Arnold Christensen

Arnold George Christensen
Birth name	Arnold George Christensen
Born	8 April 1922 New Zealand
Died	29 March 1944 (aged 21) nearKiel
Buried at	Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery, Poland
Allegiance	New Zealand
Service/branch	Royal New Zealand Air Force
Years of service	1940–1944
Rank	Flight Lieutenant
Service number	NZ.413380
Unit	No. 26 Squadron RAF
Battles/wars	World War II Channel Front (POW)
Awards	Mentioned in Despatches

Arnold Christensen (8 April 1922 – 29 March 1944), was a New Zealand Mustang fighter pilot who was taken prisoner during the Second World War during the Dieppe Raid, he is notable for the part he took in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944 and as one of the men recaptured and subsequently executed by the Gestapo.

Pre-war life

Christensen was born in Hastings, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand.^[1][2] His Danish father, from Randers, Denmark had settled in New Zealand about 1912 and married a young widow.^[3] Arnold became a member of 2nd Hastings Boy Scout Troop and after leaving school decided to go into journalism gaining a position with the Hawkes Bay Daily Mail newspaper.

War service

Mustang fighter in service with the RAF.

Christensen applied to join the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a pilot on 19 June 1940 and on 14 June 1941 he was called up for flying training which he did at New Plymouth flying De Havilland Tiger Moth aircraft. On 20 October 1941 he sailed to Canada to continue his flight training.^[4][5] at No. 4 Service Flying Training School, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan^[6] On 27 February 1942 Christensen passed out as a qualified service pilot and received his "wings" aircrew brevet, being commissioned pilot officer on the same day. Christensen sailed for England in March 1942 and on 2 June 1942 was posted to No. 41 Operational Training Unit RAF, Old Sarum Airfield, Wiltshire to complete his fighter pilot training being posted to No. 26 Squadron RAF on 13 August 1942.^[7] The squadron operated in the tactical reconnaissance and ground support role.

Prisoner of war

At 0800 hours on 19 August 1942 flying a tactical reconnaissance mission in support of the amphibious commando Dieppe Raid Pilot Officer Christensen of No. 26 Squadron RAF flying Mustang Mark Ia serial number "AL977"^[8] as wingman to Pilot Officer E E O’Farrell (flying "AG463"). Neither pilot returned from the mission, their aircraft being two of five which their squadron were to lose that day^[9][10] Both aircraft were shot down by machine-gun fire from the ground, his lead pilot’s aircraft quite quickly dived into the sea off shore and Christensen tried to make it back across the English Channel but half way to safety his engine seized and he had to ditch on the water spending 2 days adrift in a tiny dingy before being washed ashore on the French coast and taken prisoner.^[11] He was promoted to flying officer in 1943.

'Great Escape'

Model of Stalag Luft III prison camp.

Christensen was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944 in the escape now famous as "the Great Escape". He spoke Danish and some German and was the escape committee’s Intelligence expert on Denmark^[12] He teamed up with two Norwegians, Halldor Espelid and Nils Jorgen Fugelsang and the Australian James Catanach who spoke excellent German and conversational Norwegian, in a group heading for Denmark and possibly ultimately neutral Sweden. James Catanach and Arnold Christensen reached Berlin^[13] as they were seen there by other escapers before changing trains to Hamburg which they also reached successfully only to be caught on the next leg of their rail journey from Hamburg to the naval town of Flensburg on the Danish border. Nearing the border suspicious policemen insisted on carefully examining their papers, checking their briefcases which contained newspapers and escape rations. Close inspection of their clothing revealed they were wearing altered greatcoats.^[14] Although the four escapees had split up pretending to be travelling individually hoping to reduce the risk of recapture they were all in the same railway carriage, more policemen arrived and closely examined every passenger, soon arresting all four suspects. The escapees were taken to Flensburg prison.^[15][16][17] The four airmen were handed over to the Kiel Gestapo and after interrogation were told that they would be taken by road back to prison camp.^[18] On 29 March 1944 two or three black sedan cars arrived, Christensen was taken in the second (or possibly a third) car which was flagged down by their senior officer SS-Sturmbannfuhrer Johannes Post who stood beside his own car beside the road in the countryside outside Kiel about 1630 hours.^[19] Post had just taken his own prisoner James Catanach into the field and shot him. Post told his agents to get Christiansen, Espelid and Fugelsang out, stating that they should take a break before their long drive. As the airmen walked into the field they almost stumbled over Catanach’s body as they were also shot^{[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]}

