Arctotheca populifolia

Arctotheca populifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Arctotheca
Species: A. populifolia
Binomial name
Arctotheca populifolia
(P.J.Bergius) Norl.
Synonyms[1]
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Arctotheca populifolia is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names beach daisy,[2] Cape beach daisy, South African beach daisy, coast capeweed, dune arctotheca, beach pumpkin,[3] sea pumpkin,[4] dune cabbage,[5] and in South Africa, seepampoen, tonteldoek, and strandgousblom.[6] This species is native to South Africa. It was introduced to Australia and is now a common weed of coastal areas in New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia.[3]

Description

This plant is a perennial herb with thick, ribbed, decumbent stems growing in clumps up to 30 centimeters tall. The herbage is woolly, gray, and fleshy.[2][7] The white-haired leaves have oval blades up to 6 centimeters long by 5 wide, with smooth or toothed edges. The inflorescence is borne on a woolly, erect peduncle up to 11 centimeters tall. The flower head is about 2 centimeters wide with yellow ray florets 5 to 7 millimeters long and yellow disc florets in the center. The fruit is a white-woolly cypsela about half a centimeter long.[2]

Ecology

This plant is a pioneer species of sandy coastal habitat types, such as dunes. It is a main factor in the formation of dune hummocks, a dune type formed in its native South Africa when wind deposits sand around it and other newly established beach plants.[5] One small form of dune hummock is a nabkha. This plant and its associate Gazania rigens form nabkhas that are inhabited by a variety of small animals such as nematodes and the sand flea Talorchestia capensis.[8]

The ability of the plant to colonize bare sand has helped it take hold on the Australian coastline. It was planted for beach stabilization in Western Australia until it became apparent that it was invasive. Native Spinifex grasses are now used for this purpose.[9] The beach daisy is now a coastal weed of much of temperate Australia. It can also grow on basaltic soils, allowing it to move inland from beaches to grasslands.[3]

The seeds of the plant are wind-dispersed, but because they remain viable in fresh and salt water, they are also commonly dispersed on the water. As a coastal species, they are carried on ocean currents.[7][10][11] The seeds can also be transported in soil and plant waste.[7]

As an invasive species, it competes with native plants such as hairy spinifex (Spinifex sericeus). It binds sand more efficiently, holding more of it and thus changing the topography of the dune systems. This process can interrupt the flow of seawater into and out of coastal lakes.[3] Even seedlings one centimeter tall can accumulate sand, building tiny dunes of their own.[5] Many shorebirds nest on bare sand beaches because they can more easily see predators, so the buildup of vegetation and hilly dunes interferes with their nesting.[10]

The flowers are pollinated by bees and flies.[6][7] The plant is host to the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Septoglomus fuscum.[12] The seeds of the plant are a favored food item of the African hairy-footed gerbil (Gerbillurus paeba), which also eats T. capensis, the sand flea that lives in the dunes around the plant.[13]

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List Arctotheca populifolia (P.J.Bergius) Norl.
  2. 1 2 3 Arctotheca populifolia. New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Arctotheca populifolia. Weeds of Australia: Biosecurity Queensland Edition. University of Queensland.
  4. ↑ Manning, John C. (2007). Field Guide to Fynbos. Struik. p. 414. ISBN 978-1-77007-265-7.
  5. 1 2 3 Elliott, B.L.; et al. (2000). "Patterns of development and succession of vegetated hummocks in slacks of the Alexandria coastal dune field, South Africa" (PDF). Journal of Coastal Conservation 6 (1): 79–88. doi:10.1007/bf02730471.
  6. 1 2 Arctotheca populifolia. South African National Biodiversity Institute, plantzafrica.com.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Brown, K. L. and K. A. Bettink. (2009 onwards). Arctotheca populifolia. Swan Weeds: Management Notes. FloraBase — The Western Australian Flora. Department of Environment and Conservation.
  8. ↑ Hesp, P.; McLachlan, A. (February 2000). "Morphology, dynamics, ecology and fauna of Arctotheca populifolia and Gazania rigens nabkha dunes". Journal of Arid Environments 44 (2): 155–172. doi:10.1006/jare.1999.0590.
  9. ↑ Dixon, Kingsley W. (2011). Coastal Plants: A Guide to the Identification and Restoration of Plants of the Perth Region. CSIRO Publishing. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-643-10222-4.
  10. 1 2 Volunteers battle beach daisies. Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Government of South Australia. June 29, 2012.
  11. ↑ Salleh, A. Message in a bottle helps fight weeds. ABC Science. February 15, 2008.
  12. ↑ Błaszkowski J, Chwat G, Kovács GM, Gáspár BK, Ryszka P, Orlowska E, Pagano MC, Araújo FS, Wubet T, Buscot F (2013). "Septoglomus fuscum and S. furcatum, two new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota)". Mycologia 105 (3): 670–680. doi:10.3852/12-127. PMID 23233507.
  13. ↑ Ascaray, C.A.; McLachlan, A.; Randall, R.M. (1990). "Food preferences of Gerbillurus paeba exilis in a coastal dunefield, South Africa" (PDF). Acta Theriologica 35 (3-4): 181–9.
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