Medal of Honor

This article is about the US military award. For the video game franchise, see Medal of Honor (series). For other uses, see Medal of Honor (disambiguation).
Medal of Honor

Army, Navy, and Air Force versions of the Medal of Honor
Awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress
Type U.S. military medal with neck ribbon
(Decoration)
Eligibility Military personnel only
Awarded for Conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty[1][2]
Status Currently awarded
Statistics
Established U.S. Navy: December 21, 1861
U.S. Army: July 12, 1862
U.S. Air Force: April 14, 1965
First awarded March 25, 1863: American Civil War, U.S. Army recipient
Last awarded February 29, 2016[3]
Total awarded 3,514[4]
Posthumous
awards		 621[4]
Distinct
recipients		 3,495[4]
Precedence
Next (higher) None
Next (lower) Army: Distinguished Service Cross
Navy and Marine Corps: Navy Cross
Air Force: Air Force Cross
Coast Guard: Coast Guard Cross

The Medal of Honor is the United States of America's highest military honor, awarded for personal acts of valor above and beyond the call of duty. The medal is awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress to U.S. military personnel only. There are three versions of the medal, one for the Army, one for the Navy, and one for the Air Force.[5] Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version.

The Medal of Honor was created as a Navy version in 1861 named the "Medal of Valor",[6] and an Army version of the medal named the "Medal of Honor" was established in 1862 to give recognition to men who distinguished themselves "conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity" in combat with an enemy of the United States.[7] Because the medal is presented "in the name of Congress," it is often referred to as the "Congressional Medal of Honor". However, the official name is the "Medal of Honor," which began with the U.S. Army's version.[1][8] Within United States Code the medal is referred to as the "Medal of Honor",[9] and less frequently as "Congressional Medal of Honor".[10]

The Medal of Honor is usually presented by the President in a formal ceremony at the White House, intended to represent the gratitude of the American people, with posthumous presentations made to the primary next of kin.[11][12] According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States, there have been 3,514 Medals of Honor awarded to the nation's soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen since the decoration's creation, with just less than half of them awarded for actions during the four years of the American Civil War.[13]

In 1990, Congress designated March 25 annually as "National Medal of Honor Day".[14] Due to its prestige and status, the Medal of Honor is afforded special protection under U.S. law against any unauthorized adornment, sale, or manufacture, which includes any associated ribbon or badge.[15]

History

1780: The Fidelity Medallion was a small medal worn on a chain around the neck, similar to a religious medal, that was awarded only to three militiamen from New York state, for the capture of John André, a British officer and spy connected directly to General Benedict Arnold (American and British general-1780) during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). The capture saved the fort of West Point from the British Army.

1782: Badge of Military Merit: The first formal system for rewarding acts of individual gallantry by American soldiers was established by George Washington when he issued a field order on August 7, 1782, for a Badge of Military Merit to recognize those members of the Continental Army who performed "any singular meritorious action". This decoration is America's first combat decoration and was preceded only by the Fidelity Medallion, the Congressional medal for Henry Lee awarded in September 1779 in recognition of his attack on the British at Paulus Hook, the Congressional medal for General Horatio Gates awarded in November 1777 in recognition of his victory over the British at Saratoga, and the Congressional medal for George Washington awarded in March 1776.[1][16][17] Although the Badge of Military Merit fell into disuse after the American Revolutionary War, the concept of a military award for individual gallantry by members of the U.S. Armed Forces had been established.

1847: Certificate of Merit: After the outbreak of the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) a Certificate of Merit (Meritorious Service Citation Certificate) was established by Act of Congress on March 3, 1847 "to any private soldier who had distinguished himself by gallantry performed in the presence of the enemy". 539 Certificates were approved for this period. The certificate was discontinued and reintroduced in 1876 effective from June 22, 1874 to February 10, 1892 when it was awarded for extraordinary gallantry by private soldiers in the presence of the enemy. From February 11, 1892 through July 9, 1918 (Certificate of Merit disestablished) it could be awarded to members of the Army for distinguished service in combat or noncombat; from January 11, 1905 through July 9, 1918 the certificate was granted medal status as the Certificate of Merit Medal[18] (first awarded to a soldier who was awarded the Certificate of Merit for combat action on August 13, 1898). This medal was later replaced by the Army Distinguished Service Medal which was established on January 2, 1918 (the Navy Distinguished Service Medal was established in 1919). Those Army members who held the Distinguished Service Medal in place of the Certificate of Merit could apply for the Army Distinguished Service Cross (established 1918) effective March 5, 1934.

Medal of Valor

Medal of Honor (without the suspension ribbon) awarded to Seaman John Ortega in 1864 (back view of medal).

In 1861, there were no military awards or medals at the beginning of the Civil War (1861–1865) except for the Certificate of Merit which was awarded for the Mexican-American War. In the fall of 1861, a proposal for a battlefield decoration for valor was submitted to Winfield Scott, the general-in-chief of the army, by Lt. Colonel Edward D. Townsend, an assistant adjutant at the War Department and Scott's chief of staff. Scott however, was strictly against medals being awarded which was the European tradition. After Scott retired in October 1861, the Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles, adopted the idea of a decoration to recognize and honor distinguished naval service. On December 9, U.S. Senator (Iowa) James W. Grimes, Chairman on the Committee on Naval Affairs,[19] proposed Public Resolution Number 82[20] (Bill 82: 37th Congress, Second Session, 12 Stat. 329) "to promote the efficiency of the Navy" which included a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor[6][21] which was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on December 21, 1861 (Medal of Honor had been established for the Navy), "to be bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen, and marines as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry and other seamen-like qualities during the present war".[22] Secretary Wells directed the Philadelphia Mint to design the new military decoration.[23][24][25] On May 15, 1862, the United States Navy Department ordered 175 medals ($1.85 each) with the words "Personal Valor" on the back from the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia.[26]

