Chilean Navy

Chilean Navy ''Armada de Chile''
Coat of arms of the Chilean Navy
Active	1817–present
Country	Chile
Size	25,000 personnel 71 vessels 8 frigates 4 submarines 4 amphibious warfare ship 3 fast attack craft 8 patrol boat 4 corvettes 39 auxiliary ship
Motto(s)	Vencer o Morir ("Conquer or Die")
March	Brazas a ceñir (Braces to be close-hauled) by WO1 Luis Mella Toro (Official hymn)
Anniversaries	21 May, Día de las Glorias Navales (Navy Day)
Engagements	Chilean War of Independence Peruvian War of Independence War of the Confederation Chincha Islands War War of the Pacific Panama Crisis of 1885 1891 Chilean Civil War
Commanders
Commander in Chief of the Navy	Admiral Enrique Larrañaga Martin
Notable commanders	Lord Thomas Cochrane Manuel Blanco Encalada Juan José Latorre Arturo Prat Jorge Montt Juan Williams Rebolledo
Insignia
Naval Ensign[1]
Naval Jack
Roundel of Naval Aviation

The Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile) is the naval force of Chile.

History

Origins and the Wars of Independence (1817–1830)

The origins of the Chilean Navy date back to 1817, when General Bernardo O'Higgins prophetically declared after the Chilean victory at the Battle of Chacabuco that a hundred such victories would count for nothing if Chile did not gain control of the sea.

This led to the development of the Chilean Navy, and the first legal resolutions outlining the organization of the institution were created. Chile's First National Fleet and the Academy for Young Midshipmen which was the predecessor of the current Naval Academy were founded, as well as the Marine Corps and the Supply Commissary.

The Chilean Squadron sails off for Perú

The first commander of the Chilean Navy was Manuel Blanco Encalada. However the famous British naval commander Lord Cochrane who formerly had been a Captain in the Royal navy, was hired by Chileans to organize and command the Navy. Cochrane recruited an almost all-anglophone complement of officers and midshipmen and crews of British, Irish and American seamen. He became a key figure in the war against loyalist forces in Peru and was instrumental in taking control of the fortresses of Valdivia even though he failed in his attempt to conquer Chiloé Island.

In March 1824, the Chilean Navy and Army undertook an expedition to expel the Spanish from Chiloé Archipelago. An expedition was dispatched to Chiloé Island however ended in failure when the Chilean Army led by Jorge Beauchef was defeated at the Battle of Mocopulli. It was only after Ramón Freire's Chiloé expedition in 1826 did the royalist forces at Chiloé under the command of Antonio de Quintanilla, surrender and Chiloé joined the new Chilean nation.

Age of exploration, territorial expansion and wars (1830–1885)

After the wars of independence, a series of conflicts demonstrated the importance of the Navy to the nation. First of these conflicts were the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), the Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) and the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). The founding of Fuerte Bulnes in the Strait of Magellan marked the starting point of a series of Chilean Navy explorations, led by navy hydrographers like Francisco Vidal Gormaz and Francisco Hudson, in the unknown zone between the Strait of Magellan and Chiloé. To deal with this new area of activity the navy founded in 1874 the Hydrographic Office whose first director was Francisco Vidal Gormaz.

The Chilean war hero and martyr Arturo Prat is regarded as the ultimate example of the commitment of the Navy to its country, after his death while leading a boarding party onto the enemy ironclad Huáscar at the naval battle of Iquique on 21 May 1879, during the War against Peru and Bolivia. The anniversary of this battle is celebrated every year as a public holiday called Día de las Glorias Navales. Prat is also considered to be one of the co-founders of the Naval Seaman Training School in 1868, which began operating a year later, and was one of the Naval Academy's finest graduate officers that in 1943 it became the National Naval School "Arturo Prat" in his honor.

Chilean Navy officer's uniform, circa 1890

The Navy further distinguished itself during the Battle of Pisagua in 1879, led by both the Navy and the Marine Artillery Groups and Marine Infantry, the world's first modern military landing operation, that resulted in Chilean victories in other parts of Peru's Tarapaca region, and resulted to its annexation by Chile.

After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888. By occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations.^[2](p53)

With the Peruvian Navy destroyed, Bolivia becoming a landlocked country and Argentina having only a brown-water navy the Chilean Navy had a regional hegemony in the years following the War of the Pacific. To secure this advantage and not letting new Argentine acquisitions challenge Chilean Naval power the Chilean government decided to modernize its navy. The modernization plan included the ordering of two cruisers, two torpedo boat destroyers and the modernization of two armoured ships in English docks.

