Ben Chifley

The Right Honourable
Ben Chifley
16th Prime Minister of Australia
Elections: 1946, 1949, 1951
In office
13 July 1945  19 December 1949
Monarch George VI
Governor-General The Duke of Gloucester
Sir William McKell
Deputy Frank Forde
H. V. Evatt
Preceded by Frank Forde
Succeeded by Robert Menzies
Leader of the Labor Party
In office
13 July 1945  13 June 1951
Deputy Frank Forde
H. V. Evatt
Preceded by John Curtin
Succeeded by H. V. Evatt
Treasurer of Australia
In office
7 October 1941  18 December 1949
Prime Minister John Curtin
Frank Forde
Ben Chifley
Preceded by Arthur Fadden
Succeeded by Sir Arthur Fadden
Leader of the Opposition
In office
19 December 1949  13 June 1951
Prime Minister Robert Menzies
Deputy H. V. Evatt
Preceded by Robert Menzies
Succeeded by H. V. Evatt
Minister for Postwar Reconstruction
In office
22 December 1942  2 February 1945
Prime Minister John Curtin
Preceded by Office Created
Succeeded by Office Abolished
Minister for Defence
In office
3 March 1931  6 January 1932
Prime Minister James Scullin
Preceded by John Daly
Succeeded by George Pearce
Member of the Australian Parliament
for Macquarie
In office
21 September 1940  13 June 1951
Preceded by John Lawson
Succeeded by Tony Luchetti
In office
17 November 1928  19 December 1931
Preceded by Arthur Manning
Succeeded by John Lawson
Personal details
Born (1885-09-22)22 September 1885
Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
Died 13 June 1951(1951-06-13) (aged 65)
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Political party Labor
Spouse(s) Elizabeth McKenzie
Children None

Joseph Benedict "Ben" Chifley (/ˈɪfli/; 22 September 1885 – 13 June 1951) was an Australian politician who was the 16th Prime Minister of Australia from 1945 to 1949. He became Leader of the Labor Party on the death of John Curtin, and went on to retain a majority in both Houses of the Australian Parliament at the 1946 election, before his government was defeated at the 1949 election. The radical reforming nature of the Chifley Government was such that, between 1946 and 1949, the Australian Parliament passed 299 Acts, a record up until then, and well beyond the previous record of the Labor Government of Andrew Fisher, which passed 113 Acts from 1910 to 1913.[1]

Amongst the Chifley Labor Government's legislation was the post-war immigration scheme, the establishment of Australian citizenship, the Snowy Mountains Scheme, over-viewing the foundation of airlines Qantas and TAA, improvements in social services,[2] the creation of the Commonwealth Employment Service,[3] the introduction of federal funds to the States for public housing construction,[4] the establishment of a Universities Commission for the expansion of university education,[5] the introduction of a Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and free hospital ward treatment,[3] the reorganisation and enlargement of the CSIRO, the establishment of a civilian rehabilitation service,[6] the founding of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), and the establishment of the Australian National University.[7]

One of the few successful referendums to modify the Australian Constitution, the 1946 Social Services referendum, took place during Chifley's term.[8][9][10]

Early life

Born on 22 September 1885[11] in Bathurst, New South Wales,[8] Chifley was the son of a blacksmith of Irish Roman Catholic descent. Chifley was raised mostly by his grandfather for nine years. Since his grandfather lost his savings in the bank crash of 1892/93, he had acquired his lifelong dislike of the private banks early. He was educated at Roman Catholic schools in Bathurst, and joined the New South Wales Railways at age 15. Chifley became an engine driver. He was one of the founders of the AFULE (the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen)[12] and an active member of the Labor Party. In 1914 he married Elizabeth McKenzie, a staunch Presbyterian. The couple exchanged wedding vows in a Presbyterian church. Chifley remained a practising Catholic, but his marriage to a non-Catholic ignited criticism in certain Roman Catholic circles.[13] In 1917 he was one of the leaders of a prolonged strike, which resulted in his being dismissed. He was reinstated by Jack Lang's New South Wales Labor government. Chifley represented his union before industrial tribunals and taught himself industrial law.

