Arthur W. Hummel Jr.

Arthur William Hummel Jr. (Chinese: 恒安石; pinyin: Héng Ānshí; birth name Arthur Millbourne Hummel) (June 1, 1920 – February 6, 2001) was a United States diplomat.

Early life

He was born in Fenzhou, Shanxi, China, to Christian missionaries Arthur W. Hummel Sr. (1884–1975) and Ruth Bookwalter Hummel. His family moved to Beijing when he was 4. In 1927, when he was 7, the disruption and anti-foreign violence of the Northern Expedition forced his family to relocate to Massachusetts. When he was 8, his parents moved to Washington, D.C., where his father worked as Chief of the Orientalia Division at the Library of Congress. His parents sent him to Westtown School, a Quaker boarding school outside Philadelphia, for high school, where he graduated in 1938. He then attended Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, earning a B.A in 1940. In the same year, he then returned to Beijing to study at the California College of Chinese Studies and to study Chinese, since he had forgotten what he had learned as a child. He also taught English at the Catholic University of Peking.^[1]

Peaceful study in the ancient capital did not last long, however. After the attack on Pearl Harbor Hummel was taken by the Japanese and interned at Weixian Compound in Shandong Province. Though food was not adequate, life at the camp was relatively relaxed, since it was far from the battle-front. Hummel was put in charge of the hospital laboratory, taking advantage of his college training. One of his fellow internees was Langdon Gilkey, who later became a well-known theologian. In 1944 he and Laurance Tipton, a British prisoner, escaped and joined a unit of the Nationalist guerrillas who fought against the Japanese. ^[1] After World War II ended, he worked with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, an organization which helped rebuild China along with other countries needing aid after the war. Hummel then attended the University of Chicago, graduating with a master's degree in International Studies in 1949.

Career

Arthur Hummel joined the United States Foreign Service in 1950. In 1960, Hummel attended the National War College. He was director of Voice of America from 1961 to 1963. In 1968, he was appointed to the position of United States Ambassador to Burma. He left his post on July 22, 1971 to become United States Ambassador to Ethiopia from 1975 to 1976. He also was Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs from 1976 to 1977. On June 8, 1977, he was appointed United States Ambassador to Pakistan, where he served until 1981. He was United States Ambassador to China from 1981 to 1985. He then joined the third and final United States-China communiqué as a negotiator where he helped the U.S. reaffirm their ties with the People's Republic of China.

Retirement

After retiring from the U.S. Department of the State, he acted as the director of the Hopkins-Nanjing Center for Chinese and American Studies. Hummel died on February 6, 2001 in his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland at the age of 80.^[2]

Notes

1 2 Kennedy (1998).
↑ Lewis, Paul (11 February 2001). "Arthur Hummel Jr. Dies at 80; Negotiated Taiwan Arms Pact". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2009.

References

Flynn, Kathryn (2005). "Arthur W. Hummel Jr.". Pettus Archival Studies. Pettus Archival Project, SES, CGU. Retrieved 4 July 2009.

Kennedy, Interviewed by Charles Stuart (1998). "Ambassador Arthur W. Hummel, Jr." (PDF). Initial interview date: April 13, 1994. The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Information Series. Retrieved April 28, 2015.

External links

Appearances on C-SPAN

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Henry A. Byroade	U.S. Ambassador to Burma 1968–1971	Succeeded by Edwin W. Martin
Preceded by Thomas W. McElhiney	U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia 1975–1976	Succeeded by Frederic L. Chapin
Preceded by Philip Habib	Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs 1976	Succeeded by Richard Holbrooke
Preceded by Henry A. Byroade	U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan 1977–1981	Succeeded by Robert I. Spiers
Preceded by Leonard Woodcock	U.S. Ambassador to China 1981–1985	Succeeded by Winston Lord

United States Ambassadors to Pakistan

Paul H. Alling (1947–48)
Avra M. Warren (1950–52)
Horace A. Hildreth (1953–57)
James M. Langley (1957–59)
William M. Rountree (1959–62)
Walter P. McConaughy (1962–66)
Eugene Murphy Locke (1966–67)
Benjamin H. Oehlert Jr. (1967–69)
Joseph S. Farland (1969–72)
Henry A. Byroade (1973–77)
Arthur W. Hummel Jr. (1977–81)
Ronald I. Spiers (1981–83)
Deane R. Hinton (1983–86)
Arnold Lewis Raphel (1987–88)
Robert B. Oakley (1988–91)
Nicholas Platt (1991–92)
John Cameron Monjo (1992–95)
Thomas W. Simons (1996–98)
William B. Milam (1998–2001)
Wendy J. Chamberlin (2001–02)
Nancy Jo Powell (2002–04)
Ryan C. Crocker (2004–07)
Anne W. Patterson (2007–10)
Cameron Munter (2010–12)
Richard G. Olson (2012–15)
David Hale (2015–)

United States Ambassadors to China

Envoys to the Qing Empire 1843–1858	Caleb Cushing 1843–44 Alexander Hill Everett 1845–47 John Wesley Davis 1848–50 Humphrey Marshall 1852–54 Robert Milligan McLane 1853–54 Peter Parker 1855–57

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plentipotentiary to the Qing Empire 1858–1913	William Bradford Reed 1857–58 John Elliott Ward 1858–60 Anson Burlingame 1861–67 John Ross Browne 1868–69 Frederick F. Low 1869–73 Benjamin Avery 1874–75 George Seward 1876–80 James Burrill Angell 1880–81 John Russell Young 1882–85 Charles Harvey Denby 1885–98 Edwin H. Conger 1898–1905 William Woodville Rockhill 1905–09 William James Calhoun 1909–13

Envoy to the Republic of China 1913–1929	Paul Samuel Reinsch 1913–19 Charles Richard Crane 1920–21 Jacob Gould Schurman 1921–25 John Van Antwerp MacMurray 1925–29

Ambassador to the Republic of China 1929–1949	Nelson T. Johnson 1929–41 Clarence E. Gauss 1941–44 Patrick J. Hurley 1944–45 John Leighton Stuart 1946–49 Embassy in Taipei 1949–pres.

Chiefs of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing 1973–79	David K. E. Bruce 1973–74 George H. W. Bush 1974–75 Thomas S. Gates Jr. 1976–77 Leonard Woodcock 1977–79

Ambassador to the People's Republic of China 1979–present	Leonard Woodcock 1979–81 Arthur W. Hummel Jr. 1981–85 Winston Lord 1985–89 James R. Lilley 1989–91 J. Stapleton Roy 1991–95 Jim Sasser 1996–99 Joseph Prueher 1999–2001 Clark T. Randt Jr. 2001–09 Jon Huntsman Jr. 2009–11 Gary Locke 2011–14 Max Baucus 2014–pres.

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 233159634 LCCN: no2012044176

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