New South Wales

New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW) is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, South Australia to the west, the Tasman Sea to the east and surrounds the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. New South Wales' capital city is Sydney, which is also the nation's most populous city. In March 2014, the estimated population of New South Wales was 7.5 million,^[3] making it Australia's most populous state. Just under two-thirds of the state's population, 4.67 million, live in the Greater Sydney area.^[9] Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen.^[1]^[2]

The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788. It originally comprised a much larger area of the Australian mainland and also included Lord Howe Island, New Zealand, Norfolk Island and Van Diemen's Land. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, New Zealand, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory (1863).

Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the areas now known as the Australian Capital Territory and the Jervis Bay Territory.

History

Main article: History of New South Wales

Aborigines (indigenous people)

Main article: Prehistory of Australia

The original inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. Before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region.^[10]

The Wodi Wodi people are the original custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney.^[11] Speaking a variant of the Dharawal language, the Wodi Wodi people lived across a large stretch of land which was roughly surrounded by what is now known as Campbelltown, Shoalhaven River and Moss Vale.^[11]

The Bundjalung people are the original custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas.

1788 British settlement

The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the unmapped eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland, now Australia. In his original journal(s) covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land "New Wales". However, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he "revised the wording" to "New South Wales".^[12]

The first British settlement was made by what is known in Australian history as the First Fleet; this was led by Captain Arthur Phillip, who assumed the role of governor of the settlement on arrival in 1788 until 1792.^[13]^[14]

After years of chaos, anarchy and the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, a new governor, Lieutenant-Colonel (later Major-General) Lachlan Macquarie, was sent from Britain to reform the settlement in 1809.^[15] During his time as governor, Macquarie commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches and public buildings, sent explorers out from Sydney and employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney. Macquarie's legacy is still evident today.

Mid-1800s

During the 19th century, large areas were successively separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania (proclaimed as a separate colony named Van Diemen's Land in 1825), South Australia (1836), Victoria (1851) and Queensland (1859). Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855. Following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840. In 1841, it was separated from the Colony of New South Wales to form the new Colony of New Zealand.

Charles Darwin visited Australia in January 1836 and in The Voyage of the Beagle (chapter 19 of the 11th edition) records his hesitations about and fascination with New South Wales, including his speculations about the geological origin and formation of the great valleys, the aboriginal population, the situation of the convicts, and the future prospects of the country.

1901 Federation of Australia

At the end of the 19th century, the movement toward federation between the Australian colonies gathered momentum. Conventions and forums involving colony leaders were held on a regular basis. Proponents of New South Wales as a free trade state were in dispute with the other leading colony Victoria, which had a protectionist economy. At this time customs posts were common on borders, even on the Murray River.

Travelling from NSW to Victoria in those days was very difficult. Supporters of federation included the NSW premier Sir Henry Parkes whose 1889 Tenterfield Speech (given in Tenterfield) was pivotal in gathering support for NSW involvement. Edmund Barton, later to become Australia's first Prime Minister, was another strong advocate for federation and a meeting held in Corowa in 1893 drafted an initial constitution.

In 1898 popular referendums on the proposed federation were held in NSW, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. All votes resulted in a majority in favour, but the NSW government under Premier George Reid (popularly known as "yes–no Reid" because of his constant changes of opinion on the issue) had set a requirement for a higher "yes" vote than just a simple majority which was not met.

In 1899 further referendums were held in the same states as well as Queensland (but not Western Australia). All resulted in yes votes with majorities increased from the previous year. NSW met the conditions its government had set for a yes vote. As a compromise to the question on where the capital was to be located, an agreement was made that the site was to be within NSW but not closer than 100 miles (161 km) from Sydney, while the provisional capital would be Melbourne. Eventually the area that now forms the Australian Capital Territory was ceded by NSW when Canberra was selected.

Early 20th century

In the years after World War I, the high prices enjoyed during the war fell with the resumption of international trade. Farmers became increasingly discontented with the fixed prices paid by the compulsory marketing authorities set up as a wartime measure by the Hughes government. In 1919 the farmers formed the Country Party, led at national level by Earle Page, a doctor from Grafton, and at state level by Michael Bruxner, a small farmer from Tenterfield.

The Great Depression, which began in 1929, ushered in a period of political and class conflict in New South Wales. The mass unemployment and collapse of commodity prices brought ruin to both city workers and to farmers. The beneficiary of the resultant discontent was not the Communist Party, which remained small and weak, but Jack Lang's Labor populism. Lang's second government was elected in November 1930 on a policy of repudiating New South Wales' debt to British bondholders and using the money instead to help the unemployed through public works. This was denounced as illegal by conservatives, and also by James Scullin's federal Labor government. The result was that Lang's supporters in the federal Caucus brought down Scullin's government, causing a second bitter split in the Labor Party. In May 1932 the Governor, Sir Philip Game dismissed his government. The subsequent election was won by the conservative opposition.