Parliament

Chifley in the 1930s

In 1928, at his second try, Chifley won the seat of Macquarie in the House of Representatives, which covered Bathurst, Lithgow, and the Blue Mountains. He was in general a supporter of the James Scullin government's economic policies, and in 1931 he became Minister for Defence. At the 1931 general election, the Scullin government was defeated in a landslide and Chifley lost his seat on a 16-point swing to the UAP's John Lawson. During the Depression he survived on his wife's family's money and his part-ownership of the Bathurst newspaper the National Advocate.

In 1935 the Lyons government appointed him a member of the Royal Commission on Banking, a subject on which he had become an expert. He submitted a minority report advocating that the private banks be nationalised.

After an unsuccessful effort to win back Macquarie in 1934, Chifley finally won his seat back in 1940 on a swing of 10 percent, and the following year he became Treasurer (finance minister) in John Curtin's Labor government. Although Frank Forde was nominally the number-two-man in the government, Chifley became the minister Curtin most relied on. He controlled most domestic policy while Curtin was preoccupied with the war effort. He presided over the massive increases in government expenditure and taxation that accompanied the war, and imposed a regime of economic regulation that made him very unpopular with business and the press.

Prime minister

Chifley (middle) and Bert Evatt (left) with Clement Attlee (right) at the Dominion and British Leaders Conference, London, 1946
Main article: Chifley Government

When Curtin died in July 1945, Forde became Prime Minister for eight days. Chifley defeated him in the leadership ballot, replacing him as Prime Minister and Curtin as Labor leader. Once the war ended a month later, normal political life resumed, and Chifley faced Robert Menzies and his new Liberal Party in the 1946 election, which Chifley won with 54 percent of the two-party-preferred vote. It was the first time that a Labor government had been elected to a second full term. In the post-war years, Chifley maintained wartime economic controls, including the highly unpopular petrol rationing. He did this partly to help Britain in its postwar economic difficulties.

Chifley (left) meets with Premier of South Australia Tom Playford (centre) and Governor of South Australia Sir Willoughby Norrie (right) in 1946

Legislative achievements

Feeling secure in power, Chifley decided it was time to advance towards Labor's objective of democratic socialism. According to a biographer of Chifley, his government embarked upon greater "general intervention and planning in economic and social affairs", with its policies directed towards better conditions in the workplace, full employment, and an improvement in the "equalisation of wealth, income and opportunity".[3] Chifley was successful in transforming the wartime economy into a peacetime economy, and undertook a number of social welfare initiatives,[14][15][16] as characterised by fairer pensions and unemployment and sickness benefits, the construction of new universities and technical colleges, and the building of 200,000 houses between 1945 and 1949.[17]

Among other measures, the Chifley government passed legislation to establish a universal public health system modeled on the British National Health Service, including a free formulary of essential medicines.[18] This was successfully opposed in the Australian High Court by the British Medical Association (precursor of the Australian Medical Association).[19] Chifley then organised one of the few successful constitutional referenda to insert a new section 51xxiiiA which permitted federal legislation over pharmaceutical benefits,[20] together with family allowances, benefits to students and hospital benefits, child endowment, widows' pensions, unemployment benefits, and maternity allowances.[21] The subsequent federal legislation in relation to pharmaceutical benefits was deemed constitutional by the High Court.[22] This paved the way for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme,[23] an important component of Australia's modern public health system.