Civil war and arms race (1885–1915)

Chilean Navy ship purchases and orders, 1887–1912

Year	Ships	Builder
1887	1 pre-dreadnought battleship 2 protected cruisers 2 torpedo boats	La Seyne La Seyne ?
1891 Chilean Civil War
1892	1 protected cruiser	Elswick, Tyne and Wear
1895	1 protected cruiser 1 armored cruiser	Armstrong
1896	1 armoured cruiser 6 torpedo boats	Armstrong ?
1901	2 pre-dreadnought battleships 1 protected cruiser	Armsrong Armstrong
1902 arms control treaty with Argentina
1911	1 dreadnought battleship 6 destroyers	Armstrong Whitworth J. Samuel White
1912	1 dreadnought battleship	Armstrong Whitworth

A new pre-dreadnought battleship, Capitán Prat, was ordered under the new construction program in 1889. The advent of the 1891 Chilean Civil War saw a breach between the two branches of the Chilean Armed forces, while the bulk of navy sided the congress side the majority of the Chilean Army remained loyal to José Manuel Balmaceda. When the majority of the national congress broke relations with the government Jorge Montt took control of the fleet at Valparaíso and with notable politicians, like Ramón Barros Luco, on board the fleet sailed north to the nitrate-rich Tarapacá area which Chile had seized from Peru ten years earlier. Tarapacá was by that time Chile's richest region in terms of natural resources and was without the fleet practically out of reach for the Chilean Army. From here the navy organized an army made of nitrate miners which they armed and trained to face the 40,000-men strong Army of Chile. In August 1891 the new army was disembarked in Quintero and defeated the Chilean Army at the Battle of Concón and the Battle of Placilla before the presidential faction disbanded and the congressional side took power. On the elections of October 1891 Jorge Montt was elected president.

Not all navy officers sided with the congress. Some like Juan Williams Rebolledo, Juan José Latorre and Policarpo Toro remained on the presidential side and Francisco Vidal Gormaz declared his neutrality. After the war these officers were removed from their offices. In contrast to these officers whose career or influence in the navy was truncated by the war, the 1891 Chilean Civil War served as a starting point of a successful career in the navy for a generation of young officers like Francisco Nef and others who sided with the congressionals who won the war.

After incidents with Chile in 1872, 1877 and 1878 Argentina had decided that a brownwater navy, even if modern, was not enough to back up its ambitions in Patagonia and the South Atlantic. Both countries were distracted in the next few years by Argentina's internal military operations against natives and Chile's War of the Pacific against Bolivia and Peru, but by 1890 a full-fledged naval arms race was underway between the two.^[3] The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina had been a major success in laying the groundwork for nearly all of Chile's and Argentina's 5,600 kilometres (3,500 mi) of shared borders, but the drawing a boundaries in the largely unexplored inland Patagonia soon became a major source of territorial disputes. Over the 1880s and 1890s Chile and Argentina engaged in an arms race fueled by nationalistic rhetoric and tax income from their blooming economies. Both countries signed a treaty in 1902 to end the arms race. However, in 1904 Brazil ordered two Minas Geraes-class dreadnoughts to be built by the United Kingdom.^[4] In response, Argentina ordered two Rivadavia-class dreadnoughts with an option for a third from the United States. They also ordered twelve destroyers from three nations in Europe. With its major rival acquiring so many modern vessels,^{[upper-alpha 1]} Chile was forced to respond, though this was delayed by a financial depression brought on by a major earthquake and a drastic fall in the nitrate market in 1906 and 1907, respectively.^{[6][upper-alpha 2]}

During the 1890s, the Chilean Navy carried out many hydrographic surveys in the Patagonian channels aimed to improve navigation and explore the river basins of Patagonia. A German geoprapher, Hans Steffen, led navy explorations to western Patagonia, laying the groundwork for colonization of what would be Aisén Region years later. The Navy occasionally collaborated with European naturalists such as Carl Skottsberg in their surveys of Chilean territory.

Depression, mutiny and political turmoils (1915–1950)

The Chilean Air Force bombs the Chilean Fleet at the port of Coquimbo during the Chilean naval mutiny of 1931.(Probably a faked photo)

In 1931, the navy once more made headlines in Chilean politics when large portions of it (26 ships) begun a mutiny that demanded the president to rescind a salary reduction. The demands were later expanded to include an agrarian reform, industrial "solidarity" and the payment of the external debt by the "millionaires". The mutineers had their ships located at Coquimbo and Talcahuano's naval base which they controlled. Chilean government responded by sending the Chilean Air Force to bombard the ships in Coquimbo and charging Talcahuano's naval base. After the quelling of the rebellion the navy was purged, although the mutiny had its origin among the lower ranks. It did not affect further expansion of it, however.

