Arab immigration to the United States

Arab immigration to the United States began when Arabs accompanied Spanish explorers to the US in the 15th century.[1] During the Revolutionary War, horses exported from Algeria replenished the American cavalry and Morocco was the first country to officially recognize the independence of the United States in 1787 in what is known as the "treaty of Friendship".[2] However, Arabs did not start immigrating to the United States in significant numbers until the 19th century. Since the first major wave of Arab immigration in the late 19th century, the majority of Arab immigrants have settled in or near large cities.[3] Roughly 94 percent of all Arab immigrants live in metropolitan areas,[3] and nearly one third of all Arab Americans live in or around just three cities: New York, Los Angeles and Detroit.[3] While most Arab-Americans have similarly settled in just a handful of major American cities, they form a fairly diverse population representing nearly every country and religion from the Arab world.

These figures aside, recent demographics suggest a shift in immigration trends. More Arab Muslims are coming to the United States than ever before in the most current wave of Arab immigration. Arab immigration has, historically, come in waves, most often as a result of struggles and hardships stemming from specific periods of war or discrimination in their respective mother countries.

1870s–1920s

While individually Arabs have been immigrating to North America since before the United States became a nation, the first significant period of Arab immigration began in the 1870s and lasted until 1924 when the Johnson-Reed Quota Act was passed nearly ending immigration from this region for the time being.[4] The overwhelming majority of Arab immigrants during this period came from the Ottoman province of Syria, which currently encompasses the countries of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan , and Palestine.[4] Because it was not until the 1920s, with the Lebanese national movement, that immigrants from what is now modern Lebanon started adopting a Lebanese national identity, Arabs immigrating prior to that decade from modern day Lebanon were regarded as Syrians.[4] A predominantly Christian population. During this period of time only five to ten percent of all Arab immigrants were Muslim, and an even smaller fraction were Druze. Christians historically had a much easier time immigrating to the United States than their Muslim Arabs. Additionally, during this first wave of immigration, greater Syria was still under Ottoman control. There were tensions between the Arab Muslim and Christians.In this environment, it is unsurprising that many "Syrians" seized this opportunity to emigrate in hopes of a better life, and many ultimately ended up in the United States.

Statistics

1940s–1960s

Immigration slowed greatly due to restrictive quotas and the Great depression from the late 1920s to the end of the 1940s. However, by 1948 war had broken out between Arab states and Yishuv forces. The 1948 Arab–Israeli War sparked a mass migration of Arabs, primarily Palestinians. The war, which ended in 1949, displaced over 750,000 Palestinians, from a population of only 1.3 million, from their homeland.[8] From 1948 until 1966, only 80,000 Arabs officially immigrated to the United States.[9] Of these 80,000, the majority were ethnic Palestinians while the second largest group was made up of Egyptians. Many of the Arabs that immigrated between 1950–1965 were members of the established elite in countries like Egypt, Syria, and Iraq who fled due to popular revolutions and the new regimes that came with them.[10] This is a trend that continues to the present, contributing to the "brain drain" problem throughout the Middle East. Moreover, whereas first wave immigrants tended to go directly to the United States from their country of origin, for second wave immigrants, the United States was often the second or third destination. Palestinian immigrants during this time commonly went to Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, or Syria before making the journey to the United States.[11]

1960s–2010s

The number of immigrants remained relatively small during the second wave of Arab immigration, primarily due to the restrictive immigration policies of the US. However, in 1965, the United States passed new immigration reforms allowing a new wave of Arabs to immigrate. This new group of Arab immigrants was demographically similar to those that immigrated during the past 20 years; however, this wave differed largely in its scope and in their reasons for immigrating. Between 1967 and 2003 some 757,626 Arabs came to the United States, nearly eleven times the number of immigrants during the second wave.[12] Moreover, during this time, in addition to increasingly regular conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, this era was marked by widespread "intra-Arab warfare" and a general increase in religious, ethnic and sectarian tensions in the region.[12] Also, the rise of Islamism in the Middle East during the past few decades helped further drain the region of its native Christian populations.[13] Just as with the previous influx of Arab immigrants, the third major Arab immigration trend consisted of more Palestinians than any other group.[12] The actual number of Palestinians who immigrated to the US during this time is not known because often the United States was not their first destination. Perhaps as many as a quarter of the nearly 800,000 Arabs that period were of Palestinian descent. The massive Palestinian exodus was further motivated by the 1967 Six Day War. Further spurring Palestinian immigration were the intifada uprisings of 1987–1993 and 2000–2005.

Arab American religions from 2002 Zogby International Institute Survey

Aside from Palestinians, Lebanese made up the next biggest group of immigrants during this time. From 1965 to 2005 around 135,000 Lebanese came to the United States. The overwhelming majority, roughly 120,000, came after the commencement of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975.[14] Furthering the emigration from Lebanon was Israel's 1982 invasion.[12] Egyptians and Iraqis also immigrated to the United States in large numbers during this period. From 1967 to 2003 more than 120,000 Egyptians have immigrated to the US. Of this population, around 50,000 were Coptic Christians.[15] Also, since 1967, 108,000 Iraqis have come to the US.[16] Many fled during the country's drawn-out war with Iran lasting from 1980–1988. Again, in keeping with the "brain-drain" trend of the region, a large portion of these immigrants were educated professionals not willing to serve in the army. Harsh United Nations sanctions following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait further deteriorated Iraq's economy, increasing emigration. Between the first and second US invasions of Iraq roughly 53,000 Iraqis immigrated to the United States. Large numbers of Syrians and Yemenis immigrated to the United States during this wave as well. Since 1967, some 36,000 Syrians have immigrated to the US.[17] A lot of Arabs from other countries, like Egypt and Morocco are immigrating to America because of the unemployment in their country.

Demographics

Nationality Arab American Population (%)
Lebanese 34
Egyptian 11
Syrian 11
Palestinian 6
Iraqi* 3
Moroccan 3
Jordanian 3
Arab 15
Other Arab** 17

*Excludes those who identify as Assyrians in Iraq.

**Includes those from Algeria, Bahrain, Comors Islands, Djibouti, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, The United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Does not include person from Sudan, Somalia, or Mauritania.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Press. p. 26.
  2. ↑ Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Press. p. 27.
  3. 1 2 3 "Demographics". Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 Naff, Alixa (1993). Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Southern Illinois University. p. 2.
  5. 1 2 Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 81.
  6. ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 97.
  7. ↑ Naff, Alixa (1993). Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Southern Illinois University. p. 97.
  8. ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 153.
  9. ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 181.
  10. ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 182.
  11. ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 179.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 189.
  13. ↑ Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Press. p. 35.
  14. ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 207.
  15. ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 201.
  16. ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 190.
  17. ↑ Orfalea, Gregory (2006). The Arab Americans: A History. Olive Branch Press. p. 199.
  18. 1 2 Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Press. p. 99.
  19. 1 2 Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Press. p. 98.
  20. 1 2 Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Press. p. 100.
  21. 1 2 Kayyali, Randa (2006). The Arab Americans. Greenwood Press. p. 101.

External links

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