 1981 (Wednesday)

• Fifteen coal miners were killed in an explosion at the Redstone Coal Company's Dutch Creek #1 mine.^[33] An investigation by the Colorado Bureau of Mines concluded that the cause was a spark, possibly from a damaged cable, that ignited accumulated methane gas.^[34]
• FBI agents W. Mark Felt and Edward S. Miller were pardoned by President Reagan, five months after they had been convicted of conspiracy to violate the civil rights of friends and relatives of suspected members of the Weather Underground terrorist group. In his pardon statement, Reagan said, "America was generous to those who refused to serve their country in the Vietnam War. We can be no less generous to two men who acted on high principle to bring an end to the terrorist that was threatening our nation."^[35]

April 16, 1981 (Thursday)

• Sigurd Debus, an imprisoned West German terrorist who had started a hunger strike a month before Bobby Sands did the same in Northern Ireland, died after ten weeks without food. Debus had been one of 25 members of the Red Army Faction to refuse to eat in protest of imprisonment conditions. Most of the other participants called off their strike after his death.^[36]
• Canada's Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau rejected a plan, endorsed by the Premiers of 8 of the nation's 10 provinces, that would have allowed individual provincial legislatures to reject constitutional changes, saying that it would turn Canada into a loose confederation.^[37]
• Died: Effa Manley, 84, Negro League baseball team owner and manager (Newark Eagles); baseball HOF in 2006

April 17, 1981 (Friday)

• Air U.S. Flight 716, from Denver to Gillette, Wyoming, collided with a Cessna airplane carrying parachutists from the Skies West Skydiving Club of Fort Collins, Colorado. All 13 persons on the airliner were killed, and two of the skydivers died. The rest of the group parachuted to safety.^[38]

April 18, 1981 (Saturday)

• The Rochester Red Wings and the Pawtucket Red Sox began playing a minor league baseball game. After nine innings, the score was tied, and at the end of the 32nd inning, 4:09 the next morning, the game was halted with the score still tied at 2-2. The game would not be finished until June 23.Rochester and Pawtucket did play another game on the same Sunday, but, as one author noted, "they did not attempt to resolve their 32-inning tie then because officials of both clubs were worried that the eligible players were exhausted."^[39]
• Died: James H. Schmitz, 69, American science fiction author.

April 19, 1981 (Sunday)

• On Easter Sunday, Christian militia forces in Lebanon shelled the predominantly Muslim city of Sidon, killing 16 residents and injuring 60.^[40] On the same day, members of the New People's Army, the military branch of the illegal Communist Party of the Philippines threw several hand grenades into a church at Davao City, killing 13 worshipers and injuring 177.^[41][42]
• Born: Hayden Christensen, Canadian actor best known for portrayal of Anakin Skywalker in Episodes II and III of Star Wars, in Vancouver; Troy Polamalu, American NFL player, in Garden Grove, CA; and Catalina Sandino Moreno, Colombian-born film actress, (Maria Full of Grace), in Bogotá;

April 20, 1981 (Monday)

• The Inderavelly Massacre took place in the town of that name in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, when police fired into a crowd of Gondi tribesmen. The police reported that 13 armed protesters and one policeman were killed, while an investigating committee estimated the number at 60 or more.^[43]
• Bai Hua, an award winning author in the People's Republic of China, became the first writer to have his career ended by a government campaign against "bourgeouis liberalism" and suspected violations of the Chinese Communist Party's new "Four Cardinal Principles", beginning with an attack on the front page of the military newspaper Liberation Army Daily. China's leader Deng Xiaoping had been outraged by a film based on Bai Hua's novel Kulian (Unrequited Love). Government campaigns against other authors soon followed.^[44]
• In Omaha, the very last game of the Women's Professional Basketball League was played, as the Nebraska Wranglers defeated the Dallas Diamonds, 99-90, to win the WPBL championship in the fifth game of the best of five series.^[45]
• Three college students, on spring break from the University of New Brunswick, were killed after their group camped near the edge of a cliff at the Hay's Falls near Woodstock. Over a course of several minutes, the three fell 80 feet to their deaths.^[46]

April 21, 1981 (Tuesday)