Role in Antarctica, incidents with Argentina and the navy in the government (1950–1990)

Chile formulated its Antarctic claim in 1940 and in 1947 the navy established the first Chilean base, Captain Arturo Prat Base, in the continent before the Chilean Army or Air Force established their own bases. Since then the navy has played a major role in supplying Chilean bases and performing numerous rescue missions among them of MS Explorer in 1972 and 2007.

The Navy's sailing school ship, the Buque Escuela Esmeralda, began operations in 1952. It since has made various trips around the world, with selected cadet officers and NCO's on board trained in ship handling and operations, as a requirement for graduation.

Beginning in the 1950s, the Chilean Navy began to be involved in a series of incidents with the Argentine Navy and Argentine civilians in the disputed area of Beagle Channel and Cape Horn. This incidents took both form of incursions into Chilean waters by Argentine fishing ships and provocations such the shelling of a Chilean lighthouse by the Argentine Navy during the Snipe incident of 1958. During the critical phases of the Beagle conflict of the late 1970s the Chilean Navy played a decisive role in defending Chilean sovereignty over Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands that the Argentine Navy planned to seize. While Argentina aborted its invasion plan, Operation Soberanía in December 1978, Argentina went rather into war with the United Kingdom in the Falklands just after 4 years. During that conflict the Chilean Navy provided diversion to favour the British, as it was understood that if Argentina won the war they would once again try to seize Picton, Lennox and Nueva and Cape Horn.

1964 would see the birth of the modern Chilean Marine Corps of today.

Naval educational institutions were reformed in 1968 when president Eduardo Frei Montalva created the Naval Specialities Schools System with headquarters in Las Salinas Naval Base in Viña del Mar. One of its schools, the Naval Seaman Training School, became the Seamen's School of the Navy "Captain Alejandro Navarrete Cisterna" on the same year as its centenary, in honor of the first naval seaman to rise through the ranks to become a naval officer. The NSSS soon became the Naval Polytechnic Academy in 1995, through a merger of all its component schools, some of these schools staying as independent constituent academies.

After the 1973 Chilean coup d'etat together with the Army, the Air Force and the Carabiniers, the Navy, led by Admiral Jose Toribio Merino became part of the Government Junta led by Army commander in chief Augusto Pinochet, and upon the latter's resignation from the Junta leadership in 1981, Adm. Merino became its chairman until March 1990, presiding over its sessions and those of the Legislative Commission, and was also concurrently the National Defense Minister. The training ship Esmeralda functioned as a floating prison and torture chamber for political prisoners during the 1973–1980 period of the military dictatorship.^[8] It is claimed that probably over a hundred persons were kept there at times and subjected to hideous treatment.^[9][10] It was also an unprecedented period of Niacin and expansion of the naval service as more vessels became part of it, the Marines strengthed and the Navy's special forces unit raised.

Present

The 25,000-person navy, including 5,200 Marines, is directed by Admiral Enrique Larrañaga Martin as of 2013. Of the fleet of sixty-six surface vessels (soon to be increased to seventy-four), twenty-one are major combatant ships based in Valparaíso. The navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates four submarines and a tender ship to support them, all based in Talcahuano. The Navy permits the integration of Chile's Pacific and Southern island regions, thus integrating its disjointed geography. The transport of passengers, especially during the school year or in cases of emergency, together with the supply of provisions and fuel, are of key importance to the inhabitants of these insular zones.

The Chilean Navy is generally considered to be among the most capable and professional in the Americas, considered by specialists the fourth most capable navy in the Americas, behind Canadian, Brazilian and American navies, and is heavily aligned with significant naval powers such as the British Royal Navy.

The institution regularly carries out civil operations whereby Navy professionals provide social assistance and health care to the civilian population, and provide support in cases of natural catastrophe.

Saar 4 type ship of the Chilean Navy

It also undertakes preventative education campaigns for Chile's population on issues that include security on beaches and seaside resorts and measures to be taken in the case of a tsunami.