Medal of Honor

Senator Henry Wilson, the chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, introduced a resolution on February 15, 1862 for an Army Medal of Honor. The resolution (37th Congress, Second Session, 12 Stat. 623) was approved by Congress and signed into law on July 12, 1862 ("Medals of Honor" were established for enlisted men of the Army). This measure provided for awarding a medal of honor "to such non-commissioned officers and privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action and other soldier-like qualities during the present insurrection". During the war, Townsend would have some medals delivered to some recipients with a letter requesting acknowledgement of the "Medal of Honor". The letter written and signed by Townsend on behalf of the Secretary of War, stated that the resolution was "to provide for the presentation of medals of honor to the enlisted men of the army and volunteer forces who have distinguished or may distinguish themselves in battle during the present rebellion".[27][28] By mid-November the War Department contracted with Philadelphia silversmith William Wilson and Son, who had been responsible for the Navy design, to prepare 2,000 Army medals ($2.00 each) to be cast at the mint.[29] The Army version had "The Congress to" written on the back of the medal. Both versions were made of copper and coated with bronze, which "gave them a reddish tint."[30][31]

1863: Congress made the Medal of Honor a permanent decoration. On March 3, Medals of Honor were authorized for officers of the Army[32][33] (37th Congress, Third Session, 12 Stat. 751). The Secretary of War first presented the Medal of Honor to six Union Army volunteers on March 25, 1863 in his office.[34]

1890: On April 23, the Medal of Honor Legion is established in Washington, D.C.[35][36][37]

1896: The ribbon of the Army version Medal of Honor was redesigned with all stripes being vertical.[38]

1904: The planchet of the Army version of the Medal of Honor was redesigned by General George Lewis Gillespie.[38] The purpose of the redesign was to help distinguish the Medal of Honor from other medals,[39] including a medal issued by the Grand Army of the Republic.[40]

1915: On March 3, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard officers became eligible for the Medal of Honor.[36][41][42]

1963: A separate Coast Guard medal was authorized in 1963, but not yet designed or awarded.[43]

1965: A separate design for a version of the medal for the U.S. Air Force was created in 1956, authorized in 1960, and officially adopted on April 14, 1965. Previously, members of the U.S. Army Air Corps, U.S. Army Air Forces, and the U.S. Air Force received the Army version of the medal.[44]

Appearance

There are three versions of the Medal of Honor, one for each of the military departments of the Department of Defense: Army, Navy, and Air Force. Members of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard are eligible to receive the Navy version. Each is constructed differently and the components are made from gilding metals and red brass alloys with some gold plating, enamel, and bronze pieces. The United States Congress considered a bill in 2004 which would require the Medal of Honor to be made with 90% gold, the same composition as the lesser-known Congressional Gold Medal, but the measure was dropped.[45]

Army Medal of Honor

Army version

The Army version is described by the Institute of Heraldry as "a gold five pointed star, each point tipped with trefoils, 1 1⁄2 inches [3.8 cm] wide, surrounded by a green laurel wreath and suspended from a gold bar inscribed VALOR, surmounted by an eagle. In the center of the star, Minerva's head surrounded by the words UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. On each ray of the star is a green oak leaf. On the reverse is a bar engraved THE CONGRESS TO with a space for engraving the name of the recipient."[46] The pendant and suspension bar are made of gilding metal, with the eye, jump rings, and suspension ring made of red brass.[47] The finish on the pendant and suspension bar is hard enameled, gold plated, and rose gold plated, with polished highlights.[47]

Navy, Marine, and Coast Guard Medal of Honor

Navy version

The Navy version is described as "a five-pointed bronze star, tipped with trefoils containing a crown of laurel and oak. In the center is Minerva, personifying the United States, standing with left hand resting on fasces and right hand holding a shield blazoned with the shield from the coat of arms of the United States. She repulses Discord, represented by snakes. The medal is suspended from the flukes of an anchor."[46] It is made of solid red brass, oxidized and buffed.[48]

Air Force Medal of Honor

Air Force version

The Air Force version is described as "within a wreath of green laurel, a gold five-pointed star, one point down, tipped with trefoils and each point containing a crown of laurel and oak on a green background. Centered on the star, an annulet of 34 stars is a representation of the head of the Statue of Liberty. The star is suspended from a bar inscribed with the word VALOR above an adaptation of the thunderbolt from the Air Force Coat of Arms."[46] The pendant is made of gilding metal.[49] The connecting bar, hinge, and pin are made of bronze.[49] The finish on the pendant and suspension bar is hard enameled, gold plated, and rose gold plated, with buffed relief.[49]

Neck ribbon, service ribbon, lapel button, and "V" device

Service ribbon
Lapel button
"V" device

Since 1944, the Medal of Honor has been attached to a light blue[50] colored moiré silk Neck ribbon that is 1 3⁄16 in (30 mm) in width and 21 3⁄4 in (550 mm) in length.[1][51] The center of the ribbon displays thirteen white stars in the form of three chevron. Both the top and middle chevrons are made up of 5 stars, with the bottom chevron made of 3 stars. The Medal of Honor is one of only two United States military awards suspended from a neck ribbon.[52] The other, the Commander's Degree of the Legion of Merit, and is usually awarded to individuals serving foreign governments.[53][54]

On May 2, 1896, Congress authorized a "ribbon to be worn with the medal and [a] rosette or knot to be worn in lieu of the medal".[25][46][55] The service ribbon is light blue with five white stars in the form of an "M".[46] It is placed first in the top position in the order of precedence and is worn for situations other than full-dress military uniform.[46] The lapel button is a 1⁄2-inch (13 mm), six-sided light blue bowknot rosette with thirteen white stars and may be worn on appropriate civilian clothing on the left lapel.[46]

