Jack Lang (Australian politician)

The Honourable Jack Lang
23rd Premier of New South Wales Elections: 1925, 1927, 1930, 1932
In office 17 June 1925 – 18 October 1927
Preceded by	George Fuller
Succeeded by	Thomas Bavin
Constituency	Parramatta
In office 4 November 1930 – 13 May 1932
Preceded by	Thomas Bavin
Succeeded by	Bertram Stevens
Constituency	Auburn
Personal details
Born	21 December 1876 Sydney, New South Wales
Died	27 September 1975 (aged 98) Auburn, New South Wales, Australia
Political party	Australian Labor Party Lang Labor Non-Communist Labor
Profession	Politician

John Thomas Lang (21 December 1876 – 27 September 1975), usually referred to as J.T. Lang during his career, and familiarly known as "Jack" and nicknamed "The Big Fella", was an Australian politician who was Premier of New South Wales for two terms (1925–27, 1930–32). He is the only Premier of an Australian state to have been dismissed by the state Governor.

Early life

John Thomas Lang was born on 21 December 1876 on George Street, Sydney, close to the present site of The Metro Theatre (between Bathurst Street and Liverpool Street). He was the third son (and sixth of ten children) of James Henry Lang, a watchmaker born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and Mary Whelan, a milliner born in Galway, Ireland. His mother and father had arrived in Australia in 1848 and 1860, respectively, and married in Melbourne, Victoria, on 11 June 1866, moving to Sydney five years later.^[1] Although Lang's father had been born Presbyterian, he later became a Catholic like his wife, and the family "fitted into the normal low social stratum of the great majority of Sydney's Catholics".^[2]

The family lived in the inner-city slums for the majority of Lang's early childhood, including for a period on Wexford Street in Surry Hills, where he attended a local school, St Francis Marist Brothers' on Castlereagh Street. His father suffered from rheumatic fever for most of Lang's childhood, and he supplemented his family's income by selling newspapers in the city on mornings and afternoons.^[1] In the mid-1880s, due to his parents' poverty, he was sent to live with his mother's sister on a small rural property near Bairnsdale, in the Gippsland region of Victoria, attending for about four years the local Catholic school. Lang returned to New South Wales in the early 1890s to seek employment, aged 14. His first jobs were in the rural areas to the south-west of Sydney: on a poultry farm at Smithfield, and then as the driver of a horse-drawn omnibus in and around Merrylands and Guildford.^[2]

Aged 16, he returned to the inner city, working first in a bookstore, and then as an office boy for an accountant. Nairn (1986) writes that Lang's experience in the Sydney slums brought "an intimate knowledge […] of the protean denizens who found shelter there", inculcating in Lang some "real sympathy for them, but above all a determination to avoid their kind of existence, reinforced by a revulsion against the hardships of his own life in a large, generally poverty-stricken family."^[3]

Early career

During the banking crash of the 1890s which devastated Australia, Lang became interested in politics, frequenting radical bookshops and helping with newspapers and publications of the infant Labor Party, which contested its first election in New South Wales in 1891. At the age of 19 he married Hilda Amelia Bredt (1878–1964), the 17-year-old daughter of prominent feminist and socialist Bertha Bredt, and the step-daughter of W. H. McNamara, who owned a bookshop in Castlereagh Street. Hilda's sister, also named Bertha, was married to the author and poet Henry Lawson.

Lang became a junior office assistant for an accounting practice, where his shrewdness and intelligence saw his career advance. Around 1900 he became the manager of a real estate firm in the then semi-rural suburb of Auburn. He was so successful that he soon set up his own real estate business in an area much in demand by working-class families looking to escape the squalor and overcrowding of the inner-city slums.

Lang continued his political pursuits, soon becoming an Alderman on Auburn Municipal Council and eventually mayor. He was elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1913 for the district of Granville, serving as a backbencher in the Labor Party government led by William Holman. When Prime Minister Billy Hughes twice tried to introduce conscription to the country in WWI, Lang sided with the anti-conscriptionist wing of the ALP. The mass defection from the ALP of parliamentarians and supporters who supported the military measure opened up opportunities and Lang positioned himself for advancement. His financial skills led him to become Treasurer in Premier John Storey's Labor Government from 1920 to 1922. Due to the post-World War I financial recession, the state's accounts were in deficit; Lang managed to cut this deficit significantly. From 1920 to 1927, he was a member for the multi-member seat of Parramatta.