The most important naval bases and supply depots are (from north to south) in the Pacific Ocean: Iquique, Easter Island, Valparaíso, Talcahuano, Puerto Montt, in the Atlantic zone: Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego : Punta Arenas, in the Beagle Channel,Cape Horn and Drake Passage: Puerto Williams, and in Antarctica: Captain Arturo Prat Base. These are now spread into 5 Naval Zones: the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Naval Zones.

Inventory

Submarine

Type	vessels	source	mission	photos	notes
Submarines
Type 209 submarine	SS-20 Thomson SS-21 Simpson	Germany	submarine		updated in 2009 in ASMAR, among the improvements include the ability to launch Exocet missiles and the French combat management system SUBTICS.
Scorpène-class submarine	SS-23 O'Higgins SS-22 Carrera	Spain  France	submarine

Frigates

Type	vessel(s)	source	mission	photos	notes
Surface Combatants
Type 23 frigate	Almirante Cochrane (ex-Norfolk)	United Kingdom	Anti-submarine warfare
	Almirante Lynch (ex-Grafton)
	Almirante Condell (ex-Marlborough)
Type 22 frigate	Almirante Williams (ex-Sheffield)	United Kingdom	General Purpose		Modernized in Talcahuano by ASMAR. Addition of an OTO Melara 76 mm gun, SAM Barak VL and SSM Harpoon.
M-class frigate	Almirante Blanco Encalada (ex-Abraham van der Hulst)	Netherlands
	Almirante Riveros (ex-Tjerk Hiddes)
L-class frigate	Almirante Latorre (ex-Jacob van Heemskerck)	Netherlands	Anti-aircraft warfare
	Capitán Prat (ex-Witte de With)

Fast attack craft

Type	vessel(s)	source	mission	photos	notes
Fast attack craft
Sa'ar 4-class missile boat	(LM-32) Chipana (LM-31) Casma (LM-34) Angamos	Israel	Missile boat		Northern Command

Replenishment vessels

Type	vessel	source	mission	photos	notes
Underway replenishment
Henry J. Kaiser-class oiler	AO-52 Almirante Montt (ex-Andrew J. Higgins)	United States	Underway replenishment
Araucano	AO-53 Araucano	Sweden	Underway replenishment

Amphibious warfare

Type	vessel	source	mission	photos	notes
Amphibious warfare
Foudre class	LSDH-91 Sargento Aldea (ex-Foudre)	France	Landing platform dock
Aquiles	AP-41	Chile	Amphibious warfare
Rancagua Chacabuco	LST-92 LST-95	Chile	Amphibious warfare

Patrol boat

Type	vessel	source	mission	photos	notes
Patrol boat
Patrulleros de Zona Marítima PZM	(OPV-81) Piloto Pardo (OPV-82) Comandante Toro (OPV-83) Marinero Fuentealba.	Chile	Patrol boat
Patrullero Clase "Taitao"	(PSG-71) Micalvi (PSG-72) Ortiz (PSG-73) Isaza (PSG-78) Sibbald (PSH-77) Cabrales (PMD-74) Cirujano Videla	Chile	Patrol boat
Grumete-class patrol boats	(LPC-1814) Díaz (LPC-1815) Bolados (LPC-1816) Salinas (LPC-1817) Téllez (LPC-1818) Bravo (LPC-1820) Machado (LPC-1822) Troncoso (LPC-1823) Hudson	Israel	Patrol boat

Smaller vessels distributed in the 5 naval zones are:

boat	Name
Submarine tender	(BMS-42) Almirante Merino. (Decommissioned 15/01/2015).
Barge Class "Elicura"	(LSM-90) Elicura, (LSM-94) Orompello
Rescue vessel	(BRS-63) Ingeniero Slight
Icebreaker	(AP-46) Almirante Oscar Viel
Hydrographic patrol:	Corneta Cabrales (AGS -61) Cabo de Hornos
Tugboat	(ATF-66) Galvarino, (ATF-67) Lautaro
Class Patrolman "Protector" (Coast Guard)	(LSG-1603) Alacalufe, (LSG-1604) Hallef, (LSG-1609) Aysén, (LSG-1610) Corral, (LSG-1611) Concepción, (LSG-1612) Caldera, (LSG-1613) San Antonio, (LSG-1614) Antofagasta, (LSG-1615) Arica, (LSG-1616) Coquimbo, (LSG-1617) Puerto Natales, (LSG-1618) Valparaíso, (LSG-1619) Punta Arenas, (LSG-1620) Talcahuano, (LSG-1621) Quintero, (LSG-1622) Chiloe, (LSG-1623) Puerto Montt, (LSG-1624) Iquique
Patrol boats	20 Class Patrol Boats "Arcangel" and 15 Class Patrol Boats "Defender"
Minor patrol boat	35 boats
2 patrol boats	Yagán and Ona
2 Historical relic	Monitor Huáscar and Oberon-class submarine O'Brien

