Henry Parkes

For the author and professor of history at New York University, see Henry Bamford Parkes.

The Honourable Sir Henry Parkes GCMG


7th Premier of New South Wales Elections: 1872, 1874-75, 1877, 1880, 1882, 1887, 1889, 1891
In office 14 May 1872 – 8 February 1875
Monarch	Victoria
Governor	Sir Hercules Robinson
Preceded by	Sir James Martin
Succeeded by	Sir John Robertson
Constituency	Mudgee East Sydney
In office 22 March 1877 – 16 August 1877
Monarch	Victoria
Governor	Sir Hercules Robinson
Preceded by	Sir John Robertson
Succeeded by	Sir John Robertson
Constituency	East Sydney
In office 21 December 1878 – 4 January 1883
Monarch	Victoria
Governor	Sir Hercules Robinson Augustus Loftus
Preceded by	James Farnell
Succeeded by	Sir Alexander Stuart
Constituency	Canterbury East Sydney Tenterfield
In office 25 January 1887 – 16 January 1889
Monarch	Victoria
Governor	The Lord Carrington
Preceded by	Sir Patrick Jennings
Succeeded by	Sir George Dibbs
Constituency	St Leonards
In office 8 March 1889 – 23 October 1891
Monarch	Victoria
Governor	The Lord Carrington The Earl of Jersey
Preceded by	Sir George Dibbs
Succeeded by	Sir George Dibbs
Constituency	St Leonards
Personal details
Born	27 May 1815 Canley, Coventry, England
Died	27 April 1896(1896-04-27) (aged 80) Sydney, Colony of New South Wales
Resting place	Faulconbridge, New South Wales
Nationality	British subject
Political party	Free Trade Party
Spouse(s)	Clarinda Varney (m.1836-d.1888) Eleanor Dixon (m.1889-d.1895) Julia Lynch (m.1895-96)
Children	Thomas Clarinda Martha Clarinda Sarah Robert Mary Mary Edith Milton Lily Maria Annie Gertrude Varney Lily Faulconbridge Sydney Kenilworth Aurora Henry Cobden Charles Jessel
Profession	Statesman
Religion	Anglican

Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG (27 May 1815^[1] – 27 April 1896)^[2] was a colonial Australian politician and longest non-consecutive Premier of the Colony of New South Wales, the present-day state of New South Wales in the Commonwealth of Australia. He has been referred to as the "Father of Federation" due to his early promotion for the federation of the six colonies of Australia and as an early critic of British convict transportation and as a proponent for the expansion of the Australian continental rail network^[3]^[4]

Parkes delivered his famous Tenterfield Oration in 1889 which lead to his instigation of a conference in 1890 and a Constitutional Convention in 1891,^[5] the first of a series of meetings that led to the federation of Australia. He died in 1896, five years before this process was completed. He was described during his lifetime by The Times as "the most commanding figure in Australian politics". Alfred Deakin described Parkes as having flaws but nonetheless being "a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament".^[2]

Early life

Birthplace in Canley, Coventry, England.

Parkes was born in Canley (now a suburb of Coventry), in Warwickshire, England, and christened in the nearby village of Stoneleigh. His father, Thomas Parkes, was a small-scale tenant farmer. Little is known about his mother, who died in 1842. He received little schooling, and at an early age was working on a ropewalk for 4 pence a day. His next work was in a brickyard, describing it as "breaking stones on the Queen's highway with hardly enough clothing to protect me from the cold". He was then apprenticed to John Holding, a bone and ivory turner at Birmingham, and around 1832 joined the Birmingham political union. Between then and 1838 he was associated with the political movements that were then endeavouring to better the conditions endured by the working classes.