After the Australian Labor Party (ALP) lost government in 1922, Lang was elected as Opposition Leader in 1923 by his fellow Labor Party MPs. He led the ALP to victory in the 1925 NSW general election and became Premier.

Lang's first term

During his first term as Premier, Lang carried out many social programmes, including state pensions for widowed mothers with dependent children under fourteen, a universal and mandatory system of workers' compensation for death, illness and injury incurred on the job, funded by premiums levied on employers, the abolition of student fees in state-run high schools and improvements to various welfare schemes such as child endowment (which Lang's government had introduced). Various laws were introduced providing for improvements in the accommodation of rural workers, changes in the industrial arbitration system, and a 44-hour workweek. Extensions were made to the applicability of the Fair Rents Act whilst compulsory marketing along the lines of what existed in Queensland was introduced. Adult franchise for local government elections was also introduced, together with Legislation to safeguard native flora and to penalize ships for discharging oil. His government also carried out road improvements, including paving much of the Hume Highway and the Great Western Highway.

Lang also restored the seniority and conditions to New South Wales Government Railways and New South Wales Government Tramways workers who had been sacked or demoted after the General Strike of 1917, including Ben Chifley, a future Prime Minister of Australia.

Lang established universal suffrage in local government elections – previously only those who owned real estate in a city, municipality or shire could vote in that area's local council elections. His government also passed legislation to allow women to sit in the upper house of the New South Wales Parliament in 1926. This was the first government to do so in the British Empire and three years before the 'Persons Case' decision of the Privy Council in London would grant the same privilege to women throughout the Empire. However, his attempts to abolish the appointive upper house of the NSW Parliament, the Legislative Council, were unsuccessful.

After Labor's defeat at the 1927 election, Lang was Opposition Leader again from 1927 to October 1930. He was a member for Auburn from 1927 to 1946. In this period the Great Depression had begun in earnest with devastating effects on the welfare and security of Australia.

Lang's second term

In 1930, more than one in five adult males in New South Wales was without a job. Australian governments responded to the Depression with measures that, Lang claimed, made circumstances even worse - cuts to government spending, civil service salaries and public works cancellations. Lang vigorously opposed these measures and was elected in a landslide in October 1930.

As Premier, Lang refused to cut government salaries and spending, a stand which was popular with his constituents, but which made the state's fiscal position more parlous, though the economic state of the six other various Australian governments fared little better during this same period. In the wake of the Great Depression, measures were taken to ease the hardships of evicted tenants together with the hardships facing householders and other debtors battling to meet repayments. He passed laws restricting the rights of landlords to evict defaulting tenants, and insisted on paying the legal minimum wage to all workers on relief projects.

At an economic crisis conference in Canberra in 1931, Jack Lang announced his own programme for economic recovery. The "Lang Plan" advocated the repudiation of interest payments to overseas creditors until domestic conditions improved, the abolition of the Gold standard to be replaced by a "Goods Standard" where the amount of money in circulation was linked to the amount of goods produced, and the immediate injection of £18 million of new money into the economy in the form of Commonwealth Bank of Australia credit. The Prime Minister and all other state Premiers rejected the plan.

Lang was a powerful orator, and during the crisis of the Depression he addressed huge crowds in Sydney and other centres, promoting his populist program and denouncing his opponents and the wealthy in extravagant terms. His followers promoted the slogans "Lang is Right" and "Lang is Greater than Lenin." Lang was not a revolutionary or even a socialist, and he loathed the Communist Party, which in turn denounced him as a social fascist.

On 19 March 1932, Lang opened the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Lang caused some controversy when he insisted on officially opening the bridge himself, rather than allowing the Governor, the King's representative in NSW, to do so. He delivered what has come to be regarded as a landmark speech in Australian political history during the Opening, citing the theme that the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge was analogous to the history, development and dreams of the Australian nation and its people. It may be inferred that this speech depicted Lang's personal vision of the past, present and future of New South Wales and Australia's place in the British Empire and world, (to read this speech, refer to 'Stirring Australian Speeches', edited by Michael Cathcart and Kate Darian-Smith). Just as Lang was about to cut the ribbon to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Captain Francis de Groot, a member of the paramilitary New Guard movement, rode up and broke the ribbon. The New Guard also planned to kidnap Lang, and plotted a coup against him during the crisis that brought Lang's premiership to an end.

