Athabasca River

Athabasca River
Athabasca River in Jasper National Park
Country	Canada
Province	Alberta
Source	Columbia Icefield
- location	Jasper National Park
- elevation	1,520 m (4,987 ft) (foot of glacier)
- coordinates	52°10′4″N 117°25′50″W / 52.16778°N 117.43056°W
Mouth	Lake Athabasca
- elevation	205 m (673 ft)
- coordinates	58°37′35″N 110°50′5″W / 58.62639°N 110.83472°WCoordinates: 58°37′35″N 110°50′5″W / 58.62639°N 110.83472°W
Length	1,231 km (765 mi) [1]
Basin	95,300 km^2 (36,796 sq mi) [1]
Discharge	for Athabasca Delta
- average	783 m^3/s (27,650 cu ft/s) [2]
- max	4,790 m^3/s (169,160 cu ft/s)
- min	75.0 m^3/s (2,650 cu ft/s)
Athabasca River watershed in western Canada
[3][4]

The Athabasca River (French: rivière Athabasca) originates from the Columbia Glacier of the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park in Alberta, Canada. The impressive and scenic Athabasca Falls is located upstream about 30 km (19 mi) from the Jasper townsite.

Origin of name

The name "Athabasca" comes from the Woods Cree word aðapaskāw, which means "[where] there are plants one after another",^[5] likely a reference to the spotty vegetation along the river.

History

Hudson's Bay Company's scow in Athabasca River, circa 1910

Sekani, Shuswap, Kootenay, Salish, Stoney and Cree tribes hunted and fished along the river prior to the European colonization. From about 1778, the Athabasca River, the Clearwater River, which enters the Athabasca River from the east at Fort McMurray, and the Methye Portage were part of the main fur trade route from the Mackenzie River to the Great Lakes. See Canadian Canoe Routes (early). David Thompson and Thomas the Iroquois travelled through Athabasca Pass in 1811. In 1862, the Athabasca Springs area was crossed during the Cariboo Goldrush by the Overlander Party.

Heritage

This river was designated a Canadian Heritage River for its importance to the fur trade and the construction of railways and roads opening up the Canadian West, as well as for its natural heritage.^[6]

Course

The Athabasca River originates in Jasper National Park, in an unnamed lake at the toe of the Athabasca Glacier within the Columbia Icefield, between Mount Columbia, Snow Dome, and the Winston Churchill Range, at an elevation of approximately 1,600 metres (5,200 ft).

Athabasca River in Jasper National Park

The river flows along icefields and through gorges, offering wildlife habitat on its shores and adjacent marshes. Throughout its course, it flows through or adjacent to numerous national and provincial parks, including Jasper National Park, Fort Assiniboine Sandhills Wildland Provincial Park, Hubert Lake Wildland Provincial Park, La Biche River Wildland Provincial Park, Grand Rapids Wildland Provincial Park, Richardson River Dunes Wildland Provincial Park, and Wood Buffalo National Park. Its course is marked by rapids, impeding navigation southwest of Fort McMurray.^[7]

The Athabasca River travels 1,231 km (765 mi) before draining into the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca south of Fort Chipewyan. From there, its waters flow north as Rivière des Rochers, then joining the Peace River to form the Slave River that empties into Great Slave Lake and discharges through the Mackenzie River system into the Arctic Ocean. The cumulative drainage area is 95,300 km² (36,800 sq mi).^[8]

Numerous communities are located on the banks of the Athabasca River, including Jasper, Brule, Entrance, Hinton, Whitecourt, Fort Assiniboine, Smith, Athabasca, Fort McMurray, and Fort MacKay.