• Soldiers of the Army of Guatemala entered the village of Acul, near Santa Maria Nebaj in the Guatemalan highlands, and executed most of the adult men for suspected collaboration with leftist guerillas. "Within two weeks," an investigator for the government noted in 1997, "the village was empty, and the army burned every house and field of corn in Acul". The village was rebuilt two years later.^[47]
• Died: Dorothy Eady, 73, English born Egyptologist who claimed to be "Omm Sety", a reincarnated priestess from the 13th Century BC; and Eddie Sauter, 66, American bandleader and jazz composer

April 22, 1981 (Wednesday)

• The first zero-coupon bonds were issued, as the J.C. Penney Company offered $200,000,000 worth of bonds that paid no periodic interest, dividends or other money until maturity. For $332.47 an investor would receive a "zero" that would pay $1,000 at its maturity date of May 1, 1989 for a 14.25% annual interest rate.^[48]
• Four gunmen, wearing Halloween masks, robbed the First National Bank of Arizona in Tucson. Taking $3.3 million, they accomplished the largest American bank robbery up to that time.^[49]
• In one of the first of many corporate mergers in the 1980s, food producers Nabisco, Inc. acquired Standard Brands, Inc. in a stock transaction valued at 1.9 billion dollars to create Nabisco Brands, Inc.^[50]
• Born: Ken Dorsey, American NFL and CFL quarterback, in Orinda, California

April 23, 1981 (Thursday)

• American CIA Director William J. Casey had an audience with Pope John Paul II in Rome concerning U.S. support for the Solidarity union in Poland.^[51] On the same day, Soviet Politburo members Mikhail Suslov and K.V. Rusakov met in Warsaw with the entire Politburo of Poland's Communist Party on its failure to control Solidarity.^[52]
• At the Empire State Building in New York City, workers unearthed a copper box containing the time capsule that had been placed in the building's cornerstone on September 9, 1930. Nearly all of the contents from 50 years earlier, including construction plans, paper money, photographs and that day's newspapers, had been "rotted beyond recognition" by water that had seeped in.^[53]

April 24, 1981 (Friday)

• U.S. President Ronald Reagan ended the grain embargo that been instituted by President Carter on January 7, 1980, and which had restricted the sale of American grain to the Soviet Union following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In his announcement, Reagan said, "American farmers have been unfairly singled out to bear the burden of this ineffective policy."^[54]
• On the same day, President Reagan sent a handwritten letter to Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev to open a dialogue between the United States and the Soviet Union. Biographer Lou Cannon would later describe the missive as "one of the few foreign policy documents composed by Reagan... without the assistance of speechwriters or formal position papers from his various departments".^[55] Reagan, who composed the letter from his hospital bed while recovering from the attempt on his life, opened with a reference to a meeting during Brezhnev's 1973 visit to California, when Reagan had been Governor, asking "Is it possible that we have permitted ideology, political and economic philosophies, and governmental policies to keep us from considering the very real, everyday problems of peoples?"
• In Hama, Syria, the Syrian Army randomly arrested more than 150 men and teenaged boys, then shot them. The massacre was in retaliation for the April 21 attack of an army patrol by guerillas of the Muslim Brotherhood, based in Hama.^[56]

April 25, 1981 (Saturday)

• The Soviet Union launched Kosmos 1267 to carry the unmanned TKS spacecraft, a vehicle that could provide a space ferry to bring back returning cosmonauts, as well as providing an additional component to an orbiting space station. The TKS module would remain in orbit until it docked automatically to Salyut 6 on June 19, as the first successful expansion of an orbiting craft, an accomplishment described as "an important step toward the later development of Mir and the International Space Station.^[57] Once docked, the engines of the Kosmos were used to make orbital changes for the Salyut station. On July 29, 1982, the engines were used one final time to bring both modules out of orbit, where they burned up over the Pacific Ocean.^[58]
• Born: Anja Pärson, Swedish women's alpine skiing champion, in Umeå; and Wojciech Kasperski, Polish filmmaker, in Kartuzy

April 26, 1981 (Sunday)