In 2011, Department of Defense instructions were amended to read "for each succeeding act that would otherwise justify award of the Medal of Honor, the individual receiving the subsequent award is authorized to wear an additional Medal of Honor ribbon and/or a 'V' device on the Medal of Honor suspension ribbon" (the "V" device is a 1⁄4-inch (6.4 mm) high bronze miniature letter "V" with serifs that denotes valor). The Medal of Honor was the only decoration authorized the use of the "V" device to designate subsequent awards in such fashion. Nineteen individuals, all now deceased, were double Medal of Honor recipients.[56] This was discontinued in July 2014, and changed to read "A separate MOH is presented to an individual for each succeeding act that justified award."[57] As of 2014, no devices are authorized for the Medal of Honor.

Historical versions

The Medal of Honor has evolved in appearance over time. The upside-down star design of the Navy version's pendant adopted in early 1862 has not changed since its inception. The Army 1862 version followed and was identical to the Navy version except an eagle perched atop cannons was used instead of an anchor to connect the pendant to the suspension ribbon. In 1896, the Army version changed the ribbon's design and colors due to misuse and imitation by nonmilitary organizations.[46] In 1904, the Army "Gillespie" version introduced a smaller redesigned star and the ribbon was changed to the light blue pattern with white stars seen today.[46] In 1913, the Navy version adopted the same ribbon pattern.

After World War I, the Navy decided to separate the Medal of Honor into two versions, one for combat and one for non-combat. The original upside-down star was designated as the non-combat version and a new pattern of the medal pendant, in cross form, was designed by the Tiffany Company in 1919. It was to be presented to a sailor or Marine who "in action involving actual conflict with the enemy, distinguish[es] himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty"[58] Despite the "actual conflict" guidelines—the Tiffany Cross was awarded to Navy CDR (later RADM) Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett for arctic exploration. The Tiffany Cross itself was not popular. In 1942, the Navy returned to using only the original 1862 inverted 5-point star design, and ceased issuing the award for non-combat action.[59]

In 1944, the suspension ribbons for both the Army and Navy version were replaced with the now familiar neck ribbon.[46] When the Air Force version was designed in 1956, it incorporated similar elements and design from the Army version. It used a larger star with the Statue of Liberty image in place of Minerva on the medal and changed the connecting device from an eagle to an heraldic thunderbolt flanked with wings as found on the service seal.[60][61]

Flag

Medal of Honor Flag

On October 23, 2002, Pub.L. 107–248 was enacted, modifying 36 U.S.C. § 903, authorizing a Medal of Honor flag to be presented to recipients of the decoration.[62]

The flag was based on a concept by retired Army Special Forces First Sergeant Bill Kendall of Jefferson, Iowa,[63] who designed a flag to honor Medal of Honor recipient Captain Darrell Lindsey, a B-26 pilot from Jefferson who was killed in World War II. Kendall's design of a light blue field emblazoned with 13 white five-pointed stars was nearly identical to that of Sarah LeClerc's of the Institute of Heraldry. LeClerc's design, ultimately accepted as the official flag, does not include the words "Medal of Honor" and is fringed in gold. The color of the field and the 13 white stars, arranged in the form of a three bar chevron, consisting of two chevrons of five stars and one chevron of three stars,[1] emulate the suspension ribbon of the Medal of Honor. The flag has no set proportions.[64]

A special Medal of Honor Flag presentation ceremony was held for over 60 living Medal of Honor recipients on board the USS Constitution on September 30, 2006.[66]

Presenting

President Calvin Coolidge bestowing the Medal of Honor upon Henry Breault, March 8, 1924.

There are two distinct protocols for awarding the Medal of Honor. The first and most common is nomination and approval through the chain of command of the service member. The second method is nomination by a member of the U.S. Congress, generally at the request of a constituent, and the subsequent approval via a special Act of Congress. In both cases, the Medal of Honor is presented by the President on behalf of, and in the name of, the Congress.[67] Since 1941, more than half of the Medals of Honor have been awarded posthumously.[68] Medal of Honor recipients are usually personally decorated by the Commander-in-Chief.[69] If the Medal of Honor is awarded posthumously it is presented to the recipient's family.[70]

Evolution of criteria

  1. While engaged in action against an enemy of the United States
  2. While engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force.
  3. While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party.[84][85]

Congress drew the three permutations of combat from President Kennedy's executive order of April 25, 1962, which previously added the same criteria to the Purple Heart. On August 24, Kennedy added similar criteria for the Bronze Star Medal.[86][87] The amendment was necessary because Cold War armed conflicts did not qualify for consideration under previous statutes such as the 1918 Army Medal of Honor Statute that required valor "in action involving actual conflict with an enemy," since the United States has not formally declared war since World War II as a result of the provisions of the United Nations Charter.[88] According to congressional testimony by the Army's Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, the services were seeking authority to award the Medal of Honor and other valor awards retroactive to July 1, 1958, in areas such as Berlin, Lebanon, Quemoy and Matsu Islands, Taiwan Straits, Congo, Laos, Vietnam, and Cuba.[86]

Authority and privileges

Medal of Honor monument and Medal of Honor headstones of the Civil War recipients of "Andrews Raid" at the Chattanooga National Cemetery in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Medal of Honor gravemarker of Jimmie W. Monteith at the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial
Medal of Honor headstone of James H. Robinson at the Memphis National Cemetery

The four specific authorizing statutes amended July 25, 1963:[84]

The President may award, and present in the name of Congress, a medal of honor of appropriate design, with ribbons and appurtenances, to a person who while a member of the Army (naval service; Navy and Marine Corps) (Air Force) (Coast Guard), distinguished himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty.[89]

Privileges and courtesies

The Medal of Honor confers special privileges on its recipients. By law, recipients have several benefits:[90][91]

Saluting

Admiral Eric T. Olson salutes Sergeant First Class Leroy Petry at a ceremony at The Pentagon.