He was steadily educating himself, too, by reading assiduously, including the works of the British poets. In 1835, he addressed some verses, afterwards included in his first volume of poems, to Clarinda Varney, the daughter of a local butler. On 11 July 1836 he married Clarinda Varney and went to live in a single room. Parkes commenced business on his own account in Birmingham and had a bitter struggle to make ends meet.^[5]

Immigration to Australia

Following the death of their two children at an early age and a few unsuccessful weeks living in London, Parkes and his wife immigrated to New South Wales. They travelled aboard the Strathfieldsaye, which arrived at Sydney on 25 July 1839. Another child had been born two days before. On arrival they had only a few shillings between them and had to sell their belongings as Parkes looked for work. He was eventually employed with John Jamison, one of the colony's wealthiest settlers, on the Regentville estate near Penrith. He was paid with £25 a year and food rations. After spending six months at Regentville, he returned to Sydney and worked in various low-paying jobs, first with an ironmongery store and then with a firm of engineers and brass-founders.

About a year after his arrival in Sydney, Parkes was hired by the New South Wales Customs Department as a Tide Waiter, and given the task of inspecting merchant vessels to guard against smuggling. He had been recommended for this responsible post by Jamison's son-in-law, William John Gibbes, who was manager of Regentville and the son of Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes who led the Customs Department.

Parkes' financial position improved due to his stable new government job, even though he was still burdened with a backlog of undischarged debts. Parkes continued to write poetry. A volume entitled Stolen Moments was published in Sydney in 1842. He met the poet Charles Harpur and William Augustine Duncan, the editor of a local newspaper; he mentions in his Fifty Years of Australian History, that these two men became his "chief advisers in matters of intellectual resource".^[5] In early 1846, he left the Customs Department after a disagreement with Colonel Gibbes over a press leak that concerned the alleged behaviour of one of Parkes' co-workers. Despite this, Parkes would continue to remain on friendly terms with Gibbes and his family for the rest of his life. Gibbes' grandson, Frederick Jamison Gibbes, was also a member of the Parliament of New South Wales in the 1880s and like Parkes became a supporter of federation.

After his departure from the Customs Service, Parkes worked in the private sector. He worked as an ivory and bone turner and later ran a shop of his own in Hunter Street. At one stage, he owned several newspapers, including The People's Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator and Empire. He was not successful as a businessman and eventually went bankrupt after running up debts totaling £48,500. He continued to support Australian culture and published poetry in his newspapers.

Campaign for self-government

During Parkes' early years in Australia, Parkes took an interest in political issues. Most notably, he joined the growing movement in the colony for self-governance. This was already a major political issue; the New South Wales Legislative Council had been reformed in 1843 to include elected members for the first time. He also became an opponent of the transportation of convicts to Australia and a supporter of land reform.

He voiced his opinions on political issues in Atlas and the People's Advocate. He first became involved in politics in 1848 when he worked for Robert Lowe in his successful campaign in the Legislative Council elections. The following year, he supported a petition to the Parliament of the United Kingdom for fewer restrictions on voting. He spoke in favour of universal suffrage for the first time. Parkes thought his own speech a very weak performance. The petition succeeded in securing less restrictive voting requirements.

On 8 June 1849, Parkes attended a protest in Circular Quay against the arrival of a convict ship arrived in Sydney. He continued to support the anti-transportation cause with writings and speeches, until the British Government ended almost all transportation to Australia in 1853.

In December 1850, Parkes founded the Empire newspaper. At first a broadsheet only published weekly, it soon became a daily. Parkes was loyal to the British Empire, but also wanted critics of the establishment to have a voice. As a result, the paper became critical of the incumbent Governor Charles Augustus FitzRoy and the rest of the colonial government. He also attacked William Wentworth's plans to introduce self-governance because it proposed an unelected Legislative Council and a restrictive franchise for the elected Legislative Assembly. The proposal was eventually passed after some amendments to make it more democratic. Some years later, Parkes said that, "in the heated opposition to the objectionable parts of Mr Wentworth's scheme, no sufficient attention was given to its great merits".

Election to Legislative Council

Wentworth went to England to support the bill in its passage through the British Parliament in 1854, and resigned his seat as a representative for the City of Sydney.^[6] Charles Kemp and Parkes were nominated for the vacancy, and the latter was successful by 1427 votes to 779. Parkes in his election speeches had advocated the extension of the power of the people, increased facilities for education and a bold railway policy.