The 1946 referendum made possible many of the Chifley Labor government's other legislative initiatives in social welfare and social provision, including the following:

The achievements of both Chifley's government and those of the previous Curtin Government in expanding Australia's social welfare services (as characterised by a tenfold increase in commonwealth expenditure on social provision between 1941 and 1949)[34] were brought together under the Social Services Consolidation Act of 1947,[21] which consolidated the various social services benefits, liberalised some existing social security provisions, and increased the rates of various benefits.[6]

Among the government's other legislative achievements were:

Chifley in the 1940s

The radical reforming nature of Chifley's government was such that between 1946 and 1949, the Australian Parliament enacted 299 bills, a record at that time.[21] Chifley and his ministers were able to ensure that Australia's wartime economy was managed effectively and that post-war debts were minimised. In addition, ex-service personnel were eased back into civilian life (avoiding the hardship and dislocation that had occurred after the end of the First World War), while a series of liberal measures were carried out which bore fruit during the economic boom of the Fifties and Sixties.[10] As noted by one historian, Chifley's government "balanced economic development and welfare support with restraint and regulation and provided the framework for Australia's post-war economic prosperity."[7]

Bank nationalisation and 1949 coal strike

In 1947, Chifley announced the government's intention to nationalise the banks. This provoked massive opposition from the press, and middle-class opinion turned against Labor. The High Court eventually found Chifley's legislation to be unconstitutional. Chifley's government did, however, succeed in passing the Banking and Commonwealth Bank Acts of 1945, which gave the government control over monetary policy and established the Commonwealth Bank as Australia's national bank.[7]

A prolonged and bitter strike in the coal industry began in June 1949 and caused unemployment and hardship. Chifley saw the strike as a move by the Communist Party to challenge Labor's place as the party of the working class, and he sent in the army to break the strike. Despite this, Menzies exploited the rising Cold War hysteria to portray Labor as soft on Communism. These events, together with a perception that Chifley and Labor had grown increasingly arrogant in office, led to the Liberal election victory at the 1949 election. While Labor won an additional four seats in a House of Representatives that had been expanded from 74 seats to 121 seats, Menzies and the Coalition won an additional 48.

Opposition again

Chifley was now aged 64 and in poor health (like Curtin, he was a lifelong smoker), but he refused to retire from politics. Labor had retained control of the Senate, and Chifley, now Leader of the Opposition, took advantage of this to bring misery to the Menzies government at every turn.

Menzies responded by introducing a bill to ban the Communist Party of Australia in 1950. He expected Chifley to reject it and give him an excuse to call a double dissolution election. Menzies apparently hoped to repeat his "soft-on-Communism" theme to win a majority in both chambers. However, Chifley let the bill pass after a redraft (it was ultimately thrown out by the High Court). However, when Chifley rejected Menzies' Commonwealth Banking Bill a few months later, Menzies called a double dissolution election for April 1951. Although Chifley managed to lead Labor to a five-seat swing in the House, Labor lost six seats in the Senate, giving the Coalition control of both chambers.

Death

Chifley's coffin lay in state in Old Parliament House, June 1951.

A few weeks later, Chifley suffered a heart attack in his room at the Hotel Kurrajong in Canberra (he had lived there throughout his political career, having refused to reside at The Lodge while Prime Minister).

Chifley at first made light of the sudden heart attack and attempted to dissuade his secretary and confidante, Phyllis Donnelly, who was making him a cup of tea, from calling a doctor. As his condition deteriorated, however, Donnelly called Dr. John Holt, who ordered Chifley's immediate removal to hospital. Chifley died in an ambulance on the way to the Canberra Community Hospital. He was pronounced dead at 10:45 pm.[40] Prime Minister Menzies heard of Chifley's demise while attending a parliamentary ball at King's Hall in Parliament House to celebrate the 50th Jubilee of Federation (Chifley was invited but had declined to attend). Menzies was deeply distressed and abandoned his normally impassive demeanour to announce in a halting subdued voice:

It is my very sorrowful duty during this celebration tonight to tell you that Mr. Chifley has died. I don't want to try to talk about him now because, although we were political opponents, he was a friend of mine and yours, and a fine Australian. You will all agree that in the circumstances the festivities should end. It doesn't matter about party politics on an occasion such as this. Oddly enough, in Parliament we get on very well. We sometimes find we have the warmest friendships among people whose politics are not ours. Mr Chifley served this country magnificently for years.[41]

Legacy

Mrs Elizabeth Chifley, wife of Ben Chifley.