• The first successful fetal surgery was performed by Dr. Michael R. Harrison at the University of California at San Francisco hospital. The patient was born at the UCSF Hospital two weeks later, on May 10, 1981, and named Michael.^[59]
• French presidential election: With ten candidates on the ballot for the President of France, no office-seeker had a majority. The top two finishers, incumbent President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and Socialist challenger François Mitterrand. won 28.3% and 25.8% of the vote respectively, and qualified for the May 10 election. Paris Mayor Jacques Chirac (17.9%) and Communist Party leader Georges Marchais (15.3%) were the next highest vote getters. The other candidates were Huguette Bouchardeau, Michel Crepeau, Michel Debre, Marie-France Garaud, Arlette Laguiller and Brice Lalonde.^[60]
• The first nationwide voting in Vietnam, since the 1976 forced unification of the North and South republics, was conducted for the National Assembly. Although all of the candidates had been chosen by the Communist Party's "Fatherland Front", there were 614 candidates for the 496 seats.^[61]
• Died: Jim Davis, 71, American TV actor who had been portraying Jock Ewing on Dallas

April 27, 1981 (Monday)

• Operation Red Dog, a plot to overthrow the government of the Commonwealth of Dominica, was foiled when FBI agents arrested ten mercenary soldiers near New Orleans as they were preparing to sail toward the Caribbean island nation with a cache of weapons.^[62] Led by Michael Eugene Perdue, the group of white supremacists had planned to take control of the government of the mostly black nation, after freeing former Prime Minister Patrick John (also black) from a Dominican jail, and being appointed to high government positions.^[63]

• "Bigfoot", the first "monster truck" was created by Bob Chandler, who had envisioned a vehicle with tires so large that it could crush anything in its path. On this date, Chandler gave the first test run of "Bigfoot" at a field near St. Louis, Missouri, and rolled it over abandoned cars. The first major event in the new sport of monster truck competition would take place on April 9, 1983, at the Pontiac Silverdome, before a crowd of 68,000.^[64]

April 28, 1981 (Tuesday)

• For the first time, Israel intervened directly in the war between Syria and Lebanese Christians, as Israeli jets shot down two Syrian helicopters, killing four crewmen.^[65]
• Professional tennis champion Billie Jean King was sued for support by Marilyn Barnett, a woman who stated in her complaint that they were lesbian lovers. After initially denying the accusations, King admitted to the affair four days later.^[66]
• The government of Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Fraser survived a vote of no confidence that had been moved for by the Labor Party. The vote in the Australian House of Representatives was 71-47 against the resolution.^[67]
• Born: Jessica Alba, American actress (Dark Angel), in Pomona, CA
• Died: Mickey Walker, 79, world welterweight champion 1922-1926, world middleweight champion 1926-31

April 29, 1981 (Wednesday)

• U.S. Representative Raymond F. Lederer (D-Pa.) resigned his office, one day after the House Ethics Committee had voted 10-2 to recommend his expulsion from the United States Congress. Lederer had won re-election in 1980 while under indictment for taking a bribe following the FBI's Abscam investigation, and convicted of felony charges on January 9.^[68]
• Steve Carlton became the seventh pitcher to have 3,000 strikeouts, and the first left-handed pitcher, in a game between the Phillies and Expos; Tom Seaver of the Reds had become the sixth on April 18 against the Cardinals. The first five were Walter Johnson (1923), Bob Gibson (1974), Gaylord Perry (1978), and Nolan Ryan (1980). Baseball Digest (Oct 2000) p9

April 30, 1981 (Thursday)

• Promoting itself as the "no-frills airline", People Express began low cost trips to and from its hub at the Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey. A ticket for the inaugural flight, from Newark to Buffalo was priced at only 23 dollars.^[69]
• The Anheuser-Busch brewing company began test marketing of its lower calorie beer, Bud Light, which was then introduced nationwide in the summer of 1982.^[70]
• South African general election, 1981: In elections for the Volksraad, lower house of South Africa's Parliament, the ruling National Party captured 131 of the 165 seats. The Progressive Federal Party (26 seats) and the New Republic Party (8 seats) won the other offices. Only White citizens, roughly 10% of the adult population, were allowed to vote.^[71]