Legal protection

The Supreme Court's decision did not specifically address the constitutionality of the older portion of the statute which prohibits the unauthorized wearing, manufacturing, or sale of military medals or decorations. Under the law, the unauthorized wearing, manufacturing, or sale of the Medal of Honor is punishable by a fine of up to $100,000 and imprisonment of up to one year.[117]

U.S. Army Medal of Honor of Leonard C. Brostrom on display at the Latter Day Saints Church History Library in downtown Salt Lake City, Utah.

A number of veteran support organizations and private companies devote themselves to exposing those who falsely claim to have received the Medal of Honor.[119]

Enforcement

Duplicate medals

Medal of Honor recipients may apply in writing to the headquarters of the service branch of the medal awarded for a replacement or display Medal of Honor, ribbon, and appurtenance (Medal of Honor flag) without charge. Primary next of kin may also do the same and have any questions answered in regard to the Medal of Honor that was awarded.[124]

Recipients

The Medal of Honor has been awarded to 3,495 different persons.[125] The Congressional Medal of Honor Society states that there have been ‘3497 recipients of the Medal of Honor', including 19 recipients who were recognized twice, bringing total number of awards to 3,516, two more than other sources. Of the 19 men have been awarded the Medal of Honor twice, 14 received two separate medals for two separate actions, while five received both the Navy and Army Medals of Honor for the same action.[126] As of June 2011, since the beginning of World War II, 851 Medals of Honor have been awarded, 523 (61.45%) posthumously.[127] One has been awarded to a woman: Mary Edwards Walker.[128]

The 1917 Medal of Honor Board deleted 911 awards, but only 910 names from the Army Medal of Honor Roll, including awards to Dr. Mary Edwards Walker, William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody and the first of two awards issued February 10, 1887, to George W. Midil, who retained his award issued October 25, 1893. None of the 910 "deleted" recipients were ordered to return their medals, although on the question of whether the recipients could continue to wear their medals, the Judge Advocate General advised the Medal of Honor Board the Army was not obligated to police the matter. Walker continued to wear her medal until her death. President Jimmy Carter formally restored her medal posthumously in 1977.[128]

While the governing statute for the Army Medal of Honor (10 U.S.C. § 6241), beginning in 1918, explicitly stated that a recipient must be "an officer or enlisted man of the Army," "distinguish himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty," and perform an act of valor "in action involving actual conflict with an enemy,"[74] exceptions have been made:

ConflictDateMedal count (3,514)List article
Civil War 1861–1865 1,523 American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients
Indian Wars 1865–1891 426 Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars
Korean Expedition 1871 15 Medal of Honor recipients in Korea
Spanish–American War 1898 110 Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War
Samoan Civil War 1886–1894 4 Medal of Honor recipients for the Samoan Civil War
Philippine–American War 1899–1902 86 Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients
Boxer Rebellion 1899–1901 59 Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion
Occupation of Veracruz 1914 56 Medal of Honor recipients for Veracruz
United States occupation of Haiti 1915–1934 8 Medal of Honor recipients for Haiti
Dominican Republic Occupation 1916–1924 3 Medal of Honor recipients for the Occupation of the Dominican Republic
World War I 1914–1918 126 Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
Occupation of Nicaragua 1912–1933 2 Medal of Honor recipients for Occupation of Nicaragua
World War II 1939–1945 471 Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
Korean War 1950–1953 145 Korean War Medal of Honor recipients
Vietnam War 1955–1975 257 Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
USS Liberty incident 1967 1 Medal of Honor recipients for the USS Liberty incident
Battle of Mogadishu 1993 2 Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Mogadishu
Iraq War 2003–2011 4 Medal of Honor recipients for the Iraq War
Afghanistan War 2001–2014 14 Medal of Honor recipients for the War in Afghanistan
Peacetime 193 Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime
Unknown soldiers 9 Unknown Medal of Honor recipients
Awards by military branch
Army Navy Marine Corps Air Force Coast Guard Total
2,448 748 299 18 1 3,514

Double recipients

Nineteen men have been awarded the Medal of Honor twice.[144] The first two-time Medal of Honor recipient was Thomas Custer (brother of George Armstrong Custer) for two separate actions that took place several days apart during the American Civil War.[145]

Five "double recipients" were awarded both the Army and Navy Medal of Honor for the same action; all five of these occurrences took place during World War I.[146] Since February 1919, no single individual can be awarded more than one Medal of Honor for the same action, although a member of one branch of the armed forces can receive the Medal of Honor from another branch if the actions for which it was awarded occurred under the authority of the second branch.[147]

To date, the maximum number of Medals of Honor earned by any service member has been two.[43] The last individual to be awarded two Medals of Honor was John J. Kelly in 1918; the last individual to receive two Medals of Honor for two different actions was Smedley Butler, in 1914 and 1915.

§ Rank refers to rank held at time of Medal of Honor action.

Related recipients

Arthur MacArthur, Jr. and Douglas MacArthur are the first father and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The only other such pairing is Theodore Roosevelt (awarded in 2001) and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.

Five pairs of brothers have received the Medal of Honor:

Another notable pair of related recipients are Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher (rear admiral at the time of award) and his nephew, Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher (lieutenant at the time of award), both awarded for actions during the United States occupation of Veracruz.