More than 30 years after his death, Chifley's name still aroused partisan passions. In 1987 the New South Wales Labor government decided to name the planned new university in Sydney's western suburbs Chifley University. When, in 1989, a new Liberal government renamed it the University of Western Sydney, controversy broke out. According to a debate on the topic, held in 1997 after the Labor Party had regained government, the decision to rename Chifley University reflected a desire to attach the name of Western Sydney to institutions of lasting significance, and that idea ultimately received the support of Bob Carr, later the Premier of New South Wales.[42]

Honours

Bust of sixteenth Prime Minister of Australia Ben Chifley by sculptor Ken Palmer located in the Prime Minister's Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens

Places and institutions that have been named after Chifley include:

In 1975 he was honoured on a postage stamp bearing his portrait issued by Australia Post.

One of the locomotives driven by Chifley, 5112, is preserved on a plinth at the eastern end of Bathurst Railway Station.

See also

References

  1. "Acts of the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia". ComLaw. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  2. 1 2 Ghassemi, Fereidoun; White, Ian (2006). Inter-basin water transfer: case studies from Australia, United States, Canada, China, and India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521869690.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Lavelle, Ashley (2008). The death of social democracy: political consequences in the 21st century. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754670148.
  4. 1 2 Lyster, Rosemary; Lipman, Zada; Franklin, Nicola (2007). Environmental and planning law in New South Wales. Annanndale, N.S.W.: Federation Press. ISBN 9781862876309.
  5. "Ben Chifley". Prime Ministers of Australia. National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 Kewley, Thomas Henry (1965). Social security in Australia : the development of social security and health benefits from 1900 to the present. Sydney University Press. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Joseph Benedict Chifley, PC" (PDF). Australian Prime Ministers Centre, Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  8. 1 2 "The Rt Hon Ben Chifley". Australian Labor Party. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  9. "Significant Events in ASIO's History". Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  10. 1 2 3 "Chifley, Joseph Benedict (1885–1951)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2007.
  11. "Fast Facts Ben Chifley". Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  12. "A.F.U.L.E. History". Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  13. Duncan (2001), p. 163
  14. 1 2 Daniels, Dale (18 June 2004). "Social Security Payments for the Aged, People with Disabilities and Carers 1909 to 2003 – part 1". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 14 September 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  15. Daniels, Dale (8 November 2004). "Social Security Payments for the Unemployed, the Sick and those in Special Circumstances, 1942 to 2004". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  16. Daniels, Dale (5 July 2006). "Social Security Payments for People Caring for Children, 1912 to 2006". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 13 September 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  17. Swan, Wayne (19 September 2009). The light on the hill in the fog of global recession (Speech). Bathurst. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  18. Sloan, Clyde (1995). A history of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, 1947–1992. Canberra: Department of Human Services and Health. p. 12. ISBN 0644334584.
  19. "Attorney-General (Vic); Ex rel Dale v Commonwealth". AustLII. 1945. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  20. Day, David (2001). Chifley. Sydney: Harper Collins. pp. 443–444. ISBN 9780732267025.. It also authorised federal legislation over medical and dental services (but not so as to authorise any form of civil conscription)