Japanese POW camp in Cowra, 1944, several weeks before the Cowra breakout

By the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the differences between New South Wales and the other states that had emerged in the 19th century had faded as a result of federation and economic development behind a wall of protective tariffs. New South Wales continued to outstrip Victoria as the centre of industry, and increasingly of finance and trade as well. Labor returned to office under the moderate leadership of William McKell in 1941 and remained in power for 24 years. World War II saw another surge in industrial development to meet the needs of a war economy, and also the elimination of unemployment.

Post-war period

Labor stayed in power until 1965. Towards the end of its term in power it announced a plan for the construction of an opera/arts facility on Bennelong Point. The design competition was won by Jørn Utzon. Controversy over the cost of what would eventually become the Sydney Opera House became a political issue and was a factor in the eventual defeat of Labor in 1965 by the conservative Liberal Party led by Sir Robert Askin. Sir Robert remains a controversial figure with supporters claiming him to be reformist especially in terms of reshaping the NSW economy. Others though, regard the Askin era as synonymous with corruption with Askin the head of a network involving NSW police and SP bookmaking (Goot).

A short-lived South Maitland Railway (SMR) Railcar travelling between Weston and Abermain, 1962. The SMR is notable for being the second last system in Australia to use steam haulage.

In the late 1960s, a secessionist movement in the New England region of the state led to a referendum on the issue. The new state would have consisted of much of northern NSW including Newcastle. The referendum was narrowly defeated and, as of 2010, there are no active or organised campaigns for new states in NSW.

Askin's resignation in 1975 was followed by a number of short lived premierships by Liberal Party leaders. When a general election came in 1976 the ALP under Neville Wran were returned to power. Wran was able to transform this narrow one seat victory into landslide wins (known as Wranslide) in 1978 and 1981.

The Sydney Opera House was completed in 1973 and has become a World Heritage Site.

After winning a comfortable though reduced majority in 1984, Wran resigned as premier and left parliament. His replacement Barrie Unsworth struggled to emerge from Wran's shadow and lost a 1988 election against a resurgent Liberal Party led by Nick Greiner. Unsworth was replaced as ALP leader by Bob Carr. Initially Greiner was a popular leader instigating reform such as the creation of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). Greiner called a snap election in 1991 which the Liberals were expected to win. However the ALP polled extremely well and the Liberals lost their majority and needed the support of independents to retain power.

Greiner was accused (by ICAC) of corrupt actions involving an allegation that a government position was offered to tempt an independent (who had defected from the Liberals) to resign his seat so that the Liberal party could regain it and shore up its numbers. Greiner resigned but was later cleared of corruption. His replacement as Liberal leader and Premier was John Fahey whose government secured Sydney the right to host the 2000 Summer Olympics. In the 1995 election, Fahey's government lost narrowly and the ALP under Bob Carr returned to power.

Like Wran before him Carr was able to turn a narrow majority into landslide wins at the next two elections (1999 and 2003). During this era, NSW hosted the 2000 Sydney Olympics which were internationally regarded as very successful, and helped boost Carr's popularity. Carr surprised most people by resigning from office in 2005. He was replaced by Morris Iemma, who remained Premier after being re-elected in the March 2007 state election, until he was replaced by Nathan Rees in September 2008.^[16] Rees was subsequently replaced by Kristina Keneally in December 2009.^[17] Keneally's government was defeated at the 2011 state election and Barry O'Farrell became Premier on 28 March. On 17 April 2014, O'Farrell stood down as Premier after misleading an ICAC investigation concerning a gift of a bottle of wine. The Liberal Party then elected Treasurer Mike Baird as party leader and Premier.

Government

Main article: Government of New South Wales

New South Wales Parliament House

Executive authority is vested in the Governor of New South Wales, who represents and is appointed by Queen Elizabeth II. The current Governor is David Hurley. The Governor commissions as Premier the leader of the parliamentary political party that can command a simple majority of votes in the Legislative Assembly. The Premier then recommends the appointment of other Members of the two Houses to the Ministry, under the principle of responsible or Westminster government. It should be noted, however, that as in other Westminster systems, there is no constitutional requirement in NSW for the Government to be formed from the Parliament—merely convention. The Premier is Mike Baird of the Liberal Party.^[17]

Constitution

The form of the Government of New South Wales is prescribed in its Constitution, dating from 1856 and currently the Constitution Act 1902 (NSW).^[18] Since 1901 New South Wales has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth.