Oceanographic research ship

Cabo de Hornos, an oceanographic research ship operated by the Chilean Navy, delivered to the Navy in April 2013.^[11][12]

Aircraft inventory

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Versions	In service[13]	Notes
Cessna O-2A Skymaster	United States	Search and rescue (SAR)	O-2A Skymaster	8	To be retired
Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante	Brazil	Maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) Tactical transport	EMB-111AN Bandeirulha EMB-111CN Bandeirante	4 1
EADS CASA C-295	Spain	Maritime patrol aircraft/Anti-submarine warfare (MPA/ASW)	P-295 MPA Persuader P-295 ASW Persuader	1 2
Lockheed P-3 Orion	United States	Maritime patrol aircraft/Anti-submarine warfare /Anti-surface warfare (MPA/ASW/ASuW)	P-3ACh Orion	3	Service life to extend past 2020.[14]
Pilatus PC-7 Turbo Trainer	Switzerland	Trainer	PC-7 Turbo Trainer	7	Originally 10 PC-7 in fleet. None lost in accidents
MBB Bo 105	Germany	Search and rescue (SAR)	Bo-105CBS Bolkow (UH-05)	5	To be retired
Bell 206	United States	Search and rescue (SAR)	Bell 206AS JetRanger III (UH-57A) Bell 206B3 JetRanger III (UH-57B)	2 2	To be retired
Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin	France	Search and rescue (SAR)	AS-365N2 Dauphin 2 (HH-65) SA-365F1 Dauphin 2 (HH-65)	4 4	SA-365F1 former Irish Air Corps
Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma	France	Anti-submarine warfare/Anti-surface warfare (ASW/ASuW) Search and rescue (SAR)	AS-332F1 Super Puma (SH-32) AS-332L1 Super Puma (HH-32)	5 2	1 lost in night-time ASW training accident In LSDH Sargento Aldea

Chilean Marines

Amphibious expeditionary brigade.

Chilean Navy special forces sailors seen here using the MP5N.

The Chilean Marines or (Infanteria de Marina de Chile) are the land/amphibious attack force of the Chilean Navy. The 5,000 man force combines special training and tactics with state-of-the-art equipment.

Future Navy acquisitions

Amphibious landing ship Foudre

• Helicopters and armored amphibians for TCD.
• The construction of another 3 PZM Patrulleros de Zona Marítima PZM, for each naval zone.
• Search and rescue aircraft to replace Cessna O-2A Skymaster.^[15] Partenavia AP.68TP and Tecnam P2006T are being considered.^[16]
• Elbit Hermes 900 unmanned aerial vehicle for maritime patrol tasks - under evaluation.^[17]

SHOA

The Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile (SHOA, Spanish for Hydrological and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy) is an agency of the Chilean Navy managing situations dealing with hydrology and oceanography including tides and tsunamis. SHOA is also the official Chilean government timekeeper.

Ranks and rates

Ranks and rates are shown on the sleeves of all Chilean Navy summer uniforms (and on the shoulder boards on winter or summer service uniforms as well for officers and WOs only). Shoulder and sleeve ranks are inspired by those in the British Royal Navy, the French Navy and the German Navy. Officers, WO's and NCO's of the Marines add the Infante de Marina (Marine Soldier) title to their ranks from Seaman onward, as the Marines are part of the Navy.

All officers, active or reserve, study at the Arturo Prat Naval Academy and later in the Naval Polytechnic Academy and the Naval War Academy receive improved training and education to be promoted as well as training in his/her specialty field while all active and reserve NCOs (known in the Navy through the general term Men of the Sea) study at the Seamen's School of the Navy "Alejandro Navarette Cisnerna" and later in the Naval Polytechnic Academy and its attached and independent colleges for later specialty training.