In any event, Parkes began his political career quietly. He was with the minority faction in the Legislative Council, and he and his political allies could afford to bide their time until the new constitution came into force. His workload at the Empire office was extremely heavy, and in December 1855 he announced his intention of retiring from parliament. He was persuaded to alter his mind, and a month later he stood as a liberal candidate for Sydney City in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.^[5]

Legislative Assembly

The first parliament under responsible government commenced on 22 May 1856 but, for some months, little effective work was done. Ministry after ministry was formed, only to disappear within a few weeks due to factional instability. Parkes was once offered office but declined as he felt he would be deserting his friends. The Empire was not paying its way in spite of its reputation, and if it were to be saved Parkes would have to give his whole time to it.

Around the end of 1856, he resigned his seat. Considering the short period he had been in parliament the response was remarkable. The press and public men of the period united in deploring his loss, and more than one effort was made to start a testimonial for him, but he resolutely declined to accept one. It is clear that his sincerity and power had made a great impression on the community. He put all his energies into an attempt to save his paper. There was no limit to the number of hours he worked in each day, but he was unsuccessful. The liabilities of the paper amounted to fully £50,000 and, though his friends rallied round him and tried to ease the situation by advancing the sum required to pay off a mortgage of £11,000 in 1858, the position became hopeless.

Early in that year, Parkes had entered the Legislative Assembly again, this time as member for the North Riding of Cumberland. An interesting sidelight on his growing reputation is the fact that before this election (Sir) Charles Gavan Duffy wrote to a friend in Sydney, urging the desirability of Parkes' being elected. With remarkable prescience, he said: "I am confident that 10 years hence, and I do not doubt that 10 generations hence, the name which will best personify the national spirit of New South Wales in this era will be the name of Henry Parkes".

Parkes sat in this parliament for about six months but then resigned at the end of August 1858 on account of his insolvency. His liabilities were estimated at £50,000 and his assets at £48,500. On the literary side the Empire was an excellent paper, but only a man of great business acumen could have made a financial success of it at this period. The issuing of a certificate of insolvency was bitterly opposed and the proceedings were long drawn out. It is evident that Parkes had resorted to the usual shifts of a man in financial difficulties, but it was shown that, in some cases at least, he had acted under the advice of his banker, and he was ultimately exonerated by the chief commissioner in insolvency of any fraudulent intent.

Third Parliament

Relieved of his heavy work on the Empire, which was continued in other hands, Parkes stood for parliament and was elected for East Sydney on 10 June 1859. He stood as an independent candidate but in the list of candidates elected he was described by the Sydney Morning Herald as a "radical". He was generally in favour of Sir John Robertson's land policy, of the extension of education, and of free trade. He was not a bigoted freetrader as he was as strongly in favour of developing manufactures as he was of encouraging agriculture. He was a strong supporter of free trade, immigration programmes and education reforms. He introduced laws that gave the Government the power to employ teachers and create public schools, abolished government funding to religious schools and improved prisons.

Parkes also believed in immigration, and his well-known powers as an orator led to his being sent to England with W. B. Dalley as commissioners of emigration at a salary of £1000 a year each in May 1861. Parkes left his wife and five, soon to become six, children in poverty, on a rented farm at Werrington.^[2] Their duties were confined to diffusing information, and Parkes spoke at about 60 meetings at towns in the west and north of England and in Scotland. He felt that he had done good work, but it was difficult to say how much effect his words had. During the 14 months he was in England he met many interesting people, and became in particular friendly with Carlyle and his wife. He returned to Australia in January 1863.