In 2006, the Constitution Amendment Pledge of Loyalty Act 2006 No 6,^[19] was enacted to amend the NSW Constitution Act 1902 to require Members of the New South Wales Parliament and its Ministers to take a pledge of loyalty to Australia and to the people of New South Wales instead of swearing allegiance to Elizabeth II her heirs and successors, and to revise the oaths taken by Executive Councillors. The Pledge of Loyalty Act was officially assented to by the Queen on 3 April 2006.

Under the Australian Constitution, New South Wales ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to the Commonwealth, but retained independence in all other areas. The New South Wales Constitution says: "The Legislature shall, subject to the provisions of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, have power to make laws for the peace, welfare, and good government of New South Wales in all cases whatsoever".^[20]

Parliament

The State Parliament is composed of the Sovereign and two houses: the Legislative Assembly (lower house), and the Legislative Council (upper house). Elections are held every four years on the fourth Saturday of March, the most recent being on 28 March 2015. At each election one member is elected to the Legislative Assembly from each of 93 electoral districts and half of the 42 members of the Legislative Council are elected by a statewide electorate.

Local government

New South Wales is divided into 152 local government areas. In addition, there is also the Unincorporated Far West Region which is not part of any local government area, in the sparsely inhabited Far West, and Lord Howe Island, which is also unincorporated but self-governed by the Lord Howe Island Board.

Emergency services

New South Wales is policed by the New South Wales Police Force, a statutory authority. Established in 1862, the NSW Police Force investigates Summary and Indictable offences throughout the State of New South Wales. The state has two fire services: the volunteer based New South Wales Rural Fire Service, which is responsible for the majority of the state, and the Fire and Rescue NSW, a government agency responsible for protecting urban areas. There is some overlap due to suburbanisation. Ambulance services are provided through the Ambulance Service of New South Wales. Rescue services (i.e. vertical, road crash, confinement) are a joint effort by all emergency services, with Ambulance Rescue, Police Rescue Squad and Fire Rescue Units contributing. Volunteer rescue organisations include the Australian Volunteer Coast Guard, State Emergency Service (SES), Surf Life Saving New South Wales and Volunteer Rescue Association (VRA).

Demographics

Population

The estimated resident population since 1981

The estimated population of New South Wales at the end of June 2014 was 7,565,500 people. The population grew by 1.4% over the preceding year,^[21] equal to the national rate.

The principal ancestries of New South Wales's residents (as surveyed in 2011) are:^[22]

25.0% Australian
24.2% English
7.4% Irish
6.0% Scottish
4.3% Chinese

62.9% of NSW's population is based in Sydney.^[23]

The Sydney central business district is Australia's largest financial centre.

A portion of the eastern end of the Newcastle foreshore

Wollongong at night

Tweed Heads Twin Towns on the state border of New South Wales and Queensland

Population by Statistical Area Level 4 and 3
NSW rank	Statistical Area Level 4 and 3	Population 30 June 2014^[24]	10 year growth rate	Population density (people/km²)
1	Greater Sydney	4,840,628	15.7	391.4
2	Newcastle and Lake Macquarie	368,131	9.0	423.1
3	Illawara	296,845	9.3	192.9
4	Hunter Valley excluding Newcastle	264,087	16.2	12.3
5	Richmond Tweed	242,116	8.9	23.6
6	Capital region	220,944	10.9	4.3
7	Mid North Coast	212,787	9.2	11.3
8	Central West	209,850	7.9	3.0
9	New England and North West	186,262	5.3	1.9
10	Riverina	158,144	4.7	2.8
11	Southern Highlands and Shoalhaven	146,388	10.4	21.8
12	Coffs Harbour-Grafton	136,418	7.6	10.3
13	Far West and Orana	119,742	0.3	0.4
14	Murray	116,130	4.0	1.2
	New South Wales	7,518,472	10.4	13.0

Population by Significant Urban Area
NSW rank	Significant Urban Area	Population 30 June 2014 ^[24]	Australia rank	10 year growth rate
1	Sydney	4,451,841	1	16.1
2	Newcastle - Maitland	430,755	10	11.3
3	Wollongong	289,236	15	9.2
4	Tweed Heads	72,623	32	16.7
5	Coffs Harbour	68,052	34	11.2
6	Albury	61,146	34	8.2
7	Wagga Wagga	55,364	36	10.5
8	Port Macquarie	44,875	41	13.7
9	Tamworth	41,810	42	12.0
10	Orange	39,766	44	13.3
11	Bowral - Mittagong	37,495	47	9.6
12	Dubbo	36,622	48	9.2
13	Bathurst	35,391	50	15.3
14	Nowra - Bomaderry	35,383	51	13.4
15	Lismore	29,388	57	3.3
16	Nelson Bay - Corlette	27,135	62	16.0
17	Taree	26,448	63	2.3
18	Ballina	25,058	65	6.5
19	Morisset - Cooranbong	23,694	67	12.1
20	Armidale	23,691	68	5.4
21	Goulburn	22,906	69	8.1
22	Cessnock	22,180	71	15.0
23	Forster - Tuncurry	20,706	74	6.4
24	Griffith	19,318	79	10.3
25	Broken Hill	19,048	80	-5.3
26	Grafton	18,698	81	2.1
27	Kurri Kurri - Weston	17,241	87	11.2
28	Singleton	16,904	88	8.1
29	Batemans Bay	16,593	89	11.3
30	Camden Haven	16,289	92	8.8
31	Ulladulla	15,057	97	6.0
32	St Georges Basin - Sanctuary Point	13,657	104	15.9
33	Lithgow	12,989	105	3.1
34	Muswellbrook	12,723	106	10.9
35	Parkes	11,491	109	6.9
New South Wales		7,518,472	N/A	10.4