Christensen was one of the 50 escapees who had been listed by SS-Gruppenfuhrer Arthur Nebe, reportledly on Hitler’s personal order, to be killed^[27] so was amongst the unfortunate executed and murdered by the Gestapo.^[28][29] he was cremated at Kiel. Originally his remains were buried at Sagan, but he is now buried in part of the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery.^[30] His name was amongst the 47 murdered officers named in the British press when the story became public knowledge on or about 20 May 1944^[31] Photographs of Christensen and his headstone are displayed by Auckland War Memorial Museum ^[32] and another by DigitalNZ^[33]

The New Zealand and Australian press maintained a chase for information and justice for their murdered airmen.^[34]

Memorial to "The Fifty" down the road toward Żagań (Christensen at left)

Awards

His conspicuous bravery as a prisoner was recognized by a Mention in Despatches as none of the other relevant decorations then available could be awarded posthumously. It was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 8 June 1944.^[35]

Other victims

See Stalag Luft III murders

The Gestapo executed a group of 50 of the recaptured prisoners representing almost all of the nationalities involved in the escape. Post-war investigations saw a number of those guilty of the murders tracked down, arrested and tried for their crimes.^[36][37][38]

Nationalities of the 50 executed

21 British

6 Canadian

6 Polish

5 Australian

3 South African

2 New Zealanders

2 Norwegian

1 Belgian

1 Czechoslovak

1 Frenchman

1 Greek

1 Lithuanian

References

Notes

1. Vance (2000)
2. New Zealand War Graves Project – Arnold G Christensen
3. Vance (2000)
4. Vance (2000)
5. In Gallant Company – Arnold Christensen training
6. Royal Canadian Air Force Saskatoon – Christensen in training
7. Franks (1979), p.79
8. Franks (1979), p.79
9. Franks (1998), p.56
10. Franks (1979), p.229
11. Vance (2000)
12. Andrews (1976), p.205
13. Andrews (1976), p.55
14. Australian Defence Website – ref Catanach and Christensen
15. Walker (2015)
16. Andrews (1976), p.205
17. Burgess (1990), p.270)
18. LG Corneille website - photos of the 4 escapers after arrest
19. Andrews (1976), p.169-172
20. Andrews (1976), p.177-178
21. Walker (2015)
22. Andrews (1976) p.196
23. Burgess (1990), p.270
24. [Pegasus Archive - 50 murdered escapers]
25. Burgess (1990), p.270
26. Royal Canadian Air Force – commemorating the murdered airmen
27. Andrews (1976), p.34
28. Feast (2015), p.140
29. Andrews (1976), p.205
30. CWGC - Casualty Details - Arnold George Christensen
31. Western Morning News, Dundee Courier and Yorkshire Post, 20 May 1944
32. Auckland War Memorial Museum – Arnold Christensen
33. Photograph of Arnold Chritsensen
34. The Morning Bulletin, Rockhampton, Qld - 28 February 1946
35. The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36544. pp. 2644–2645. 2 June 1944.
36. Read (2012), p.295
37. Vance (2000), p.310
38. Andrews (1976), p.188 and 199

Bibliography

• Frank Walker (2015). Commandos:Heroic and deadly ANZAC raids. Import Aus. ISBN 978-0733631535.^[1]
• William Ash; Brendan Foley (2005). Under the Wire: The Wartime Memoir of a Spitfire Pilot, Legendary Escape Artist and 'cooler King'. Bantam. ISBN 978-0-593-05408-6.
• Paul Brickhill (2004). The Great Escape. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32579-9.
• Alan Burgess (1990). The Longest Tunnel: The True Story of World War II's Great Escape. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-097-9.
• Norman LR Franks (1979). The Greatest Air Battle: Dieppe 19th August 1942. William Kimber. ISBN 0718303962.
• Albert P. Clark (2005). 33 Months as a POW in Stalag Luft III: A World War II Airman Tells His Story. Fulcrum Pub. ISBN 978-1-55591-536-0.
• Arthur A. Durand (1 January 1989). Stalag Luft III: The Secret Story. Patrick Stephens Limited. ISBN 978-1-85260-248-2.
• Norman LR Franks (1998). RAF Fighter Command Losses, volume 2. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 1-85780-075-3.
• Allen Andrews (1976). Exemplary Justice. Harrap. ISBN 0-245-52775-3.
• Sean Feast (2015). The last of the 39-ers. Grub Street. ISBN 978-1909166158.
• Jonathan F Vance (2000). A Gallant Company. Pacifica Military. ISBN 978-0-935-55347-5.

External links

• Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III), by Mark Kozak-Holland. The prisoners formally structured their work as a project. This book analyses their efforts using modern project management methods.

1. [google books]