Belated recognition

Since 1979, 85 belated Medal of Honor decorations were presented to recognize actions from the Civil War to the Vietnam War. In addition, five recipients who names were not included on the Army Medal of Honor Roll in 1917 had their awards restored.[149]

A 1993 study commissioned by the U.S. Army investigated "racial disparity" in the awarding of medals.[150] At the time, no Medals of Honor had been awarded to American soldiers of African descent who served in World War II. After an exhaustive review, the study recommended that ten Distinguished Service Cross recipients be awarded the Medal of Honor. On January 13, 1997, President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to seven of these World War II veterans, six of them posthumously and one to former Second Lieutenant Vernon Baker.[151]

In 1998, a similar study of Asian Americans resulted in President Bill Clinton presenting 22 Medals of Honor in 2000.[152] Twenty of these medals went to American soldiers of Japanese descent of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (442nd RCT) that served in the European Theater of Operations during World War II.[152][153] One of these Medal of Honor recipients was Senator Daniel Inouye, a former U.S. Army officer in the 442nd RCT.[151]

In 2005, President George W. Bush presented the Medal of Honor to Tibor Rubin, a Hungarian-born American Jew who was a Holocaust survivor of World War II and enlisted U.S. infantryman and prisoner of war in the Korean War, whom many believed to have been overlooked because of his religion.[154]

On April 11, 2013, President Obama presented the Medal of Honor posthumously to Army chaplain Captain Emil Kapaun for his actions as a prisoner of war during the Korean war.[155] This follows other awards to Army Sergeant Leslie H. Sabo, Jr. for conspicuous gallantry in action on May 10, 1970, near Se San, Cambodia, during the Vietnam War[156] and to Army Private First Class Henry Svehla and Army Private First Class Anthony T. Kahoʻohanohano for their heroic actions during the Korean War.[157]

As a result of a Congressionally mandated review to ensure brave acts were not overlooked due to prejudice or discrimination, on March 18, 2014 President Obama upgraded Distinguished Service Crosses to Medals of Honor for 24 Hispanic, Jewish, and African American individuals—the "Valor 24"—for their actions in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.[158] Three were still living at the time of the ceremony.[158]

27th Maine and other revoked awardings

A Medal of Honor monument at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas

During the Civil War, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton promised a Medal of Honor to every man in the 27th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment who extended his enlistment beyond the agreed-upon date. The Battle of Gettysburg was imminent, and 311 men of the regiment volunteered to serve until the battle was resolved. The remaining men returned to Maine, but with the Union victory at Gettysburg the 311 volunteers soon followed. The volunteers arrived back in Maine in time to be discharged with the men who had earlier returned. Since there seemed to be no official list of the 311 volunteers, the War Department exacerbated the situation by forwarding 864 medals to the commanding officer of the regiment. The commanding officer only issued the medals to the volunteers who stayed behind and retained the others on the grounds that, if he returned the remainder to the War Department, the War Department would try to reissue the medals.[159]

In 1916, a board of five Army generals on the retired list convened under act of law to review every Army Medal of Honor awarded. The board was to report on any Medals of Honor awarded or issued for any cause other than distinguished service. The commission, led by Nelson A. Miles, identified 911 awards for causes other than distinguished service. This included the 864 medals awarded to members of the 27th Maine regiment; 29 servicemen who served as Abraham Lincoln's funeral guard; six civilians, including Mary Edwards Walker and Buffalo Bill Cody; and 12 others.[160][161] Walker's medal was restored by President Jimmy Carter in 1977.[132] Cody and four other civilian scouts who rendered distinguished service in action, and who were therefore considered by the board to have fully earned their medals, had theirs restored in 1989.[162] The report was endorsed by the Judge Advocate General, who also advised that the War Department should not seek the return of the revoked medals from the recipients identified by the board. In the case of recipients who continued to wear the medal, the War Department was advised to take no action to enforce the statute.[163]

Nomination under current consideration

David Dunnels White's nomination is under consideration for the capture of Confederate Major General G. W. Custis Lee, eldest son of General Robert E. Lee, at the Battle of Sailors Creek, Virginia, on April 6, 1865.

Similar American decorations

The following decorations, in one degree or another, bear similar names to the Medal of Honor, but are entirely separate awards with different criteria for issuance:

See also

References

Footnotes
  1. ↑ U.S. Coast Guard Signalman First Class Douglas Albert Munro was posthumously awarded the Navy version of the Medal of Honor for bravery at Guadalcanal on September 27, 1942.
Citations
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Department of the Army (July 1, 2002). "Section 578.4 Medal of Honor". Code of Federal Regulations Title 32, Volume 2. Government Printing Office. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  2. ↑ As amended by Act of July 25, 1963
  3. ↑ "Medal of Honor awarded to U.S. Navy SEAL". CNN. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 "Medal of Honor Statistics". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. United States Army Center of Military History. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "Congressional Medal of Honor Society". Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  6. 1 2 U.S. Department of Defense, a Brief History--The Medal of Honor Retrieved August 13, 2015
  7. ↑ Rudolf J. Friederich (June–July 1969). "The Crisis": 243. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  8. ↑ DoD Award Manual, Nov. 23, 2010, 1348. 33, P. 31, 8. c. (1) (a)
    Tucker, Spencer C.; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 879. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
    The Congressional Medal of Honor Society is so designated because that was the name it was given in an act of Congress that was signed into law by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower on August 5, 1958, as Title 36, Chapter 33 of the U.S. Code (see "The Congressional Medal of Honor Society's History". Official Site. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved October 1, 2006.). The law authorizing the society has since been transferred to Title 36, Chapter 405 of the U.S. Code.
  9. ↑ 10 U.S.C. § 1134a
    10 U.S.C. § 3741
    10 U.S.C. § 3744
    10 U.S.C. § 3745
    10 U.S.C. § 3747
    10 U.S.C. § 3754
    10 U.S.C. § 3755
    10 U.S.C. § 6241
    10 U.S.C. § 6256
    10 U.S.C. § 6257
    10 U.S.C. § 8741
    10 U.S.C. § 8745
    10 U.S.C. § 8747
    10 U.S.C. § 8755
    14 U.S.C. § 491
    14 U.S.C. § 504
    14 U.S.C. § 505
  10. ↑ 18 U.S.C. § 704
    36 U.S.C. § 793
  11. ↑ Pullen, John J. (1997). A Shower of Stars: The Medal of Honor and the 27th Maine. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. preface p2. ISBN 978-0-8117-0075-7. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  12. ↑ SECNAVINST 1650.1H, P. 2-20, 224. 2., Aug 22, 2006
  13. ↑ "Medal of Honor". Mohhsus.com. Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States. Retrieved 16 June 2015. as of February 29, 2016, there have been 3,514 Medals of Honor awarded.
  14. ↑ Public Law 101-564, Nov. 15, 1990
  15. ↑ "18 USC 704 - Sec. 704. Military medals or decorations". Us-code.vlex.com. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
  16. ↑ United States Army Center of Military History. "The Badge Of Military Merit/The Purple Heart". Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
  17. ↑ Dept. of the Army Public Information Division, The Medal of Honor of the United States Army (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1948), 10-11.
  18. ↑ Zabecki, David T. (2008). American Artillery and the Medal of Honor. Lulu.com. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4357-5541-3. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  19. ↑ U.S. Senate, James Grimes Biography
  20. ↑ "Above and Beyond", P. 5, 1985, Boston Publishing Company
  21. ↑ "Stealing the General", P. 308, by Russell S. Bonds, 2006
  22. ↑ 'Stealing the General: Great Locomotive Chase and The First Medal of Honor", P. 308, ISBN 1-59416-033-3, 2006, by Russell S. Bonds
  23. ↑ "Two Chief Engineers Were Medal of Honor Recipients?". Did You Know?. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. Retrieved July 29, 2006.
  24. 1 2 Mikaelian & Wallace 2003, p. xviii
  25. 1 2 "Types of the Medal of Honor: 1862 To Present". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  26. ↑ "Above and Beyond": A History of the Medal of Honor and the Civil War, P. 5, These medals were made of copper and coated with bronze, ISBN 0-939526-19-0, by the editors of Boston Publishing Company in cooperation with the CMOH Society, 1985.
  27. ↑ "Above and Beyond", by Boston Publishing Company, 2006
  28. ↑ Quote is from what is written on War Dept. return receipt letter dated March 1865 signed by asst. adjutant Edward Townsend that accompanied the Medal of Honor delivered to Private Franklin Johndro for his act on Sept. 30, 1864, capturing 49 armed Confederate soldiers.
  29. ↑ "Above and Beyond", by Boston Publishing Company, P. 5, 2nd paragraph, 1985
  30. ↑ "Stealing the General, The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor, by Russell S. Bonds, 2006, ISBN 978-1-59416-033-2, P. 309: "The medal of honor is bronze, of neat device, and is highly prized by those of whom it has been bestowed," "Townsend wrote in a 1864 report. Its original design, embodied first in the Navy Medal, was an inverted, five-pointed star...."
  31. ↑ "Above and Beyond: A History of the Medal of Honor from the Civil War to Vietnam", P. 5, The medals were made of copper and coated with bronze, which gave them a reddish tint. ISBN 0-939526-19-0, 1985, by the editors of the Boston Publishing Company in cooperation with the CMOH Society
  32. ↑ "Above and Beyond", 1985, p. 5
  33. ↑ "An Act Making Appropriations for Sundry Civil Expenses of the Government for the Year Ending June Thirty, Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-four, and for the Year Ending the 30[th] of June, 1863, and for Other Purposes," 12 Stat 751, Sec. 6.
  34. ↑ "Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor", 2006, by Russell S. Bonds
  35. ↑ Murphy, Edward F. (2010). Vietnam Medal of Honor Heroes. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 18. ISBN 9780307776174. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  36. 1 2 Doug Sterner (2013). "History". cmohs.org. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  37. ↑ "Legion of Valor History". legionofvalor.com. Legion of Valor. 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  38. 1 2 Hargis, Robert (20 August 2012). World War II Medal of Honor Recipients (2): Army & Air Corps. Osprey Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 9781782002079. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  39. ↑ Mollan, Mark C. (Summer 2001). "The Army Medal of Honor: The First Fifty-five Years". Prologue Magazine (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration) 33 (2). Retrieved 3 September 2014. Further depreciating the value of the medal, the Grand Army of the Republic and other veterans groups began giving out their own medals, some of which looked conspicuously similar to the Medal of Honor.