The Crisis of 1931-32

Early in 1931, Jack Lang released his own plan to combat the Depression; this became known as "the Lang Plan". This was in contrast to the "Melbourne Agreement" which all other State Governments and the Federal Government had agreed to in 1930. Key points of the Lang Plan included the reduction of interest owed by Australian Governments on debts within Australia to 3%, the cancellation of interest payments to overseas bondholders and financiers on government borrowings, the injection of more funds into the nation's money supply as central bank credit for the revitalisation of industry and commerce, and the abolition of the Gold standard, to be replaced by a "Goods Standard," whereby the amount of currency in circulation would be fixed to the amount of goods produced within the Australian economy. The banks had indicated that if he paid the interest they would advance him an additional amount which was greater than the interest, thus giving him a positive cash flow.

Lang opposed the Premiers' Plan agreed to by the federal Labor government of James Scullin and the other state Premiers, who called for even more stringent cuts to government spending to balance the budget. In October 1931 Lang's followers in the federal House of Representatives crossed the floor to vote with the conservative United Australia Party and bring down the Scullin government. This action split the NSW Labor Party in two – Lang's followers became known as Lang Labor, while Scullin's supporters, led by Chifley, became known in NSW as Federal Labor. Most of the party's branches and affiliated trade unions supported Lang.

Since the Commonwealth Government had become responsible for state debts in 1928 under an amendment to the Constitution, the new UAP government of Joseph Lyons paid the interest to the overseas bondholders, and then set about extracting the money from NSW by passing the Financial Agreement Enforcement Act 1932, which the High Court held to be valid. Lang then contended that the Act was rendered null and void by contravening the 1833 prohibition of slavery throughout the British Empire; the Premier held that the actions of the Lyons government deprived the State of New South Wales of paying the wages of State employees and that this necessarily constituted an (illegal) state of slavery.

In response, Lang withdrew all the state's funds from government bank accounts and held them at Trades Hall in cash, so the federal government could not gain access to the money. The Governor, Sir Philip Game, a retired Royal Air Force officer, advised Lang that in his view this action was illegal, and that if Lang did not reverse it he would dismiss the government. Lang stood firm, and on 13 May 1932 the Governor withdrew Lang's commission and appointed the UAP leader, Bertram Stevens, as premier. Stevens immediately called an election, at which Labor was heavily defeated.

Gerald Stone, in his book 1932, states that there is evidence that Lang considered arresting the Governor to prevent the Governor from dismissing him, (which Lang admitted in his own book, The Turbulent Years). The possibility was sufficiently high that the armed forces of the Commonwealth were put on alert. Michael Cathcart and Andrew Moore, among others, have put forward the possibility that such a clash would have seen the Commonwealth Armed Forces fighting the New South Wales Police.

This was the first case of an Australian government with the confidence of the lower house of Parliament being dismissed by a Vice-Regal representative, the second case being when Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed Gough Whitlam's government on 11 November 1975. Game himself felt his decision was the right one, despite the fact that he had no personal animosity towards Lang. On 2 July 1932 Game wrote to his mother-in-law: "Still with all his faults of omission and commission I had and still have a personal liking for Lang and a great deal of sympathy for his ideals and I did not at all relish being forced to dismiss him. But I felt faced with the alternative of doing so or reducing the job of Governor all over the Empire to a farce."^[4] Lang himself, despite objecting to his dismissal conceded afterwards that he too liked Game, regarding him as fair and polite, and having had good relations with him.^[5]

There is an existing disagreement since this time whether the Governor, no matter how personally convinced he'd been one way or the other, had actually had authority to dismiss Lang on the grounds which he had. It is contended that the ability to determine criminal guilt, before and under the law, belonged solely to the established justice system, not to the Governor. Lending weight to this view is the stipulation of clause 39 of the 1215 Magna Carta (clause 29 in the 1297 version), which had established this very precept in the United Kingdom. Further, the 'Letters Patent' of the New South Wales Governor explicitly stated that the Reserve Powers of the Governor could only be expressed in any way which the Monarch of the United Kingdom could express the same.

Study of NSW Premier, Jack Lang, in his office

Later career

Lang continued to lead the Labor Opposition, although the NSW Branch of the ALP remained separate from the rest of the party. The UAP won the elections of 1935 and 1938. After this third defeat, the Federal Labor forces began to gain ground in NSW, as many union officials became convinced that Labor would never win again in the state while Lang remained leader. Lang was ousted as NSW Opposition Leader in 1939 and was replaced by William McKell, who became Premier in 1941.