  21. 1 2 3 "Social Services and Immigration". John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  22. "British Medical Association v Commonwealth [1949] HCA 44; (1949) 79 CLR 201 (7 October 1949)". AustLII. AustLII. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  23. "National Health Act 1953". Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. AustLII. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  24. Daniels, Dale (18 June 2004). "Social Security Payments for the Aged, People with Disabilities and Carers 1909 to 2003 – Pensioner Concessions from 1933". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 14 September 2004. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  25. Daniels, Dale (8 November 2004). "Social Security Payments for the Unemployed, the Sick and those in Special Circumstances, 1942 to 2004". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  26. Daniels, Dale (15 October 2004). "Social Security Payments for People Caring for Children, 1912 to 2004: Maternity Allowance 1912 to 1978, and 1996 to 2004, Maternity Immunisation Allowance from 1998, Maternity Payment from 2004". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  27. Daniels, Dale (15 October 2004). "Social Security Payments for People Caring for Children, 1912 to 2004: Child's Allowance/Additional Pension or Benefit for Children 1943 to 1993". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  28. Daniels, Dale (15 October 2004). "Social Security Payments for People Caring for Children, 1912 to 2004: Child Endowment 1941 to 1976, Family Allowance 1976 to 1992, Basic Family Payment 1993 to 1995, Family Payment 1996 to 1998, Family Allowance 1998 to 2000 and Family Tax Benefit Part A from 2000". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  29. Daniels, Dale (18 June 2004). "Social Security Payments for the Aged, People with Disabilities and Carers 1909 to 2003: Concessions and Allowances". Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 14 September 2004. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  30. "A compendium of legislative changes in social security 1908–1982" (PDF). Australian Government Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. 1983. Occasional Paper No. 12. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  31. "Ben Chifley, 1949". Australian Federal Election Speeches. Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  32. O'Neill, J.P. (1974). Official Year Book of Australia: No. 59, 1973. Australian Bureau of Statistics. p. 438. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  33. "WWII Labor Government, 1941–1949, A Nationalised Health System?". History of Medicine. Australian Academy of Medicine and Surgery. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  34. Thane, Pat (1982). Foundations of the welfare state. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-29515-5.
  35. 1 2 Whitlam, Gough (1985). The Whitlam government 1972–1975. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-80287-6.
  36. McMullin, Ross (1991). The light on the hill: the Australian Labor Party, 1891–1991. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-554966-9.
  37. "Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948". New South Wales Repealed Acts. AustLII. 1948. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  38. O'Neill, J.P. (1974). Official Year Book of Australia: no. 59, 1973. Australian Bureau of Statistics. p. 827. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  39. O'Neill, J.P. (1971). Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia: No. 57, 1971. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. p. 746. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  40. "Mr. Chifley Dies Suddenly After Seizure". The Mercury (Hobart, Tas. : 1860 – 1954) (Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia). 14 June 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  41. "Sudden Death in Canberra of Mr. J. B. Chifley". The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 – 1995) (ACT: National Library of Australia). 14 June 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  42. "University of Western Sydney Bill – Second Reading". Parliament of New South Wales. 19 November 1997. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
  43. "Chifley Home & Education Centre". chifleyhome.org.au. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  44. "Chifley Tribute". Sunday Times (Perth, WA : 1902 – 1954) (Country ed.) (Perth, WA: National Library of Australia). 6 April 1952. p. 24. Retrieved 15 March 2013.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ben Chifley.

Waterson, D.B. (1993). "Chifley, Joseph Benedict (1885–1951)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 29 June 2010. 

Political offices
Preceded by
John Daly
Minister for Defence
1931–1932
Succeeded by
George Pearce
Preceded by
Sir Arthur Fadden
Treasurer of Australia
1941–1949
Succeeded by
Sir Arthur Fadden
Preceded by
Frank Forde
Prime Minister of Australia
1945–1949
Succeeded by
Robert Menzies
Preceded by
Robert Menzies
Leader of the Opposition
1949–1951
Succeeded by
H.V. Evatt
Parliament of Australia
Preceded by
Arthur Manning
Member for Macquarie
1928–1931
Succeeded by
John Lawson
Preceded by
John Lawson
Member for Macquarie
1940–1951
Succeeded by
Tony Luchetti
Party political offices
Preceded by
John Curtin
Leader of the Australian Labor Party
1945–1951
Succeeded by
H.V. Evatt
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