In August he opposed J. B. Darvall at East Maitland and was defeated; but in the following year, was elected for Kiama. In January 1866 the premier, Charles Cowper, resigned in consequence of an amendment moved by Parkes having been carried. Strictly speaking the governor should have asked Parkes whether he could form a government, but Sir James Martin was sent for and Parkes was given the position of Colonial Secretary. This ministry remained in office for nearly three years, from January 1866 to October 1868. An important piece of legislation carried through was the Public Schools Act 1866, introduced by Parkes, of which an essential part was that no man or woman would be allowed to act as a teacher who had not been properly trained in teaching. Provision was also made for the training of teachers, and the act marked a great advance in educational methods. A council of education was formed, and for the first four years after the passing of the act Parkes filled the office of president. In spite of the fears of some of the religious bodies the act worked well, and many new schools were established all over the colony.^[5] Parkes also initiated the introduction of nurses from England trained by Florence Nightingale.^[2]

In 1867 to 1868 Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (Queen Victoria's second oldest son) visited the Australian colonies. On 12 March 1868 the Duke was shot in the back by one Henry James O'Farrell. The assassin was Irish, and at the time claimed he was a Fenian. The wound while painful was not fatal. However the Colonial Government overreacted, and despite the Duke's requests for leniency it executed O'Farrell. O'Farrell had, in the meantime, admitted he was not really a member of the Fenians, but by the time of the execution other acts of violence connected with the Fenians (most notably the murder of D'Arcy McGee in Canada) spurred anti-Fenian and anti-Irish Catholic feelings. Parkes pushed anti-Fenianism hard. For a while his claims of a vast Fenian conspiracy in New South Wales was believed, but when nothing further occurred public opinion began to reverse and he was attacked. As a result, his political position was weakened.^[7]

He resigned from the Martin ministry in September 1868, and for the next three and a half years was out of office. In the first year of the Robertson government he moved a want-of-confidence motion which was defeated by four votes. Parkes continued to be one of the most conspicuous figures in the house, and at the 1869 election was returned at the head of the poll for East Sydney. A much larger proportion of assisted Irish immigrants than English or Scotch had been arriving in the colony for many years and Parkes felt there was an element of danger in this. He stated that he had no feeling against the Irish or their religion, but his protestations were without avail and the Irish section of the community became hostile to him.

Resignation, re-election and first premiership

Second premiership

Third premiership

Electoral defeat

When Parkes returned the government was apparently in no danger, but there was a general feeling that an amendment of the land laws was necessary. Far too much of the land was falling into the hands of the large graziers and dummying was a common practice. As far back as 1877 Parkes had realized that the land laws were not working well, and Robertson's bill only proposed comparatively unimportant amendments. Robertson, however, was a strong man in the cabinet and Parkes unwisely took the line of least resistance. The ministry was defeated, a dissolution was obtained, and at the election the party was not only defeated, Parkes lost his own seat at East Sydney. Another constituency, Tenterfield, was found for him but he took little interest in politics for some time. He went to England as representative of a Sydney financial company and did not return until August 1884, having been absent 14 months. In November, he resigned his seat and announced his retirement from politics.

He was now in his seventieth year. He opened an office in Pitt Street as representative of the financial association which had sent him to England, and remained in this position until 1887. He could not, however, keep long away from politics. At the beginning of 1885 W. B. Dalley, while acting-premier, offered a contingent of troops to go to the Sudan and the offer was accepted. Parkes strongly disapproved and, though public opinion was against him, on 31 March he won Argyle. When he took his seat in September objection was taken to claims of parliamentary corruption he had made when resigning from Parliament in 1884, and Sir Alexander Stuart moved a resolution affirming that the words he had used were a gross libel on the house. His motion was carried by four votes and Parkes was quite unrepentant, but the ministry did not dare go any farther. One of the supporters of the ministry moved that Parkes should be expelled but only obtained the support of his seconder.

Fourth premiership

Fifth premiership and Federation

Retirement

Sir Henry Parkes and the second Lady Parkes in the 1890s

Hampton Villa, Balmain, New South Wales, where Parkes lived from 1888 to 1892

Kenilworth, the Gothic home in Annandale where Parkes lived until his death in 1896.

