Circumpolar peoples

Circumpolar peoples and Arctic peoples are umbrella terms for the various indigenous peoples of the Arctic.

Circumpolar coastal human population distribution ca. 2009 (includes both indigenous and non-indigenous)

Prehistory

The earliest inhabitants of North America's central and eastern Arctic are referred to as the Arctic small tool tradition (AST) and existed c. 2500 BC. AST consisted of several Paleo-Eskimo cultures, including the Independence cultures and Pre-Dorset culture.^[1][2] The Dorset culture (Inuktitut: Tuniit or Tunit) refers to the next inhabitants of central and eastern Arctic. The Dorset culture evolved because of technological and economic changes during the period of 1050–550 BC. With the exception of the Quebec/Labrador peninsula, the Dorset culture vanished around 1500 AD.^[3] Supported by genetic testing, evidence shows that Dorset culture, known as the Sadlermiut, survived in Aivilik, Southampton and Coats Islands, until the beginning of the 20th century.^[4]

Dorset/Thule culture transition dates around the 9th–10th centuries. Scientists theorize that there may have been cross-contact of the two cultures with sharing of technology, such as fashioning harpoon heads, or the Thule may have found Dorset remnants and adapted their ways with the predecessor culture.^[5] Others believe the Thule displaced the Dorset.

Historical and contemporary peoples

By 1300, the Inuit, present-day Arctic inhabitants and descendants of Thule culture, had settled in west Greenland, and moved into east Greenland over the following century. Over time, the Inuit have migrated throughout the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, Russia and the United States.^[6]

Other Circumpolar North indigenous peoples include the Buryat, Chukchi, Evenks, Inupiat, Khanty, Koryaks, Nenets, Sami, Yukaghir, and Yupik, who still refer to themselves as Eskimo which means "snowshoe netters", not "raw meat eaters" as it is sometimes mistakenly translated.^[7]

List of peoples by ethnolinguistic grouping

• "Paleosiberian"
  • Tungusic
    • Evenks, China, Mongolia, Russia
  • Chukotko-Kamchatkan
    • Koryaks, Russian Far East
    • Chukchi, Siberia, Russia
• Turkic
  • Northeast Turkic
    • Dolgans, Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Krai), Russia
    • Yakuts, Siberia (Sakha), Russia
• Eskimo–Aleut
  • Yupik: Alaska and the Russian Far East
    • Alutiiq, Alaska
    • Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alaska
    • Cupik, Alaska
    • Siberian Yupik, Siberia, Russia
  • Inuit: Greenland, Northern Canada (Nunavut and Northwest Territories), Alaska
    • Kalaallit, Greenland
    • Inupiat: Alaska's Arctic and North Slope boroughs and the Bering Straits
  • Aleut: Aleutian Islands and Kamchatka Krai
• Uralic
  • Finno-Ugric
    • Ugric peoples, Yugra, Siberia, Russia
      • Khanty, Yugra, Siberia, Russia
      • Mansi, Yugra, Siberia, Russia
    • Sami: Northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Kola peninsula in Russia
  • Samoyedic
    • Nenets, Russia
    • Enets, western Siberia, Russia
    • Nganasan, Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia
    • Selkup, Siberia, Russia
  • Yukaghirs, East Siberia, Russia

See also

• Indigenous peoples of Siberia
• Inuit Circumpolar Council

References

1. Hoffecker, John F. (2005). A prehistory of the north: human settlement of the higher latitudes. Rutgers University Press. p. 130. ISBN 0-8135-3469-0.
2. Gibbon, pp. 28–31
3. Gibbon, pp. 216–217
4. McGhee, Robert (2005). The last imaginary place: a human history of the Arctic world (Digitized October 7, 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-19-518368-1.
5. Gibbon, p. 218
6. "First Nations Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization.
7. "Arctic Peoples". British Museum.

• Takashi Irimoto, Takako Yamada (eds.) Circumpolar Religion and Ecology: An Anthropology of the North, University of Tokyo Press, 1994, ISBN 9780860085157.