Transport

Main article: Transport in New South Wales

Passage through New South Wales is vital for cross-continent transport. Rail and road traffic from Brisbane (Queensland) to Perth (Western Australia), or to Melbourne (Victoria) must pass through New South Wales.

Railways

Sydney Trains A Set at Strathfield Station

The majority of railways in New South Wales are currently operated by the state government. Some lines began as branch-lines of railways starting in other states. For instance, Balranald near the Victorian border was connected by a rail line coming up from Victoria and into New South Wales. Another line beginning in Adelaide crossed over the border and stopped at Broken Hill.

Railways management are conducted by Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink^[25] which maintain rolling stock. Sydney Trains operates trains within Sydney while NSW TrainLink operates outside Sydney, intercity, country and interstate services.

Roads

Pacific Motorway (Sydney–Newcastle) north of the Hawkesbury River

Major roads are the concern of both federal and state governments. The latter maintains these through the Department of Roads and Maritime Services, formerly the Roads and Traffic Authority, and before that, the Department of Main Roads (DMR).

The main roads in New South Wales are

Hume Highway linking Sydney to Melbourne, Victoria;
Princes Highway linking Sydney to Melbourne via the Tasman Sea coast;
Pacific Highway linking Sydney to Brisbane, Queensland via the Pacific coast;
New England Highway running from the Pacific Highway, at Newcastle to Brisbane by an inland route;
Federal Highway running from the Hume Highway south of Goulburn to Canberra, Australian Capital Territory;
Sturt Highway running from the Hume Highway near Gundagai to Adelaide, South Australia;
Newell Highway linking rural Victoria with Queensland, passing through the centre of New South Wales;
Great Western Highway linking Sydney with Bathurst. As Route 32 it continues west as the Mitchell Highway then as the Barrier Highway to Adelaide via Broken Hill.

Other roads are usually the concern of the RTA and/or the local government authority.

Air

Qantas A380 taking off at Sydney Airport

Kingsford Smith Airport (commonly Sydney Airport, and locally referred to as Mascot Airport or just 'Mascot'), located in the southern Sydney suburb of Mascot is the major airport for not just the state but the whole nation. It is a hub for Australia's national airline Qantas.

Other airlines serving regional New South Wales include:^[26]

Jetstar^[27]
Regional Express (also known as Rex);^[28]
Virgin Australia^[29] (formerly known as Virgin Blue Airlines).

Ferries

The state government through Sydney Ferries operates ferries within Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River. It also has a ferry service within Newcastle.^[30] All other ferry services are privately operated.^[31]

Spirit of Tasmania ran a commercial ferry service between Sydney and Devonport, Tasmania. This service was terminated in 2006.^[32]

Private boat services operated between South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales along the Murray and Darling Rivers but these only exist now as the occasional tourist paddle-wheeler service.^[33]

Education

The Sydney Grammar School, established in 1854, is the oldest secondary school still in use in Sydney CBD.

Primary and secondary

The NSW school system comprises a kindergarten to year 12 system with primary schooling up to year 6 and secondary schooling between year 7 and 12. Schooling is compulsory until age 17.^[34]

Primary and secondary schools include government and non-government schools. Government schools are further classified as comprehensive and selective schools. Non-government schools include Catholic schools, other denominational schools, and non-denominational independent schools.

Typically, a primary school provides education from kindergarten level to year 6. A secondary school, usually called a "high school", provides education from years 7 to 12. Secondary colleges are secondary schools which only cater for years 11 and 12.

The government classifies the 13 years of primary and secondary schooling into six stages, beginning with early stage 1 (Kindergarten) and ending with stage 6 (years 11 and 12).