  40. ↑ Comerford, Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Tim (20 December 2013). "A Matter of Honor – History of the Medal of Honor". navylive.dodlive.mil. Navy Office of Information. Retrieved 3 September 2014. According to Frank, the Army redesigned its medal because other organizations had medals that looked similar. For example, the Grand Army of the Republic had a medal that, from far away, looked like a MoH.
  41. ↑ "Fact Sheet on the Medal of Honor" (PDF). Pritzker Military Library. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  42. ↑ Williams (U.S. Marine Corps), Colonel Dion (1919). "War Decorations". Proceedings (United States Naval Institute) 45 (4): 1094. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  43. 1 2 3 "Medal of Honor, Frequently Asked Questions". Navy.mil. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
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  51. ↑ "The Medal". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved July 21, 2006.
  52. ↑ Freeman, George A. (2008). The Forgotten 500: The Untold Story of the Men Who Risked All for the Greatest Rescue Mission of World War II. Penguin. p. 269. ISBN 9780451224958. Retrieved 3 September 2014. Seventh in the order of precedence of military decorations, the Legion of Merit is one of only two U.S. decorations to be issued as a "neck order", meaning it is worn on a ribbon around the neck. The other is the esteemed Medal of Honor.
    Zabecki, David T. (26 April 2010). "Ask MHQ: Any Reason the U.S. Legion of Merit Looks Like the French Legion of Honor?". historynet.com. Weider History. Retrieved 3 September 2014. For the degree of Commander, the badge is worn from a neck ribbon. (The Medal of Honor is the only other American decoration worn from the neck.)
  53. ↑ "Legion of Merit". Awards. Institute of Heraldry. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  54. ↑ "Legion of Merrit". afpc.af.mil. United States Air Force. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2014. The degrees of chief commander and commander are conferred on members of foreign governments only and are awarded for services comparable to those for which the Distinguished Service Medal is given to members of the United States armed forces.
  55. ↑ Congressional Medal of Honor site, History of the Medal of Honor, May 2, 1896 ("20 Stat. 473")
  56. ↑ "Double Recipients". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  57. ↑ "Department of Defense Manual 1348.33, Volume 1" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. pp. 33–34. Retrieved 13 January 2015. External link in |publisher= (help)
  58. ↑ Naval History & Heritage Command (23 January 2008). "The Medal of Honor -- Navy Medals of Honor, 1861-1941 -- The "Tiffany Cross" pattern". Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  59. ↑ Birnie, Michael (27 April 2003). ""Tiffany" Medal of Honor Comes to Navy Museum". The Navy Museum Public Affairs. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  60. ↑ "Medal of Honor History". Exhibits. State Historical Society of Iowa. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  61. ↑ Robert F. Dorr; Fred L. Borch (4 November 2005). "History in Blue". Air Force Times. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  62. ↑ "Designation of the Medal of Honor Flag". US Code.gov. 23 October 2002. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
  63. ↑ "Special Forces veteran's idea leads to new Medal of Honor flag". Army News Service. Archived from the original on January 11, 2006. Retrieved July 24, 2006.
  64. ↑ "Medal of Honor Flag". The Institute of Heraldry. US Army. Archived from the original on September 11, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2006.
  65. ↑ Cramer, Eric W. (March 29, 2005). "First Medal of Honor flag to be presented". Army News Service. US Army. Archived from the original on July 21, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2006.
  66. ↑ ""Old Ironsides" Hosts Medal of Honor Recipients". Navy Newsstand. US Navy. 2006. Archived from the original on October 8, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
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  68. ↑ Jeff Schogol; Leoo Shane III (12 January 2007). "Marine posthumously awarded Medal of Honor". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 28 January 2013. At the ceremony, Bush noted that more than half of the Medal of Honor recipients since World War II have died earning it.
  69. ↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients Tell Their Stories". C-SPAN. National Cable Satellite Corporation. 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2013. The Medal of Honor is the highest U.S. military honor and is usually presented by the President of the United States.
  70. ↑ 10 U.S.C. § 3752
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  72. ↑ argis, Robert H; Sinton, Starr (2003). World War II Medal of Honor recipients (1): Navy & USMC. Osprey Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84176-613-3. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  73. ↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients, Interim Awards 1920–1940". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
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  75. ↑ "History of the Medal of Honor". CMOHS.org. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
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  77. ↑ Birnie, Michael (2003-04-27). ""Tiffany" Medal of Honor Comes to Navy Museum". U.S. Navy Museum. United States Navy. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  78. ↑ Tillman, Barrett (2003). Above and Beyond: The Aviation Medals of Honor. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 3.
  79. ↑ "Encyclopedia Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia. February 19, 1927. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  80. ↑ "An Act to Amend the Act Approved February 4, 1919 (40 Stat. 1056)," August 7, 1942, Public Law 702, 56 Stat. 743-45."
  81. ↑ "Medal of Honor Statistics". United States Army Center of Military History. May 2003. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
  82. ↑ "An Act to Amend Titles 10, 14, and 38, United States Code, with Respect to the Award of Certain Medals and the Medal of Honor Roll," July 25, 1956, HR 2998, Public Law 88-77, 77 Stat. 93.
  83. ↑ DoD Awards Manual 1348.33, V1, Oct. 12, 2011 (Nov. 23, 2010). p. 31--32, 8. Medal of Honor (1) (a) 1., 2., 3. (k), p. 10, Title 10 US Code sections 3741, 6241, and 8741 (Titles 14 & 38 not referenced by DoD)
  84. 1 2 "An Act to Amend Titles 10, 14, and 38, United States Code, with Respect to the Award of Certain Medals and the Medal of Honor Roll," July 25, 1963, HR 2998, Public Law 88-77, 77 Stat. 93.
  85. ↑ DoD Manual 1348.33, V1, Oct. 12. 2011 (Nov. 23, 2010), p. 31 & 32, 8. Medal of Honor (1) (a) 3. (k), p.10, Title 10 US Code sections 3741, 6241, and 8741 (Title 14 & 38 not referenced By DoD).