Parkes was now in his 77th year and his political career had practically ended. His career was beneficial to the Australian parliamentary system many were influenced by his actions. He was never to be in office again, and it was a blow to him that when he notified his supporters that he did not desire the position of the leader of the opposition, Reid was elected to lead his party. After that Parkes became practically an independent member. In 1895 he opposed Reid at the general election for Sydney-King and was unsuccessful by 140 votes. He had fought Reid because he felt that the question of federation was being neglected by the government, but Reid was too popular in his constituency to be defeated. Parkes's second wife died in the course of the election and he had many other anxieties. In 1887 a sum of £9000 had been collected by his friends and placed in the hands of trustees for investment. From this fund he had been receiving an income of over £500 a year, but the financial crisis of 1893 reduced this to little more than £200. Parkes was obliged to sell his collection of autograph letters and many other things that he valued, to provide for his household. A movement was made in December 1895 to obtain a grant for him from the government but nothing had been done when he fell ill in April 1896 and died in poverty on the twenty-seventh of that month.

While the last ten years of his life were his most influential politically, Parkes faced immense personal turmoil following the death of his first wife, Clarinda Varney (after whom Clarinda Falls at Faulconbridge, New South Wales, were named). He remarried quickly to Eleanor Dixon and they had two more children. Dixon soon died and Parkes remarried yet again, this time to Julia Lynch. Towards the end of his life he rented Kenilworth, a Gothic mansion in Johnston Street, Annandale, a Sydney suburb. He was given a low rent because the owner wanted the prestige of having Parkes as a tenant. He died there of natural causes on 27 April 1896, five years before Australia became a federation on 1 January 1901, having established the political directions for the new country. Parkes had left directions that his funeral should be as simple as possible; a state funeral was declined, but a very large number of people attended when he was placed by the side of his first wife at Faulconbridge, in the grounds of his former home in the Blue Mountains. His portrait by the artist Julian Ashton is in a public collection in Sydney.

The third Lady Parkes survived Parkes, together with five daughters and one son of the first marriage, and five sons and one daughter by the second. One of his sons, Varney Parkes, an architect, entered parliament and was postmaster-general in the Reid ministry from August 1898 to September 1899. Another, Cobden Parkes, eventually became the New South Wales Government Architect.

Evaluations

Parkes was described during his lifetime by The Times as "the most commanding figure in Australian politics". Alfred Deakin described him as "though not rich or versatile, his personality was massive, durable and imposing, resting upon elementary qualities of human nature elevated by a strong mind. He was cast in the mould of a great man and though he suffered from numerous pettinesses, spites and failings, he was in himself a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament and whose resources of character and intellect enabled him in his later years to overshadow all his contemporaries".^[2]

Parkes was tall, with rugged facial features, a leonine mane of hair and a commanding personality. He was a persuasive orator, too, who eschewed flights of rhetoric and spoke as a plain man to plain men, with great effect, in spite of occasional difficulties in controlling his aspirates. He had no schooling worthy of the name but had read widely. It has been said of him that he lacked gracious manners and was too conscious of his intellectual superiority, but his kindly reception in Britain by the likes of Thomas Carlyle and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, suggests that he was not without charm. He was interested in early Australian literary men, having been a friend of both Harpur and Kendall. He was a bad manager of his own affairs; what he had he spent, and he died penniless.

Yet he evidently knew a good financier when he saw one, for he had able treasurers serving in each of his cabinets, and their financial administration was sound. He was vain and temperamental, and frequently resigned his parliamentary seat only to seek election again soon afterwards. He was not a socialist but he had strong views about the rights of the people and for most of his parliamentary life was a great leader of them. In his later years, however, he seems to have been worn down by the strong conservative opposition he encountered, and he was responsible for a smaller body of social-reform legislation than might have been expected. Early to recognise the need for Australian Federation, when he saw that it had really become possible to achieve, he fought strongly for it, at a time when many leading politicians in New South Wales were fearful of its effect on their colony. The indomitable character which had raised him from farm labourer to premier, and his recognition of the altruistic broader view that was required in a great movement such as Federation, had an immense effect when the cause's fate was in doubt, and weighted the scale in its favour.^[5]

Marriages and children

Parkes was first married to Clarinda Varney on 11 July 1836 in Birmingham.^[9] She died on 2 February 1888 in Balmain, New South Wales, aged 74. They had twelve children:^[10]