Lang was expelled from the ALP in 1942, and started his own parallel Labor Party, called the ALP (Non-Communist), but this time with only minority support in the NSW party and unions. Through the 1940s, he railed against the dangers of communism as a 'Cold War warrior'. He remained a member of the Legislative Assembly until 1946, resigning to stand for the Division of Reid in the Australian House of Representatives. His state seat of Auburn was won by his son James Lang at a by-election. Jack Lang's victory in Reid was unexpected; he was elected on a minority of the votes thanks to preferences given to him by the Liberal Party. In federal parliament, he is often cited as being the most effective of the opposition to the government of his old rival, Prime Minister Ben Chifley, despite voting for the latter's Bank Act in 1947. In 1949 he was defeated and never held office again, despite a bid to be elected to the Senate in 1951.

Lang spent his long retirement editing his newspaper The Century, and wrote several books about his political life, including The Great Bust, I Remember and The Turbulent Years. He grew increasingly conservative as he grew older, supporting the White Australia Policy after the rest of the labour movement had abandoned it. In I Remember he wrote: "White Australia must not be regarded as a mere political shibboleth. It was Australia's Magna Carta. Without that policy, this country would have been lost long ere this. It would have been engulfed in an Asian tidal wave." To the end of his life, he proudly proclaimed that "Lang was Right." Lang also spent time visiting Sydney schools recounting recollections of his time in office to his young audience. Lang gave a number of lectures at Sydney University circa 1972–1973, at which he discussed his time in office and other topics such as economic reform. His address given on 1 July 1969 to the students of Sefton High School is available on tape at the Mitchell Library. He was re-admitted to the Labor Party in 1971, aided by his young protege Paul Keating.

Lang died in Auburn in September 1975, aged 98, and was commemorated with a packed house and overflowing crowds outside Sydney's St. Mary's Cathedral at his Requiem Mass and memorial service. His funeral was attended by prominent Labor leaders including then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. He was buried at Rookwood Cemetery, Sydney.^[6]

Footnotes

1. Nairn 1986, p. 30
2. Nairn 1986, p. 31
3. Nairn 1986, p. 32
4. Letter by Sir P Game to Mrs Eleanor Hughes-Gibb, 2.7.1932, ML MSS 2166/5.
5. Foott, Bethia (1968). Dismissal of a Premier: the Philip Game Papers. Sydney: Morgan Publications. p. 190.
6. "Death Notice: John Thomas Lang". The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 September 1975.