  86. 1 2 "Subcommittee No.2 Consideration of HR2998, A Bill to Amend Titles 10, 14, and 38, United States Code, with Respect to the Award of Certain Medals and the Medal of Honor Roll," House of Representatives, Committee of Armed Services, June 6, 1963.
  87. ↑ Executive order 11046 - DoD Awards Manual 1348.33, V3, Oct. 12, 2011 (Nov. 23, 2010), p. 19--21, 4. Bronze Star Medal (Title 10 & 37 is referenced by DoD, Titles 14 & 38 is not referenced by DoD)
  88. ↑ "An Act Making Appropriations for the Support of the Army for the Fiscal Year Ending June Thirtieth, Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen," July 9, 1918, HR12281, Public Law 193, 40 Stat. 870.
  89. ↑ "Sec. 3741. Medal of honor: award". Cornell University. January 26, 1998. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  90. ↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients". Tricare. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  91. ↑ "Special Benefits and Allowances Table". Dept. of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved July 24, 2006.
  92. ↑ "Department of Veterans Affairs Special Benefit Allowances Rates: 2012".
  93. ↑ 32 U.S.C. § 578.9
  94. ↑ http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/451513r.pdf - Page 85
  95. ↑ "Process". Medal of Honor. United States Army. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  96. ↑ 32 CFR 553.15(d)(1)
  97. ↑ "USNA. Admissions". Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.
  98. ↑ 10 U.S.C. § 3991
  99. ↑ 14 U.S.C. § 505
  100. ↑ Shaughnessy, Larry (February 8, 2011). "America's newest Medal of Honor recipient is leaving the Army". CNN. Retrieved February 9, 2011. Even though he's leaving the Army, Giunta is entitled to a number of special benefits reserved for Medal of Honor recipients, including a monthly Veterans Affairs pension of more than $1,237 a month for life as well as an invitation to every presidential inauguration and inauguration party.
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  109. ↑ Pub.L. 103-322, The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, § 320109 (page 318 of the PDF version). Retrieved on June 30, 2012.
  110. ↑ Pub.L. 109-437, The Stolen Valor Act of 2005. Retrieved on June 30, 2012.
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  113. ↑ "S. 1998: Stolen Valor Act of 2005". 109th U.S. Congress (2005–2006). GovTrak.us. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  114. 1 2 18 U.S.C. § 704
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  116. ↑ See id.
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  124. ↑ DoD Manual 1348.33, Nov. 10, 2010, Vol. 1, P. 29, 6., a., (1), (2) & P. 35, i.
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  135. ↑ "An Act Authorizing the President of the United States to present in the name of Congress a medal of honor to Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh," December 14, 1927, HR 3190, Public Law 1, 45 Stat. 1
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  137. ↑ William Putnam, Arctic Superstars: The Scientific Exploration and Study of High Mountain Elevations and of the Regions Lying Within or about the Arctic and Antarctic Circles (Boulder, CO: American Alpine Club, 2001), 171.
  138. ↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients - Authorized by Special Acts of Congress". History.army.mil. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  139. ↑ War Department General orders, No. 59, 13 December 1921, Sec. I
  140. ↑ Approved March 9, 1948, Public Law 438, Eightieth Congress
  141. ↑ Approved August 31, 1957, Public Law 85-251 Eighty-fifth Congress
  142. ↑ Approved May 25, 1984, Public Law 98-301, Ninety-eighth Congress
  143. ↑ "Medal Of Honor Won't Join Once-unknown Pilot," Chicago Tribune, August 23, 1998.
  144. ↑ Tucker 2012, p. 2,359
  145. ↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients: Thomas W. Custer". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  146. ↑ "Medal of Honor Statistics". History.army.mil. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
  147. ↑ 1919 Supplement to United States Complied Statutes, 1918. West Publishing Company. 1919. pp. 30, 49. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
  148. ↑ "Scott, Stephen W.", (2009) Sergeant Major Dan Daly; The Most Outstanding Marine of all Time. Publishamerica Publishers. ISBN 1-60836-465-8.
  149. ↑ Congressional Research Service, Medal of Honor Recipients: 1979-2014, Anne Leland, Information Research Specialist, December 2, 2014, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30011.pdf Since this report was published President Obama at the White House on June 2, 2015 presented Medals of Honor to the next of kin of two World War I soldiers see https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/06/02/obama-awards-medals-of-honor-to-two-world-war-i-soldiers-97-years-after-heroism
  150. ↑ "WWII African American MOH recipients". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved July 20, 2006.
  151. 1 2 Collier & Del Calzo 2006, p. 25
  152. 1 2 Rudi Williams (28 June 2000). "22 Asian Americans Inducted into Hall of Heroes". American Forces Press Service. United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  153. ↑ Gregg K. Kakesako (21 June 2000). "Today, an old wrong is righted as 22 Asian-American heroes are awarded the nation's highest honor for bravery in battle". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  154. ↑ Nguyen Huy Vu (18 October 2005). "Medal of Honor recipient just did duty". Orange County Register. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
    Tom Tugend (16 May 2002). "Pentagon Reviews Jewish Veteran Files". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
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  155. ↑ Barack Obama (2013). Army Chaplain Gets Posthumous Medal of Honor. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
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  156. ↑ "GI killed in Vietnam War receives Medal of Honor". CBS News. May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
  157. ↑ Marsh, Wendell (May 2, 2011). "Two Korean War vets receive Medal of Honor posthumously". Reuters. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011.
  158. 1 2 • "Valor 24 / Medal of Honor / World War II Korean War Vietnam War". U.S. Army Combined Arms Center. March 18, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014. • List with basic details is at U.S. Army's List of Recipients.
  159. ↑ Mikaelian & Wallace 2003, p. xix
  160. ↑ Mikaelian & Wallace 2003, p. xxv
  161. ↑ Collier & Del Calzo 2006, p. 15
  162. ↑ Collier & Del Calzo 2006, p. 16
  163. ↑ 66th Congress 1st Session, Document 58, General Staff and Medals of Honor, ordered to be printed 23 July 1919.
  164. ↑ "Public Safety Officer Medal of Valor". Bureau of Justice Assistance. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
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