References

1. "Dealer doors open to Isuzu", Spokane Daily Chronicle, March 3, 1981, p17 "Advertising: Isuzu Opens Diesel Car Campaign", New York Times, April 3, 1981
2. "Soviets begin daylight saving time", Milwaukee Journal, April 1, 1981, p2
3. Museum of Hoaxes; "Psychic 'shocked'", Spokane Daily Chronicle, April 2, 1981 p 1; "Doubt cast on authenticity of psychic's TV taping" Chronicle, April 3, 1981, p1; "Columnist admits psychic hoax", Milwaukee Journal, April 7, 1981, p1
4. Marius Deeb, Syria's Terrorist War on Lebanon and the Peace Process (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) p60
5. Glenn H. Reynolds, Robert P. Merges, Outer Space: Problems of Law and Policy (Westview Press, 1998) p180
6. "Revolt in Thailand Ends as Rebels Flee", New York Times, April 3, 1981, p11
7. Robert W. Righter, Wind Energy in America: A History (University of Oklahoma Press, 1996) pp171-172
8. "Sonoma: The Chase is Over for Notebooks", by Andrew Chan, Hardware Mag (April 2005) p84; Andy Hertzfeld and Steve Capps, Revolution in the Valley (O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2005) p39
9. "San Antonio's mayor Hispanic; Texas professor, 33, in landslide win- 62% of votes", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 6, 1981, p2
10. "Terrorist Arrested", Milwaukee Journal, April 5, 1981, p1
11. Eurovision 1981 summary
12. Grand National results
13. 00:45:00
14. Philip Kitley, Television, Nation, and Culture in Indonesia (Ohio University Press, 2000) p112
15. Baltimore County Police, 1874-1999 (Turner Publishing Company, 1999) p89; "Police thwart holdup 'just around corner'", Baltimore Sun, April 7, 1981, p.C2
16. "30 are massacred near San Salvador", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 8, 1981, p1
17. Andrzej Paczkowski and Malcolm Byrne, From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 1980-1981: A Documentary History (Central European University Press, 2008) p246
18. "Explosions kill 3 workers at grain elevator", Milwaukee Journal, April 8, 1981, p2; Rolf K. Eckhoff, Dust explosions in the process industries (Gulf Professional Publishing, 2003) p171-72
19. Luc Duhamel, The KGB Campaign Against Corruption in Moscow, 1982-1987 (Univ of Pittsburgh Press, 2010) p76
20. Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic (Macmillan, 2000) p60
21. David Miller, Submarine Disasters By (Globe Pequot, 2006); "Japanese ship collides with US sub and sinks", Milwaukee Journal, April 10, 1981, p1
22. Glenn Stout and Richard A. Johnson, The Dodgers: 120 Years of Dodgers Baseball; "Dodger rookie blanks Astros", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 10, 1981, p7
23. Denis O'Hearn, Nothing But an Unfinished Song: Bobby Sands, the Irish Hunger Striker Who Ignited a Generation(Nation Books, 2006) p357
24. Ernest Cashmore, "Scarman Report", in Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic studies (Taylor & Francis, 2004) p384
25. "Brixton Riots 1981: How smouldering tension erupted to set Brixton aflame", www.GuardianCentury.co.uk
26. The Brixton Disorders, 10–12 April 1981, quoted in Modern Britain since 1979: a reader (I.B.Tauris, 2003) p278
27. "Space shuttle soars into orbit", Bangor (ME) Daily News, April 13, 1981, p1
28. Howard E. McCurdy, The Space Station Decision: Incremental Politics and Technological Choice (JHU Press, 2007) p37-38
29. René Pol Nevils, Deborah George Hardy, Ignatius Rising: The Life of John Kennedy Toole
30. Serge Matulich and David M. Currie, Handbook of Frauds, Scams, and Swindles: Failures of Ethics in Leadership (CRC Press, 2008) p8; Museum of Hoaxes.com
31. "Space Shuttle Lands Safely After Star-Spangled Flight", Toledo (OH) Blade, April 14, 1981, p1
32. Heather Feldman, Columbia: The First Space Shuttle (Rosen Classroom, 2005)
33. "15 bodies recovered from mine", Milwaukee Journal, April 17, 1981, p1
34. "Electrical spark blamed for blast", Eugene (OR) Register-Guard, May 8, 1981, p3A
35. Ronald Kessler, The Bureau: The Secret History of the FBI (Macmillan, 2003) p217; "Reagan pardons ex-FBI officials", Milwaukee Journal, April 16, 1981, p2
36. Facts on File Yearbook 1981 (Facts on File, Inc., 1982) p281
37. Facts on File Yearbook 1981 (Facts on File, Inc., 1982) p278
38. "15 Killed As 2 Planes Collide", Pittsburgh Press, April 18, 1981, p1