Navy Enlisted Personnel Ranks Insignia Rank Naval Deckhand,Grumete Naval or Marine Infantry Deckhand, Grumete de Infantería de Marina (during training) 1st Seaman, Marinero 1° or 1st Soldier, Soldado 1° (granted on completing training, i.e. there is no "2nd Seaman" rank) 2nd Corporal Cabo 2° 1st Corporal Cabo 1° 2nd Sergeant Sargento 2° 1st Sergeant Sargento 1° Sub-officer Suboficial Sub-officer Major Suboficial Mayor

Navy Officer Ranks Insignia (Sleeve) Insignia (Shoulder) Rank Midshipman (Guardiamarina) Sub-lieutenant Subteniente Second lieutenant Teniente 2° 1st Lieutenant Teniente 1° Corvette Captain Capitán de Corbeta Frigate Captain Capitán de Fragata Ship-of-the-Line Captain Capitán de Navío Counter Admiral Contraalmirante Vice Admiral Vicealmirante Admiral Almirante

Commanders-in-chief

Historic ships

• See List of decommissioned ships of the Chilean Navy

Baquedano, first school ship of the navy Almirante Latorre Blanco Encalada Covadonga Flach, a submarine prototype of 1866

Ironclad Huáscar, museum ship in Talcahuano Lautaro, as Priwall recorded the fastest ever westward rounding of Cape Horn by a commercial sailing ship in five days and fourteen hours Steam corvetteEsmeralda (1855) 2nd class protected cruiser Esmeralda (1883) Esmeralda (BE-43), school ship of the navy

Gallery

• 

  Naval Battle of Iquique. The Esmeralda versus the Huascar

• 

  Battleship Almirante Latorre. 32.000 Tons

• 

  CS Simpson (SS-21) entering Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in 2004

• 

  Capitan Prat on the North Sea

• 

  Chilean Navy Cougar

• 

  Chilean frigate Almirante Blanco Encalada (FF-15) at Pearl Harbor, 2006

• 

  Type 23 frigates

• 

  Type M frigates

• 

  Type L frigates

• 

  Type 22 frigates

Footnotes

1. By 1911, the disparity between the navies of Chile, Argentina, and Brazil had grown; Brazil had nearly four times the tonnage of Chile, while Argentina had nearly three and a half times as much.^[5]
2. Livermore and Grant, who cites Livermore's work,^[7] both attribute part of this delay to a 1908 earthquake, but no major earthquake hit Chile in that year, cf. List of earthquakes in Chile. However, the Valparaíso earthquake of 1906 caused nearly 4,000 deaths, a tsunami, and a wide swath of destruction over the Chilean capital and surrounding areas. Given this, it seems likely that Livermore's 1908 earthquake was a typographical error inadvertently repeated in Grant's account.

Endnotes

1. Chile uses its national flag as an ensign.
2. William Sater, Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict, 1990 by the University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0-8203-1249-5
3. Schenia, Naval History, 45–46; Garrent, "Beagle Channel," 85–87.
4. Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.
5. Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 41.
6. Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 33–41.
7. Grant, Rulers, Guns, and Money, 168; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 40.
8. Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (English translation of the Rettig report, PDF file)
9. Esmeralda: The torture ship Archived former site of a committee led by Germán F. Westphal, a former Chilean political prisoner and a professor at the University of Maryland in the United States. They believe the ship should not be allowed in ports as long as the crimes remain unpunished. Last updated 15 March 2006.
10. Niegan libertad en crimen de sacerdote en la Esmeralda, La Nación, 3 May 2008.(Spanish)
11. "R/V Cabo de Hornos, Chile". ship-technology.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
12. "Chile Will Have the AGS 61 Cabo de Hornos Scientific Ship in 2013". Dialogo. 2011-07-21. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
13. "World Military Aircraft Inventory", Aerospace Source Book 2007, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 15 January 2007. - http://www.scramblemagazine.nl/index.php?option=com_mildb&view=search&Itemid=60&af=cl
14. Chile; P-3 Orions life extension plans - Dmilt.com, 13 July 2013
15. Chile; Navy interested in new light maritime patrol aircraft - Dmilt.com, 23 July 2013
16. Chile to add light aircraft, UAVs for maritime surveillance - Janes.com, 31 July 2013
17. Chilean navy considers Hermes 900 deal - Flightglobal.com, 7 October 2013

References

Garrett, James L. "The Beagle Channel Dispute: Confrontation and Negotiation in the Southern Cone." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no. 3 (1985): 81–109. JSTOR 165601. ISSN 0022-1937. OCLC 2239844.

Grant, Jonathan A. Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-674-02442-7. OCLC 166262725

Livermore, Seward W. "Battleship Diplomacy in South America: 1905–1925." Journal of Modern History 16, no. 1 (1944): 31–48. JSTOR 1870986. ISSN 0022-2801. OCLC 62219150.

External links

• Armada de Chile website (Spanish)
• Armada de Chile website (English)
• Ranks of the Armada de Chile
• Official Chilean time webpage in English; from SHOA.