Argania

Argania Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Sapotaceae Subfamily: Sapotoideae Tribe: Sideroxyleae Genus: Argania Roem. & Schult.[1] Species: A. spinosa Binomial name Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels Synonyms Argania sideroxylon Roem. & Schult. Sideroxylon spinosum L.[2] Goats climbing an Argan tree

Argania is a genus of flowering plants containing the sole species Argania spinosa, known as argan, a tree endemic to the calcareous semidesert Sous valley of southwestern Morocco and to the Algerian region of Tindouf in the western Mediterranean region.

Argan grows to 8–10 m high and lives up to 200 years. They are thorny, with gnarled trunks. The leaves are small, 2–4 cm long, and oval with a rounded apex. The flowers are small, with five pale yellow-green petals; flowering is in April. The fruit is 2–4 cm long and 1.5–3 cm broad, with a thick, bitter peel surrounding a sweet-smelling but unpleasantly flavoured layer of pulpy pericarp. This surrounds the very hard nut, which contains one (occasionally two or three) small, oil-rich seeds. The fruit takes over a year to mature, ripening in June to July of the following year.

Name

The scientific name argania is derived from argan, the name of the tree in Shilha, the Berber language which is spoken by the majority of the people living in the areas where the tree is endemic. Shilha has a rich vocabulary for the various parts of the fruit, its stages of ripeness, and its harvesting and processing. The oil is also called argan. In medieval Arabic pharmacological sources, the tree is known as harjān, a name which is also derived from Shilha argan.

Cultivation

In Morocco, arganeraie forests now cover some 8,280 km² and are designated as a UNESCO biosphere reserve. Their area has shrunk by about half during the last 100 years, owing to charcoal-making, grazing, and increasingly intensive cultivation. The best hope for the conservation of the trees may lie in the recent development of a thriving export market for argan oil as a high-value product. However, the wealth brought by argan oil export has also created threats to argan trees in the form of increased goat population. Locals use the newfound wealth to buy more goats and the goats stunt the growth of the argan trees by climbing up and eating their leaves and fruit.^[3]

Argan is also grown in Israel, in the Arabah, and Negev.^[4][5][6]

Uses

In some parts of Morocco, argan takes the place of the olive as a source of forage, oil, timber, and fuel in Berber society. Especially near Essaouira, the argan tree is frequently climbed by goats.^[7]

Fruit

Argan fruit falls in July, when black and dry. Until this happens, goats are kept out of the argan woodlands by wardens. Rights to collect the fruit are controlled by law and village traditions. The leftover nuts are gathered after consumption and excretion by the goats.

Argan oil

Argan oil is produced by several women's co-operatives in the southwestern parts of Morocco. The most labour-intensive part of oil-extraction is removal of the soft pulp (used to feed animals) and the cracking by hand, between two stones, of the hard nut. The seeds are then removed and gently roasted. This roasting accounts for part of the oil's distinctive, nutty flavour.

The traditional technique for oil extraction is to grind the roasted seeds to paste, with a little water, in a stone rotary quern. The paste is then squeezed by hand to extract the oil. The extracted paste is still oil-rich and is used as animal feed. Oil produced this way can be stored and used for 3–6 months, and will be produced as needed in a family, from a store of the kernels, which will keep for 20 years unopened. Dry-pressing is becoming increasingly important for oil produced for sale, as this method allows for faster extraction, and the oil produced can be used for 12–18 months after extraction.

The oil contains 80% unsaturated fatty acids, is rich in essential fatty acids, and is more resistant to oxidation than olive oil. Argan oil is used for dipping bread, on couscous, salads, and similar uses. A dip for bread known as amlou is made from argan oil, almonds, and peanuts, sometimes sweetened by honey or sugar. The unroasted oil is traditionally used as a treatment for skin diseases, and has become favoured by European cosmetics manufacturers.

Foliage, flowers and immature fruit

Argania spinosa - MHNT

Argan oil is sold in Morocco as a luxury item. The product is of increasing interest to cosmetics companies in Europe. It used to be difficult to buy the oil outside Morocco, but since 2001–2002, it has become a fashionable product in Europe and North America. It is now widely available in specialist shops and occasionally in supermarkets. Its price (US$40–50 for 500 ml) is notable compared to other oils.

Argan oil contains:

• 44% Oleic acid
• 30% Alpha-linolenic acid(Conflicts with table in argan oil)
• 12% Palmitic acid
• 6% Stearidonic acid
• 5% Linoleic acid(Conflicts with table in argan oil)
• 3% Myristic acid

References

• T.J. Lybbert (2007). "Patent Disclosure Requirements and Benefit Sharing: A counterfactual case of Morocco’s argan oil". Ecological Economics 64 (1): 12–18. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.06.017.
• T.J. Lybbert, C.B. Barrett (2004). "Does Resource Commercialization Induce Local Conservation? A Cautionary Tale from Southwestern Morocco". Society & Natural Resources 17 (5): 413–430. doi:10.1080/08941920490430205.
• T.J. Lybbert, C.B. Barrett, H. Najisse (2002). "Market-Based Conservation and Local Benefits: The Case of Argan Oil in Morocco". Ecological Economics 41 (1): 125–144. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00020-4.
• O. M'Hirit, M. Bensyane, F.Benchekroun, S.M. El Yousfi, M. Bendaanoun (1998). L'arganier: une espèce fruitière-forestière à usages multiples. Pierre Mardaga. ISBN 2-87009-684-4.
• J.F. Morton & G.L. Voss (1987). "The argan tree (Argania sideroxylon, Sapotataceae), a desert source of edible oil". Economic Botany 41 (2): 221–233. doi:10.1007/BF02858970.
• Rachida Nouaim (2005). L'arganier au Maroc: entre mythes et réalités. Une civilisation née d'un arbreune espèce fruitière-forestière à usages multiples. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7475-8453-4.
• H.D.V. Prendergast & C.C. Walker (1992). "The argan: multipurpose tree of Morocco". Kew Magazine 9 (2): 76–85.
• Dr, Elaine M. Solowey (2006). Supping at God's table. Thistle Syndicate. pp. 75–76. ISBN 0-9785565-1-8.
• Luigi Cristiano e Gianni De Martino (2000), "Marocco atlantico. In terra di Argania", Erboristeria domani, 233, pp. 78–85.

1. "Genus: Argania Roem. & Schult.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
2. "Taxon: Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
3. Tim Wall (September 22, 2011). "Tree-Going Goats Threaten Oil Supply_Discovery News". Discovery News.
4. Growing for Change, Ruhama Shattan, Jerusalem Post, Oct. 12, 2001
5. Growth and oil production of argan in the Negev Desert of Israel, A. Nerd, E. Etesholaa, N. Borowyc and Y. Mizrahi, Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 2, Issue 2, February 1994, Pages 89-95
6. Phenology, breeding system and Fruit development of Argan [ Argania spinosa , Sapotaceae] cultivated in Israel, Avinoam Nerd1, Vered Irijimovich2 and Yosef Mizrahi, Economic Botany, Volume 52, Number 2 / April, 1998, pl 161-167.
7. Infos at the-tree.org.uk

External links

• "Argan Foundation". Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2006.
• "Arganeraie". Retrieved January 15, 2006.
• "Trade and Environment Database: argan oil". Archived from the original on 6 February 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2006.
• "Biodiversity of South Western Morocco (Flora and Plant Communities of Morocco)". Retrieved October 29, 2006.
• "The argan tree in Marocco: Propagation by seeds, cuttings and in-vitro techniques" (PDF). Retrieved October 4, 2010.
• Kitty Morse, Ardent for Argan, 2004, Saudi Aramco World