School Certificate

Main article: School Certificate

The School Certificate was awarded by the Board of Studies to students at the end of Year 10. The Board of Studies administered five external tests in English-literacy, Mathematics, Science, Australian History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship. The tests were designed to grade a student on their ability. The results of this test were categorised into bands 1 through to 6 with band 1 as the lowest and band 6 as the highest.^[35] Adrian Piccoli the NSW Education Minister confirmed that School Certificate tests would not continue after 2011.^[36]

Higher School Certificate

Main article: Higher School Certificate (New South Wales)

The Higher School Certificate (HSC) is the usual Year 12 leaving certificate in NSW. Most students complete the HSC prior to entering the workforce or going on to study at university or TAFE (although the HSC itself can be completed at TAFE). The HSC must be completed for a student to get an Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (formerly Universities Admission Index), which determines the students rank against fellow students who completed the Higher School Certificate.

Tertiary

The University of Sydney, established in 1850, is the oldest university in Australia

Eleven universities primarily operate in New South Wales. Sydney is home to Australia's first university, the University of Sydney founded in 1850, and is the largest and highest ranked university in New South Wales.^[37]^[38] Other universities include the University of New South Wales, Macquarie University, the University of Technology, Sydney and Western Sydney University. The Australian Catholic University has two of its six campuses in Sydney, and the private University of Notre Dame Australia also operates a secondary campus in the city.

Outside Sydney, the leading universities are the University of Newcastle and the University of Wollongong. Armidale is home to the University of New England, and Charles Sturt University and Southern Cross University have campuses spread across cities in the state's south-west and north coast respectively.

The public universities are state government agencies, however they are largely regulated by the federal government, which also administers their public funding. Admission to NSW universities is arranged together with universities in the Australian Capital Territory by another government agency, the Universities Admission Centre.

Primarily vocational training is provided up the level of advanced diplomas is provided by the state government's ten Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes. These institutes run courses in over 130 campuses throughout the state.

Geography and ecology

Main article: Geography of New South Wales

The Snowy Mountains

New South Wales is bordered on the north by Queensland, on the west by South Australia, on the south by Victoria and on the east by the Tasman Sea. The Australian Capital Territory and the Jervis Bay Territory form a separately administered entity that is bordered entirely by New South Wales. The state can be divided geographically into four areas. New South Wales' three largest cities, Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong, lie near the centre of a narrow coastal strip extending from cool temperate areas on the far south coast to subtropical areas near the Queensland border.

Byron Bay beach in northern New South Wales

The Illawarra region is centred on the city of Wollongong, with the Shoalhaven, Eurobodalla and the Sapphire Coast to the south. The Central Coast lies between Sydney and Newcastle, with the Mid North Coast and Northern Rivers regions reaching northwards to the Queensland border. Tourism is important to the economies of coastal towns such as Coffs Harbour, Lismore, Nowra and Port Macquarie, but the region also produces seafood, beef, dairy, fruit, sugar cane and timber.

The Great Dividing Range extends from Victoria in the south through New South Wales to Queensland, parallel to the narrow coastal plain. This area includes the Snowy Mountains, the Northern, Central and Southern Tablelands, the Southern Highlands and the South West Slopes. Whilst not particularly steep, many peaks of the range rise above 1,000 metres (3,281 ft), with the highest Mount Kosciuszko at 2,229 m (7,313 ft). Skiing in Australia began in this region at Kiandra around 1861. The relatively short ski season underwrites the tourist industry in the Snowy Mountains. Agriculture, particularly the wool industry, is important throughout the highlands. Major centres include Armidale, Bathurst, Bowral, Goulburn, Inverell, Orange, Queanbeyan and Tamworth.

There are numerous forests in New South Wales, with such tree species as Red Gum Eucalyptus and Crow Ash (Flindersia australis), being represented.^[39] Forest floors have a diverse set of understory shrubs and fungi. One of the widespread fungi is Witch's Butter (Tremella mesenterica).^[40]

The western slopes and plains fill a significant portion of the state's area and have a much sparser population than areas nearer the coast. Agriculture is central to the economy of the western slopes, particularly the Riverina region and Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in the state's south-west. Regional cities such as Albury, Dubbo, Griffith and Wagga Wagga and towns such as Deniliquin, Leeton and Parkes exist primarily to service these agricultural regions. The western slopes descend slowly to the western plains that comprise almost two-thirds of the state and are largely arid or semi-arid. The mining town of Broken Hill is the largest centre in this area.^[41]

One possible definition of the centre for New South Wales is located 33 kilometres (21 mi) west-north-west of Tottenham.^[42]

Climate

The major part of New South Wales, west of the Great Dividing Range, has an arid to semi arid climate. Rainfall averages from 150 millimetres (5.9 in) to 500 millimetres (20 in) a year throughout most of this region, and summer temperatures can be scorching hot while winter nights can be quite cold. Further east, along the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range, rainfall is higher, usually around 600 millimetres (24 in) and falls fairly evenly throughout the year.^[43]