Thomas Campbell Parkes (18 April 1837 – 5 May 1837), born and died in Birmingham aged 17 days.
Clarinda Martha Parkes (23 June 1838 – 24 June 1838), born and died in Birmingham aged one day.
Clarinda Sarah Parkes (23 July 1839 – October 1915), married William Thom and had issue.^[11]
Robert Sydney Parkes (21 December 1843 – 2 January 1880), married and had issue.^[12]
Mary Parkes (16 February 1846 – 5 December 1846), died aged under 10 months.
Mary Edith Parkes (3 March 1848 – 15 December 1919), married George Murray and had issue.^[13]
Milton Parkes (14 December 1849 – 19 January 1851), died aged 13 months.
Lily Maria Parkes (27 October 1851 – 25 March 1854), died aged 2 years.
Annie Thomasine Parkes (9 January 1854 – 6 February 1929), remained unmarried.^[14]
Gertrude Amelia Parkes (13 April 1856 – 31 July 1921), married Robert Hiscox and had issue.^[15]
Varney Parkes (4 June 1859 – 14 May 1935), married firstly Mary Murray and then her sister Isabella Murray, and had issue. An architect and Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.
Lily Faulconbridge Parkes (7 February 1862 – 14 October 1932), remained unmarried.^[16]

After his first wife's death, Parkes married Eleanor Dixon on 6 February 1889 in Sydney. They remained married until her death on 16 July 1895 in Annandale, New South Wales, aged 38. They had six children, three born before their marriage:

Sydney Parkes (1884 – 20 April 1937), married Marion Edith Morrissey and had issue.^[17]^[18]
Kenilworth Parkes (1886 – 4 November 1910), married Maude Howard (later Armstrong) and had issue.^[19]^[20]
Aurora Parkes (1888 – 29 October 1974), married Emanuel Evans, without issue.^[21]^[22]
Henry Parkes (1890 – 8 July 1954), married Katherine Rush and had issue.^[23]^[24]^[25]
Cobden Parkes (2 August 1892 – 15 August 1978), married Victoria Lillyman and had issue. Public servant and New South Wales Government Architect.^[26]
Victora Gertrude Parkes (3 July 1882- 4 August 1900)

Parkes married thirdly in Parramatta on 23 October 1895 to Julia Lynch,^[27] his 23-year-old former cook and housekeeper.^[28] They had no children, but Lady Parkes raised her stepchildren from Sir Henry's second marriage. They remained married until his death a year later. Lady (Julia) Parkes died on 11 July 1919 in Lewisham, New South Wales.^[29]

Honours

Parkes was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1877 and Knight Grand Cross of the same order in 1888.

His image appears on the Australian one-dollar coin of 1996; and on the Centenary of Federation commemoration Australian $5 note issued in 2001.

Literary works

Sir Henry Parkes and Miss Annie Parkes in the 1890s

Parkes's literary work includes six volumes of verse, Stolen Moments (1842), Murmurs of the Stream (1857), Studies in Rhyme (1870), The Beauteous Terrorist and Other Poems (1885), Fragmentary Thoughts (1889), Sonnets and Other Verses (1895). It has been the general practice to laugh at Parkes's poetic efforts, and it is true that his work could sometimes be almost unbelievably bad. Yet though he had no real claims to be a poet he wrote some weak, sincere verse which has occasionally been included in Australian anthologies. His prose work includes Australian Views of England (1869), and his autobiographical Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History (1892), extremely interesting in places but necessarily giving a partial view of his own work. A collection of his Speeches on Various Occasions, delivered between 1848 and 1874, was published in 1876, and another collection dealing mostly with federation appeared in 1890 under the title of The Federal Government of Australasia. In 1896, shortly after his death, An Emigrant's Home Letters, a small collection of Parkes's letters to his family in England between 1838 and 1843, was published at Sydney, edited by his daughter, Annie T. Parkes.