References

Books

• Amos, Keith (1976). The New Guard movement 1931-1935. Melbourne: University of Melbourne Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-522-84092-2.
• Brett, Judith (2003). Australian Liberals and the moral middle class: from Alfred Deakin to John Howard (paperback). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 260. ISBN 0-521-53634-0.
• Cain, Frank (2005). Jack Lang and the Great Depression (paperback). Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Press. p. 393. ISBN 1-74097-074-8.
• Calwell, Arthur A; Australian Labor Party (1949). Lang never was right. Melbourne: Australian Labor Party. p. 23.
• Campbell, Eric (1965). The rallying point: my story of the New Guard. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 184.
• Carew, Edna (1988). Keating: a biography. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. p. 237. ISBN 0-04-335059-3.
• Cathcart, Michael (1988). Defending the national tuckshop: Australia's secret army intrigue of 1931 (hardback). Fitzroy, Victoria: McPhee Gribble/Penguin. p. 222. ISBN 0-14-011629-X.
• Cathcart, Michael; Darien-Smith, Kate, eds. (2004). Stirring Australian speeches: the definitive collection from Botany to Bali. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 366. ISBN 0-522-84681-5.
• Cavalier, Rodney (2010). Power crisis: the self-destruction of a state Labor Party (paperback). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-521-13832-1.
• Childe, V. Gordon (1923). How Labour Governs: a study of workers' representation in Australia (first ed.). London: Labour Publishing Co. p. 216.
• Cooksey, Robert J. (1970). Lang and socialism: a study in the great depression. Canberra: Australian National University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-7081-0124-0.
• Cooksey, Robert J., ed. (1970). The Great Depression in Australia. Labour history, no. 17. Canberra: Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. p. 186. ISBN 0-909944-00-8.
• Crisp, Leslie Finlay (1961). Ben Chifley: a biography. London: Longmans. p. 428. ISBN 0-207-13453-7.
• Day, David (2001). Chifley (hardback). Pymble, NSW: HarperCollins. p. 562. ISBN 978-0-7322-6702-5.
• Denning, Warren (1937). Caucus Crisis: The Rise and Fall of the Scullin Government. Parramatta: NSW: Cumberland Argus. p. 116.
• Dixon, Reginald (1935). The Story of J.T. Lang. Sydney: Mastercraft Printing & Publishing Co. p. 24.
• Dixson, Miriam (1971). Greater Than Lenin? : Lang and Labor, 1916-1932. Melbourne: Melbourne University, Political Science Department. p. 258.
• Donald, Will; Australian Labor Party, New South Wales Branch (1938). The A.B.C. of Jack Lang. Sydney: Australian Labor Party, New South Wales Branch. p. 30.
• Dyrenfurth, Nick; Bongiorno, Frank (2011). A little history of the Australian Labor Party (paperback). Kensington, NSW: University of New South Wales Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-74223-284-3.
• Edwards, Cecil (1965). Bruce of Melbourne: Man of Two Worlds. London: Heinemann. p. 475.
• Ellis, M. H. (1931). The red road: the story of the capture of the Lang Party by Communists instructed from Moscow. Sydney: The Sydney and Melbourne Publishing Company. p. 268.
• Evatt, Justice H.V. (1936). The King and His Dominion Governors: a study of the reserve powers of the crown in Great Britain and the dominions. London: Oxford University Press. p. 324.
• Foott, Bethia (1968). Dismissal of a Premier: the Philip Game Papers. Sydney: Morgan Publications. p. 223.
• Freudenberg, Graham (1991). Cause for power: the official history of the New South Wales Branch of the Australian Labor Party (paperback). Sydney: Pluto Press in association with the Australian Labor Party. New South Wales Branch. p. 297. ISBN 0-949138-60-6.
• Anne Henderson, Enid Lyons: Leading Lady to a Nation, Pluto Press, 2008.
• Anne Henderson, Joseph Lyons, The Peoples' Premier, University of New South Wales Press, 2011.
• Irving, Terry; Cahill, Rowan (2010). Radical Sydney: places, portraits and unruly episodes (paperback). Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. p. 368. ISBN 978-1-74223-093-1.
• Lalor, Peter (2006). The Bridge: the epic story of an Australian icon - the Sydney Harbour Bridge (hardback). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. p. 381. ISBN 1-74114-228-8.
• Lang, Jack (1934). Why I Fight!. Sydney: Labor Daily, Labor Publications Dept. p. 351.
• Lang, Jack (1956). I remember: autobiography. Sydney: Invincible Press. p. 416.
• Lang, Jack (1962). The great bust: the depression of the thirties. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. p. 418.
• Lang, Jack (1970). The Turbulent Years. Sydney: Alpha Books. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-85553-000-6.
• Latham, Mark (1988). Forgotten Lang.
• Lefurgy, G.E. (11 May 2011). New South Wales Premier, Australian Statesman: The Legacy of John T. Lang. Sydney: Granville Historical Society.
• Lowenstein, Wendy (1978). Weevils in the flour: an oral record of the 1930s depression in Australia. South Yarra, Vic: Scribe Publications. p. 464. ISBN 0-908090-08-0.
• Lunn, Sir Henry Simpson (1927). Round the World with a Dictaphone: a record of men and movement in 1926. London: Benn. p. 301.
• Macintyre, Stuart (1986). "1901-42: The Succeeding Age". In Bolton, Geoffrey. The Oxford History of Australia 4. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 399. ISBN 0-19-554612-1.
• Macintyre, Stuart; Faulkner, John, eds. (2001). True believers: the story of the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party (hardback). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. p. 328. ISBN 1-86508-609-6.
• McMullin, Ross (1992). The light on the hill: the Australian Labor Party, 1891-1991. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 502. ISBN 0-19-554966-X.
• McWhinney, Edward (2005). The governor general and the prime ministers: the making and unmaking of governments. Vancouver, BC: Ronsdale Press. p. 193. ISBN 1-55380-031-1.
• Mayfield, Harry (1984). Jack Lang: the Big Fella!. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-949924-41-5.
• Meredith, John; Sprod, George (1984). Learn to talk old Jack Lang: a handbook of Australian rhyming slang (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-86417-003-3.
• Moore, Andrew (1989). The secret army and the Premier: conservative paramilitary organisations in New South Wales 1930-32 (paperback). Kensington, NSW: New South Wales University Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-86840-283-4.
• Moore, Andrew (2005). De Groot: Irish fascist, Australian legend. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. p. 222. ISBN 1-86287-573-1.
• Nairn, Bede (1986). The 'Big Fella': Jack Lang and the Australian Labor Party 1891-1949 (paperbook). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 369. ISBN 0-522-84406-5.
• Page, Sir Earle (1963). Mozley, Ann, ed. Truant surgeon: the inside story of forty years of Australian political life. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. p. 421.
• Paddison, Alfred Cornwallis (1931). The Lang Plan: The Case for Australia. Sydney: Labor Daily Printers. p. 39.
• Radi, Heather; Spearritt, Peter, eds. (1977). Jack Lang. Sydney: Hale & Iremonger. p. 309. ISBN 0-908094-09-4.
• Robertson, John (1974). J.H. Scullin: A Political Biography. Nedlands, W.A.: University of Western Australia Press. p. 495. ISBN 0-85564-074-X.
• Robinson, Geoffrey (1992). How Labor governed: social structures and the formation of public policy during the New South Wales Lang government of November 1930 to May 1932 (Thesis). Melbourne: Monash University, Dept. of History.
• Saidy, Fred (1943). Labor and Justice. Sydney: Australian Labor Party. p. 31.
• Sleeman, John H. C. (1933). The Life of J.T. Lang. Ultimo, NSW: Sleeman. p. 490.
• Spearritt, Peter (1978). Sydney Since The Twenties. Sydney: Hale & Iremonger. p. 294. ISBN 0-908094-12-4.
• Spearritt, Peter; Walker, David, eds. (1979). Australian Popular Culture. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. p. 255. ISBN 0-86861-145-X.
• Stone, Gerald (2005). 1932: A Hell of a Year. Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia. p. 429. ISBN 1-4050-3677-X.
• White, Kate (1987). A political love story: Joe and Enid Lyons. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin. p. 230. ISBN 0-14-009789-9.
• Wright, Brian (2006). In the name of decent citizens: the trials of Frank de Groot (hardback). Sydney: ABC Books. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-7333-1903-7.