Peaks along the Great Dividing Range vary from 500 metres (1,640 ft) to over 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) above sea level. Temperatures can be cool to cold in winter with frequent frosts and snowfall, and are rarely hot in summer due to the elevation. Canberra has a climate typical of the range, as do the regional cities of Orange and Armidale. Rainfall is moderate, from 600 millimetres (24 in) to 1,500 millimetres (59 in), falling fairly evenly throughout the year; however, it peaks slightly in the north in the summer months on account of heavy thunderstorms and in the south in winter due to cold fronts moving across southern Australia. Snowfall is also common in the higher parts of the range, sometimes occurring as far north as the Queensland border. On the highest peaks of the Snowy Mountains, the climate can be subpolar oceanic with very cold temperatures and heavy snow.^[43]

The climate along the flat, coastal plain east of the range varies from cool oceanic in the south to humid subtropical in the far north of the state. Rainfall is highest in this area; however, it still varies from around 800 millimetres (31 in) to as high as 3,000 millimetres (120 in) in the wettest areas, for example Dorrigo. Along the southern coast, rainfall is heaviest in winter due to cold fronts, while in the far north, around Lismore, rain is heaviest in summer from tropical systems and occasionally even cyclones.^[43]

The highest maximum temperature recorded was 49.7 °C (121 °F) at Menindee in the west of the state on 10 January 1939. The lowest minimum temperature was −23 °C (−9 °F) at Charlotte Pass in the Snowy Mountains on 29 June 1994. This is also the lowest temperature recorded in the whole of Australia excluding the Antarctic Territory.^[44]

Climate data for New South Wales
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	49.7 (121.5)	48.5 (119.3)	46.7 (116.1)	41.1 (106)	34.4 (93.9)	30.5 (86.9)	31.7 (89.1)	37.8 (100)	39.6 (103.3)	43.9 (111)	46.8 (116.2)	48.9 (120)	49.7 (121.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−5.6 (21.9)	−7.0 (19.4)	−7.2 (19)	−13.0 (8.6)	−13.4 (7.9)	−23.0 (−9.4)	−19.6 (−3.3)	−20.6 (−5.1)	−16.7 (1.9)	−12.0 (10.4)	−9.4 (15.1)	−7.0 (19.4)	−23.0 (−9.4)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology^[45]

Economy

Main article: Economy of New South Wales

The Sydney Harbour Bridge is an important tourist attraction for New South Wales.

Port Kembla is notable for its steelworks industry, with many ships utilising the port.

Since the 1970s, New South Wales has undergone an increasingly rapid economic and social transformation. Old industries such as steel and shipbuilding have largely disappeared; although agriculture remains important, its share of the state's income is smaller than ever before.

New industries such as information technology and financial services are largely centred in Sydney and have risen to take their place, with many companies having their Australian headquarters in Sydney CBD. In addition, the Macquarie Park area of Sydney has attracted the Australian headquarters of many information technology firms.

Coal and related products are the state's biggest export. Its value to the state's economy is over A$5 billion, accounting for about 19% of all exports from NSW.^[46]

Tourism has also become important, with Sydney as its centre, also stimulating growth on the North Coast, around Coffs Harbour and Byron Bay. Tourism is worth over $25.1 billion to the New South Wales economy and employs 7.1% of the workforce.^[47] In 2007, then-Premier of New South Wales Morris Iemma established Events New South Wales to "market Sydney and NSW as a leading global events destination". In July 2011, Events NSW merged with three key state authorities including Tourism NSW to establish Destination NSW (DNSW).^[48]

New South Wales had a Gross State Product in 2010–11 (equivalent to Gross Domestic Product) of $419.9 billion which equalled $57,828 per capita.^[49]

On 9 October 2007, NSW announced plans to build a 1,000 MW bank of wind powered turbines. The output of these is anticipated to be able to power up to 400,000 homes. The cost of this project will be $1.8 billion for 500 turbines.^[50] On 28 August 2008, the New South Wales cabinet voted to privatise electricity retail, causing 1,500 electrical workers to strike after a large anti-privatisation campaign.^[51]

The NSW business community is represented by the NSW Business Chamber which has 30,000 members.