39. Mike Shannon, More Tales from the Dugout: More of the Greatest True Baseball Stories of All Time (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004) p114; "History Can Wait: Game Halted After 8 Hours, 32 Innings", Daytona Beach Morning Herald, April 20, 1981, p12
40. "Rightists' shells kill 16 in Lebanon port", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 20, 1981, p2
41. "Attack on church in Philippines kills 11, hurts 155", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 20, 1981, p2; Facts on File Yearbook 1981 (Facts on File, Inc., 1982) p281
42. http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=198104200004
43. Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai, Violation of Democratic Rights in India (Volume 2) (Popular Prakashan, 1986) p293
44. Richard Baum, Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping (Princeton University Press, 1996) p127
45. "Wranglers Win W.B.L. Title", New York Times, April 21, 1981; Andrew Postman and Larry Stone, The Ultimate Book of Sports Lists p102
46. "3 students camp too near to the brink of death", Milwaukee Journal, April 22, 1981, p1
47. Victoria Sanford, Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) p89; Acul: Guatemala in Pictures
48. Richard S. Wilson and Frank J. Fabozzi, Corporate Bonds: Structures & Analysis (John Wiley and Sons, 1996) p99
49. Barbara Berliner, The book of answers: the New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service's most unusual and entertaining questions (Simon and Schuster, 1992) p39
50. "Nabisco to merge with Standard Brands", Miami News, April 23, 1981, p14A
51. Eric Frattini and Dick Cluster, The Entity: Five Centuries of Secret Vatican Espionage (Macmillan, 2008) p329
52. Andrzej Paczkowski and Malcolm Byrne, From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 1980-1981 (Central European University Press, 2008) p295; Notes of April 30, 1981 meeting of CPSU Politubro
53. Mitchell Pacelle, Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon (John Wiley and Sons, 2002) pp124-125; "Time takes its toll on Empire State cache", Milwaukee Journal, April 24, 1981, p1
54. "Reagan lifts grain embargo", Milwaukee Journal, April 24, 1981, p1
55. Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (PublicAffairs, 2000) p257-258
56. "April Massacre in Syria Revealed by Witness, AP article in The Press-Courier (Oxnard, CA), June 25, 1981, p17; Andrew Beattie and Timothy Pepper, The Rough Guide to Syria (Rough Guides, 2001)
57. AerospaceGuide.net; David M. Harland, The Story of Space Station Mir (Praxis Publishing 2005) p103
58. Robert Zimmerman, Leaving Earth: Space Stations, Rival Superpowers and the Quest for Interplanetary Travel (National Academies Press, 2003) p160
59. Facts on File Yearbook 1981 (Facts on File, Inc., 1982) p605
60. Facts on File Yearbook 1981 (Facts on File, Inc., 1982) p279; "French vote Giscard into runoff", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 27, 1981, p2
61. Van Canh Nguyen and Earle Cooper, Vietnam under Communism, 1975-1982 (Hoover Press, 1983) p77
62. "F.B.I. Arrests 10 for a Plot to Invade Dominica Island", New York Times, April 29, 1981
63. "Mercenary suspects played losing hand", Tuscaloosa News, May 17, 1981, p8A, reprint from The Dallas Times Herald
64. Jim Gigliotti, Monster Trucks(Marshall Cavendish, 2009) pp7-9; "Really Big Trucks", New York Times, October 23, 1994
65. Mordechai Bar-On, In pursuit of peace: a history of the Israeli peace movement (US Institute of Peace Press, 1996); "2 Syrian 'copters downed by Israel over Lebanon", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 29, 1981, p1
66. "Billie Jean King sued for support by woman", April 30, 1981, Pittsburgh Post-Gazettep2; "King admits homosexual affair", Post-Gazette, May 2, 1981, p7
67. Facts on File Yearbook 1981 (Facts on File, Inc., 1982) p296
68. "Lederer to quit as Congressman, avoids expulsion", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 30, 1981, p2
69. "How to Start an Airline: People Express Poised to Fly", New York Times, April 26, 1981, pIII-8; Adrian J. Slywotzky, Value Migration: How to Think Several Moves Ahead of the Competition (Harvard Business Press, 1996) p120
70. Steven P. Schnaars, Managing Imitation Strategies (Simon and Schuster, 2002) p104; "'Bud' Light coming", Syracuse Herald-Journal, April 20, 1981, p26
71. Facts on File Yearbook 1981 (Facts on File, Inc., 1982) p304