Journals

• Henderson, Anne (September 2007). "All quiet on the civil war front: it was the civil war that never happened. Or was it? [Where is the evidence to support the theory that Australia was in a pre-civil war condition in 1931 and 1932?]". The Sydney Institute Quarterly (The Sydney Institute) (31): 6–12. ISSN 1441-4074.
• Lefurgy, G.E., 'Things Australians Strive For: Jack Lang's Landmark Speech at The Sydney Harbour Bridge', Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 101, June 2015, 61-78
• Walker, Robin (November 1986). "Mr. Lang's dole: the administration of food relief in New South Wales, 1930-32". Labour History (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History) (51): 70–82. ISSN 0023-6942.

Speeches

• Jack Lang (1 July 1969) 'Why I Was Right'. Lang giving lecture at Sefton High School, Sydney. Mitchell Library, Sydney, ML CYMOH 418/1 No. 1

Interviews

• Adams, Philip (17 November 2005). Former PM Paul Keating and historian Frank Cain discuss Jack Lang's life (streaming audio). Late Night Live. (Interview) (Australia: ABC Radio National). Retrieved 4 September 2010.
• De Berg, Helen (7 August 1967). Conversation with Jack Lang (tape recordings and written transcript). (Interview). National Library of Australia. Bibcode:617950.
• Moore, Andrew (2008). Dismissal of a Premier (video). NSW Constitution. (Interview) (Department of Education and Communities (New South Wales)). Retrieved 6 September 2010.
• Bullivant, Barry and Lefurgy, G.E., (24 May 2014), 'The Peoples' Champion, The Battler's Friend: John T. Lang of Granville', Granville Historical Society, Sydney, New South Wales.

Other sources

• Cannon, Mary (compiler) (1992). The Dismissal of J.T. Lang, May 1932 (Research package of primary source materials for VCE Australian History). Melbourne: State Library of Victoria. ISBN 0-7306-3102-8.
• Australians Beware! Scullin - The Scapegoat, Lyons - the Jesuits' new hope, Lang - The 'General' of the Unemployed Army (pamphlet). Melbourne: Australian Protestant Truth Centre. 1931.
• Revised 1986 Guide to the papers of Sir Philip Game and the Game Family in the Mitchell Library (pamphlet). State Library of New South Wales. 1996.

External links

• Australian Dictionary of Biography Online entry for Jack Lang
• National Archives of Australia Fact Sheet on Jack Lang
• NSW Parliament on The Hon. John Thomas Lang