Agriculture

Riparian water rights

Under the Water Management Act 2000, updated riparian water rights were given to those within NSW with livestock. This change was named the "The Domestic Stock Right" which gives "an owner or occupier of a landholding is entitled to take water from a river, estuary or lake which fronts their land or from an aquifer which is underlying their land for domestic consumption and stock watering without the need for an access licence."^[57]

National parks

Hunter Valley Gardens in autumn

New South Wales has more than 780 national parks and reserves covering more than 8% of the state.^[58] These parks range from rainforests, waterfalls, rugged bush to marine wonderlands and outback deserts, including World Heritage areas.^[59]

The Royal National Park on the southern outskirts of Sydney became Australia's first National Park when proclaimed on 26 April 1879. Originally named The National Park until 1955, this park was the second National Park to be established in the world after Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. Kosciuszko National Park is the largest park in state encompassing New South Wales' alpine region.^[60]

The National Parks Association was formed in 1957 to create a system of national parks all over New South Wales which led to the formation of the National Parks and Wildlife Service in 1967.^[61] This government agency is responsible for developing and maintaining the parks and reserve system, and conserving natural and cultural heritage, in the state of New South Wales. These parks preserve special habitats, plants and wildlife, such as the Wollemi National Park where the Wollemi Pine grows and areas sacred to Australian Aboriginals such as Mutawintji National Park in western New South Wales.

Sport

Main article: Sport in New South Wales

ANZ Stadium, Sydney – home of the NRL Grand Final

Throughout Australian history, NSW sporting teams have been very successful in both winning domestic competitions and providing players to the Australian national teams.

The largest sporting competition in the state is the National Rugby League, which expanded from the New South Wales Rugby League and Australian Rugby Leagues whose headquarters are in Sydney. The state is represented by the The 'Blues' in the traditional State of Origin series. Sydney is the spiritual home of Australian rugby league and to 9 of the 16 NRL teams: (Sydney Roosters, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Parramatta Eels, Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, Wests Tigers, Penrith Panthers, Canterbury Bulldogs and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles), as well as being the northern home of the St George Illawarra Dragons, which is half-based in Wollongong. A tenth team, the Newcastle Knights is located in Newcastle. The City vs Country Origin match is also taken to various regional cities around the state.

The Bathurst 1000, held at Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst

The state is represented by four teams in soccer's A-League: Sydney FC (the inaugural champions in 2005–06), the Western Sydney Wanderers, the Central Coast Mariners, based at Gosford and the Newcastle United Jets (2007–08 A League Champions). Australian rules football has historically not been strong in New South Wales outside the Riverina region. However, the Sydney Swans relocated from South Melbourne in 1982 and their presence and success since the late 1990s has raised the profile of Australian rules football, especially after their AFL premiership in 2005. A second NSW AFL club, the Greater Western Sydney Giants, entered the competition in 2012. Other teams in national competitions include basketball's Sydney Kings, Sydney Uni Flames, rugby union's NSW Waratahs and netball's Sydney Swifts.

The Sydney Cricket Ground at the 4th Australia vs India test, 2004

Sydney was the host of the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 1938 British Empire Games. The Olympic Stadium, now known as ANZ Stadium is the scene of the annual NRL Grand Final. It also regularly hosts State of Origin matches and rugby union internationals, and hosted the final of the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the football World Cup qualifier between Australia and Uruguay.

The main summer sport is cricket and the SCG hosts the 'New Year' cricket Test match from 2–6 January each year, and is also one of the sites for the finals of the One Day International series. The NSW Blues play in the Ford Ranger Cup and Sheffield Shield cricket competitions. The annual Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race begins in Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day. The climax of Australia's touring car racing series is the Bathurst 1000, held near the city of Bathurst.

The popular equine sports of campdrafting and polocrosse were developed in New South Wales and competitions are now held across Australia. Polocrosse is now played in many overseas countries.

Major professional teams include:

Culture

The Big Golden Guitar in Tamworth represents the city's country music culture.

As Australia's most populous state, New South Wales is home to a number of cultural institutions of importance to the nation. In music, New South Wales is home to the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Australia's busiest and largest orchestra. Australia's largest opera company, Opera Australia, is headquartered in Sydney. Both of these organisations perform a subscription series at the Sydney Opera House. Other major musical bodies include the Australian Chamber Orchestra. Sydney is host to the Australian Ballet for its Sydney season (the ballet is headquartered in Melbourne). Apart from the Sydney Opera House, major musical performance venues include the City Recital Hall and the Sydney Town Hall.

New South Wales is home to several major museums and art galleries, including the Australian Museum, the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Sydney, the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Museum of Contemporary Art.

Indigenous art display at the Art Gallery of New South Wales

Sydney is home to five Arts teaching organisations, which have all produced world famous students: The National Art School, The College of Fine Arts, the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), the Australian Film, Television & Radio School and the Conservatorium of Music (now part of the University of Sydney).