Tributaries

Alberta's Rockies Habel Creek Warwick Creek Quincy Creek Chaba River Dragon Creek Sunwapta River Ranger Creek Fryatt Creek Lick Creek Geraldine Lakes Kerkeslin Creek Hardisty Creek Whirpool River Astoria River Portal Creek Wabasso Creek Whistlers Creek Tekerra Creek Miette River Pyramid Lake Maligne River Garonne Creek Snaring River Morro Creek Cobblestone Creek Corral Creek Jacques Creek Rocky River Snake Indian River Mountain Creek Fiddle River Supply Creek Oldhouse Creek Prine Creek Maskuta Creek

Central Alberta Hardisty Creek Fish Creek Cache Petotte Creek Tiecamp Creek Canyon Creek Ponoka Creek Plante Creek Apetowun Creek Obed Creek Oldman Creek Nosehill Creek Jackpine Creek Berland River Wildhay River Beaver Creek Marsh Head Creek Pine Creek Pass Creek Two Creek Windfall Creek Chickadee Creek Bessie Creek Stony Creek Sakwatamau River McLeod River

Northern Alberta Freeman River Timeu Creek Pembina River Lesser Slave River Lawrence Lake Creek Baptiste Lake Creek Tawatinaw River La Biche River Calling River McMillan Lake Creek Parallel Creek Pelican River House River Horse River Clearwater River Steepbank River Muskeg River Mackay River Ells River Firebag River Richardson River

Effect of oil sands

An independent study has concluded that the Athabasca River contains elevated levels of pollution downstream of the Athabasca oil sands. Testing has shown this portion of the river contains mercury, lead and 11 other toxic elements.^[9]

Oil spills

Owing to its proximity to the Athabasca Oil Sands, the river has seen significant amounts of energy infrastructure constructed along its course. On June 6, 1970, a pipeline operated by Great Canadian Oil Sands, the precursor to Suncor and the earliest commercial extraction operation, ruptured near the banks of the river. The total spill volume was estimated by Great Canadian Oil Sands at approximately 1,190 barrels of oil.^[10][11]

Legacy

The Canadian Heraldic Authority named the position of Athabaska Herald after the river.

Gallery

• 

  Athabasca River Valley seen from the Geraldine Lakes

• 

  Flowing through the Athabasca Falls

• 

  Passing by Jasper

• 

  In Jasper National Park

• 

  Athabasca River valley from the Pallisades fire lookout

• 

  Athabasca River at the mouth of Brûlé Lake

• 

  Dr. Karl Clark and guide Romeo Eymundson on the bank of the Athabasca River during one of Clark's oil expeditions, 1920s

• 

  Upstream from Whitecourt

• 

  Bituminous sand banks north of Fort McMurray

See also

• Geography of Alberta
• List of Alberta rivers
• List of longest rivers of Canada

References

1. Atlas of Canada. "Canadian Rivers". Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
2. Benke and Cushing, p. 845
3. "Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Geographical Names (Athabasca River)". Retrieved 2014-08-29.
4. "Atlas of Canada Toporama". Retrieved 2014-08-29.
5. Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 52
6. Canadian Heritage River System. "Athabasca River". Archived from the original on 8 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
7. Encyclopædia Britannica (2006). "Athabasca River". Archived from the original on 31 August 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
8. Environment Alberta. "River Basins in Alberta". Archived from the original on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
9. "Elevated levels of toxins found in Athabasca River". The Globe and Mail. August 23, 2012.
10. Province of Alberta, Alberta Government Committee Report on Great Canadian Oil Sands Oil Spill to Athabasca River June 6, 1970, Edmonton: Alberta Government, 1970. Page 3.
11. "Lake Athabasca oil slick broken by wind". The Leader-Post. June 17, 1970. Retrieved July 18, 2014.

External links

http://www.environment.alberta.ca/apps/OSEM/ Athabasca River Conditions and Use, Government of Alberta
http://www.ramp-alberta.org/river.aspx Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Agency, RAMP (Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program), Athabasca River Basin
http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Athabasca/Athabasca-F_e.php Canadian Heritage Rivers System (CHRS), Athabasca River
http://arbri.athabascau.ca/About-the-Athabasca-River-basin/Index.php About the Athabasca River Basin, Athabasca River Basin Research Institute
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941314/ Oil sands development contributes elements toxic at low concentrations to the Athabasca River and its tributaries