Individual poems

"The Buried Chief" (1886)
"Weary" (1892)

Named after Sir Henry Parkes

Parkes, New South Wales, a regional town.
Parkes Observatory, a radio telescope near Parkes, New South Wales.
Parkes, Australian Capital Territory, a suburb of Canberra.
Parkes Way, an arterial road in Canberra.
the Division of Parkes (1901-69), an abolished Sydney electorate in the Australian House of Representatives.
the Division of Parkes, a current regional electorate in the House of Representatives.
the Tenterfield School of Arts museum and theatre complex, also known as the Sir Henry Parkes School of Arts, a museum in the building where Parkes made the famous "Tenterfield Oration", in Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia.
the Sir Henry Parkes Memorial School in Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia.
HMAS Parkes, a Royal Australian Navy corvette during World War II.

He is also commemorated in his birthplace Canley, Coventry by the naming of a road (Sir Henry Parkes Road) and a school (Sir Henry Parkes Primary School) in Coventry. Canley railway station also commemorates the link with Sir Henry Parkes with Australian-themed decor.

References

↑ Mennell, Philip (1892). " Parkes, Hon. Sir Henry". The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co. Wikisource
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Martin, A. W. "Parkes, Sir Henry (1815–96)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
↑ "Federation.". Australian Government. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
↑ Green, Antony (20 October 2010). "Centenary of the First NSW Labor Government". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Serle, Percival. "Sir Henry Parkes (1816–1896)". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
1 2 3 4 "Sir Henry Parkes (1815–1896)". Members of Parliament. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
↑ Manning Clark (1993). History of Australia. p. 328.
↑ The Sydney Mail, 19 May 1888
↑ 16 February 1888, Sydney Morning Herald, Obituary of Lady Parkes. Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13671259?searchTerm=&searchLimits=l-publictag=Clarinda+Parkes
↑ 28 April 1896, Sydney Morning Herald, Sir Henry's Family. Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14047165?searchTerm=Henry%20Parkes%20thom&searchLimits=
↑ 19 October 1915, Sydney Morning Herald, Personal Notices. Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article72096234?searchTerm=Clarinda%20Thom&searchLimits=l-decade=191
↑ 2 January 1880, Sydney Morning Herald, "Bereavement in the Premier's family". Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article108743897
↑ 17 December 1919, Sydney Morning Herald, "Personal Notices". Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page1252317?zoomLevel=3&searchTerm=mary%20edith%20murray&searchLimits=l-decade=191
↑ Obituaries Australia, "Parkes, Annie Thomasine", http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/parkes-annie-thomasine-16597
↑ 2 August 1921, Sydney Morning Herald, "Personal Notices". Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15953510?searchTerm=Gertrude%20Hiscox&searchLimits=l-decade=192|||l-year=1921
↑ Obituaries Australia, "Parkes, Lily Faulconbridge", http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/parkes-lily-faulconbridge-16585
↑ 25 December 1905, Sydney Morning Herald, "Marriages". Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14750607?searchTerm=Parkes%20Morrissey&searchLimits=
↑ People Australia, "Parkes, Sydney", http://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/parkes-sydney-16601
↑ Obituaries Australia, "Parkes, Kenilworth", http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/parkes-kenilworth-16602
↑ State Library of New South Wales, "Maude Armstrong – Letter received from Julia Parkes", http://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au/item/itemDetailPaged.aspx?itemID=89000
↑ People Australia, "Evans, Aurora", http://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/evans-aurora-16603
↑ 31 October 1974, Sydney Morning Herald, "Personal Notices".
↑ People Australia, "Parkes, Henry", http://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/parkes-henry-charles-16604
↑ 12 July 1954, Sydney Morning Herald, "Personal Notices". Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18434241?searchTerm=Henry%20Parkes&searchLimits=l-decade=195|||l-year=1954|||l-category=Family+Notices
↑ 31 December 1914, Clarence and Richmond Examiner, "Social Notes". Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article61640574
↑ Australian Dictionary of Biography, "Parkes, Cobden", http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/parkes-cobden-11342
↑ 26 October 1895, Northern Star, "Marriage of Sir Henry Parkes". Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article72567127?searchTerm=Julia%20Lynch&searchLimits=l-decade=189
↑ 2 November 1895, Warwick Argus, "Sir Henry Parkes married a third time". Accessed through Trove: Digital Newspapers, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76651940?searchTerm=Julia%20Lynch&searchLimits=l-decade=189
↑ Obituaries Australia, "Parkes, Lady Julia", http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/parkes-lady-julia-16606

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Parkes.