New South Wales is the setting and shooting location of many Australian films, including Mad Max 2, which was shot near the near the mining town of Broken Hill. The state has also attracted international productions, both as a setting, such as in Mission: Impossible II, and as a stand-in for other locations, as seen in The Matrix franchise, The Great Gatsby and Unbroken.^[62]^[63] 20th Century Fox operates Fox Studios Australia in Sydney. Screen NSW, which controls the state film industry, generates approximately $100 million into the New South Wales economy each year.^[64]

References

1 2 "The origin of the term 'cockroach'". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
1 2 Jopson, Debra (23 May 2012). "Origin of the species: what a state we're in". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
1 2 "3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics, Mar 2014". ABS. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
↑
↑ "Floral Emblem of New South Wales". www.anbg.gov.auhi. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
↑ "New South Wales". Parliament@Work. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
↑ "New South Wales". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
↑ "NSW State Flag & Emblems". NSW Government. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
↑ "Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2011–12: New South Wales". ABS. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
↑ "Aboriginal settlement". About NSW. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
1 2 History of Aboriginal People of the Illawarra 1770 to 1970. Department of Environment and Conservation, NSW. 2005. p. 8.
↑ See Captain W. J. L. Wharton's preface to his 1893 transcription of Cook's journal. Available online in the University of Adelaide Library's Electronic Texts Collection.
↑ Phillip, Arthur (1789). "The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay". Project Gutenberg. With an Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island
↑ Fletcher, B. H. (1967). "Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. pp. 326–333.
↑ McLachlan, N. D. (1967). "Macquarie, Lachlan (1762–1824)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. pp. 187–95.
↑ Benson, Simon; Hildebrand, Joe (5 September 2008). "Nathan Rees new NSW premier after Morris Iemma quits". Courier Mail. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
1 2 "Keneally sworn in as state's first female premier". Herald Sun (Australia). 4 December 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
↑ "Constitution Act 1902". NSW Government. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
↑ http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/caola2006n6460.pdf
↑ Constitution Act 1902 (NSW), section 5.
↑ 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics, December 2014.
↑ 2011 Census QuickStats: New South Wales. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved on 16 July 2013.
↑ 1338.1 – New South Wales in Focus, 2007.
1 2 "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2013–14". Australian Bureau of Statistics.
↑ "Transport for New South Wales". Transport for New South Wales. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
↑ NSW Rural and Regional Air Transport Operators Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Jetstar;
↑ Rex;
↑ "Virgin Australia". Virgin Australia. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
↑ "Stockton Ferry". Newcastlebuses.info. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
↑ "List of Ferry Services". Transport.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
↑ "Spirit of Tasmania – Sydney Service". Spiritoftasmania.com.au. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
↑ Echuca Paddlesteamer Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Education Act 1990 (NSW), Section 22.
↑ Introduction to the School Certificate – Board of Studies NSW.
↑ Announcement on School Certificate Archived 24 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Sydney. Top Universities (14 February 2012). Retrieved on 16 July 2013.
↑ The University of Sydney. Top Universities (13 December 2012). Retrieved on 16 July 2013.
↑ Joseph Henry Maiden. 1908. The Forest Flora of New South Wales, v. 3, Australian Government Printing Office.
↑ C. Michael Hogan, Witch's Butter: Tremella mesenterica, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed; N. Stromberg.
↑ Australian Encyclopaedia, Vol. 7, Grolier Society.
↑ "Geoscience Australia — Center of Australia, States and Territories". Archived from the original on 6 May 2013.
1 2 3 "Stormy Weather" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
↑ "Rainfall and Temperature Records: National" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
↑ "Official records for Australia in January". Daily Extremes. Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
↑ http://www.business.nsw.gov.au/PDF/Trade%20and%20Investment-B3_top10_merch_exports.pdf Archived 15 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Economic Contribution of Tourism to NSW 2012-13 - Destination NSW. NSW Tourism Satellite Accounts, August 2007, cited at: Tourism New South Wales and there retrieved 2 May 2011
↑ About Us - Destination NSW
↑ "Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2010–11". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
↑ Australia to get 1,000 megawatt wind farm.
↑ Susan Price (30 August 2008). "NSW power workers strike against privatisation". greenleft.org.au. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
↑ Agricultural Production Retrieved on 7 March 2009.
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↑ SMH Travel – Scone. Retrieved on 7 March 2009.
↑ http://www.coolmore.com/stallions/australia/ Archived 5 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ "Domestic and stock rights". NSW Department of Primary Indistries, Office of Water. 15 August 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
↑ 2008 Guide to National Parks, p. 59, NSW NPWS.
↑ Welcome to NSW National Parks. Office of Environment and Heritage, retrieved 2 May 2011
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↑ "Who We Are". National Parks Association of NSW. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
↑ Frater, Patrick (30 September 2013). "Angelina Jolie's 'Unbroken' Set to Shoot in Oz". Variety. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
↑ Clifford, Catherine (14 December 2013). "Hollywood actor Angelina Jolie starts filming scenes for the movie 'Unbroken' in Werris Creek". ABC News. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
↑ "Screen NSW Annual Report (2012-13)" (PDF). screen.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

External links

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New South Wales

History

Aborigines (indigenous people)

1788 British settlement

Mid-1800s

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Post-war period

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