Parkes, Henry (Sir) (1815–1896) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Henry Parkes
National Library of Australia
Discovering Democracy
historical feature- Sir Henry Parkes
Parkes Foundation website
Lucy Hughes Turnbull (2008). "Parkes, Henry". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
Works by Sir Henry Parkes at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Political offices
Preceded by James Martin	Premier of New South Wales (first term) 1872–1875	Succeeded by John Robertson
Preceded by John Robertson	Premier of New South Wales (second term) 1877	Succeeded by John Robertson
Preceded by James Farnell	Premier of New South Wales (third term) 1878–1883	Succeeded by Alexander Stuart
Preceded by Patrick Jennings	Premier of New South Wales (fourth term) 1887–1889	Succeeded by George Dibbs
Preceded by George Dibbs	Premier of New South Wales (fifth term) 1889–1891	Succeeded by George Dibbs
New South Wales Legislative Council
Preceded by William Wentworth	City of Sydney May 1854 – Feb 1856 With: Campbell 1854–56, Thurlow 1854–55, Wilshire 1855–56	Succeeded by George Thornton
New South Wales Legislative Assembly
Preceded by New seat	Member for Sydney City Mar 1856 – Dec 1856 With: Campbell, Cowper, Wilshire	Succeeded by William Dalley
Preceded by John Darvall	Member for Cumberland (North Riding) 1858 With: Smith	Succeeded by John Plunkett
Preceded by New seat	Member for East Sydney 1859–1861 With: Black, Cowper/Faucett, Martin	Succeeded by William Forster
Preceded by Samuel Gray	Member for Kiama 1864–1870	Succeeded by John Stewart
Preceded by Marshall Burdekin James Hart James Neale Robert Stewart	Member for East Sydney 1869–1870 With: Buchanan, King, Martin	Succeeded by John Wilson
Preceded by Matthew Stephen	Member for Mudgee 1872	Succeeded by Joseph Innes
Preceded by David Buchanan George King James Martin John Wilson	Member for East Sydney 1872–1877 With: MacIntosh, Neale/Moore/Davies, Samuel/Oakes/Stuart	Succeeded by James Greenwood
Preceded by Richard Hill	Member for Canterbury 1877–1880 With: Lucas	Succeeded by William Pigott
Preceded by John Davies James Greenwood John MacIntosh	Member for East Sydney 1880–1882 With: Dangar, Reid, Renwick	Succeeded by Edmund Barton George Griffiths John McElhone
Preceded by Hugh Gordon	Member for Tenterfield 1882–1884	Succeeded by Robert Abbott
Preceded by John Gannon	Member for Argyle 1885	Succeeded by Francis Tait
Preceded by George Dibbs	Member for St Leonards 1885–1895 With: Ives, Cullen, Burns/Clark	Succeeded by Edward Clark

Premiers of New South Wales

Stuart Donaldson Charles Cowper Henry Parker William Forster John Robertson James Martin Henry Parkes James Farnell Alexander Stuart George Dibbs Patrick Jennings George Reid William Lyne John See Thomas Waddell Joseph Carruthers Charles Wade James McGowen William Holman John Storey James Dooley George Fuller Jack Lang Thomas Bavin Bertram Stevens Alexander Mair William McKell James McGirr Joseph Cahill Bob Heffron Jack Renshaw Robert Askin Tom Lewis Eric Willis Neville Wran Barrie Unsworth Nick Greiner John Fahey Bob Carr Morris Iemma Nathan Rees Kristina Keneally Barry O'Farrell Mike Baird

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 47687438 LCCN: n81055274 ISNI: 0000 0000 8224 8333 GND: 124154107 SUDOC: 069456623 NLA: 35409675

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