Attawapiskat First Nation

Attawapiskat Settlement between Attawapiskat River and James Bay

The Attawapiskat First Nation (/ˌætəˈwɑːpᵻskæt/ Cree: ᐋᐦᑕᐙᐱᐢᑲᑐᐎ ᐃᓂᓂᐧᐊᐠ Āhtawāpiskatowi ininiwak, "People of the parting of the rocks"; unpointed: ᐊᑕᐗᐱᐢᑲᑐᐎ ᐃᓂᓂᐧᐊᐠ) is an isolated First Nation located in Kenora District in northern Ontario, Canada, at the mouth of the Attawapiskat River on James Bay. The traditional territory of the Attawapiskat First Nation extends beyond their reserve up the coast to Hudson Bay and hundreds of kilometres inland along river tributaries.[1] The community is connected to other towns along the shore of James Bay by the seasonal ice road/winter road constructed each December, linking it to the towns of Kashechewan First Nation, Fort Albany, and Moosonee (Minkin 2008:1)[2] Attawapiskat, Fort Albany, and Kashechewan operate and manage the James Bay Winter Road through a jointly owned corporation named after the Cree word for our road kimesskanemenow, the Kimesskanemenow Corporation. Attawapiskat is the most remote northerly link on the 310 km long road to Moosonee.[3] They control the reserves at Attawapiskat 91 and Attawapiskat 91A.

Etymology

Attawapiskat (Āhtawāpiskatowi ininiwak, unpointed: ᐊᑕᐗᐱᐢᑲᑐᐎ ᐃᓂᓂᐧᐊᐠ) means "People of the parting of the rocks" from the Swampy Cree (Omushkegowuk) chat-a-wa-pis-shkag. The Attawapiskat River carved out several clusters of spectacular high limestone islands less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) from its mouth that are unique to the region. These formations (and therefore the river and community) are called chat-a-wa-pis-shkag in Swampy Cree (Omushkegowuk).[4]

Land use and occupancy

"[A]ncestors of today’s Attawapiskat band occupied all the territory from the Kapiskau River in the south, to Hudson Bay (Cape Henrietta Maria) in the north, and from Akimiski Island in the east to Lake Mississa (150 miles inland) to the west. This has been contended by the present day chief and council [oral history], is supported by documentation in the archives of the HBC [Hudson’s Bay Company], and was documented by Honigmann [1948] (Cummins, 1992: 72)."[5][6]

A land use study (Berkes et al. 1995:82)[7] was carried out "jointly by the Research Program for Technology Assessment in Subarctic Ontario (TASO), the Mushkegowuk Council, its constituent First Nations, and the Omushkegowuk Harvesters Association. The overall purpose of the project was to help the regional Council and its associations develop a strategy for natural resource co-management, self-government, and sustainable regional development."[7] In 1990 Dr. Fikret Berkes, Distinguished Professor and Canada Research Chair at the University of Manitoba, and a team of academics interviewed 925 aboriginal hunters from eight communities (Attawapiskat, Moose Factory, Moosonee, New Post, Fort Albany, Kashechewan, Peawanuck and Fort Severn) of the Mushkegowuk region, Hudson and James Bay Lowland. Their results published in 1995, showed "that geographically extensive land use for hunting and fishing persists in the Mushkegowuk region, some 250 000 km2. However, the activity pattern of Omushkego (West Main) Cree harvesters has changed much over the decades; contemporary harvesting involves numerous short trips of a few days’ duration instead of the traditional long trips. Although the First Nations control only 900 km2 (0.36% of the region) as Indian reserve land, they continue to use large parts of their traditional territory (Berkes et al. 1995:81)."[7]

In her Masters thesis (1998) Jacqueline Hookimaw-Witt, a Muskego-Cree, interviewed elders from Attawapiskat who described in great detail ways in which they continued to harvest, fish and hunt for food, clothing, crafts and subsistence to complement store-bought items.[8] Hookimaw-Witt was the first Muskego-Cree to earn a doctorate.

Geography

Attawapiskat is a coastal community in the western Hudson Bay Lowland, a vast wetland located between the Canadian Shield and James Bay and Hudson Bay. The town or hamlet of Attawapiskat now covers 1.32 km2 of land and is located along the Attawapiskat River, 5 km inland from the James Bay coastline. It is in the James Bay drainage basin. It is in the Kenora District which is in the extreme north of Ontario. Timmins, the nearest urban center, is located approximately 500 km south. Moosonee is 160 km south of Attawapiskat. It is located 52°55′ north and 82°26′ west.[9]

The vegetation is typically subarctic with a mostly coniferous forest (stunted black spruce and tamarack) in the muskeg.[10] Wildlife includes geese, ducks, caribou, moose, beaver, bear, wolves, wolverine, marten, rabbit, muskrat, otter, and other species.[9]

Winter roads constructed each December link Attawapiskat First Nation with Fort Albany First Nation, Kashechewan, Moosonee and Moose Factory to the south. (Minkin 2008:1)[2]

The fertile soil (0.8 meters deep) is underlain by clay and silt. It is normal for the river to rise 1 or 2 metres. The community has experienced partial and complete flooding. [9]

Geology

The Attawapiskat kimberlite field is a field of kimberlite pipes in the Canadian Shield located astride the Attawapiskat River on Attawapiskat First Nation land. It is thought to have formed about 180 million years ago in the Jurassic period when the North American Plate moved westward over a centre of upwelling magma called the New England hotspot, also referred to as the Great Meteor hotspot.[11]

The area is composed of 18 kimberlite pipes of the Attawapiskat kimberlite field, 16 of which are diamondiferous; the Victor Mine sits on top of the Victor pipe and mines from Victor Main and Victor Southwest which have appeared close enough to the surface to be used in an open-pit mine. The Victor Kimberlite is a composition of pyroclastic crater facies and hypabyssal facies, and is considered to have a highly variable diamond grade.[12]

Since June 26, 2008, the De Beers open pit Victor Diamond Mine has been in operation mining two pipes in the field at 52°49′14″N 83°53′00″W / 52.82056°N 83.88333°W / 52.82056; -83.88333, about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of the community of Attawapiskat.[13][14] The mine expected to produce 600,000 carats (120 kg) of diamonds a year.[15]

Demographics

There are over 2,800 members of Attawapiskat First Nation, but the local on-reserve population was 1,549 according to the 2011 census. More than a third of the members of the Attawapiskat First Nation who still live on their home reserve are under the age of 19 and three-quarters are under the age of 35 (2010-12-03).[16] Altogether, 5% of the community, 101 people, have attempted suicide over the 7 months from September 2015 to April 2016.[17]

Language

Almost all of the Aboriginal population of Attawapiskat speak the Swampy Cree language, one of the varieties of the Cree language, as their first language.[18] Many elders understand very little English; they speak Cree and other Aboriginal languages.[19] Some of these elders, such as Shano Fireman, self-identify as Inninew (person, part of the people Cree).[8]

History

Attawapiskat is home to the Mushkego, Omushkego James Bay Cree also known as Mushkegowuk Cree Omushkegowuk Cree, western James Bay, west-coast, Swampy, Omushkego, and Hudson Bay Lowland Cree)(General 2012:2) .[6] The location of the town has been a gathering place for local Native people for centuries but their land use and occupation covered a vast area. Originally it was a seasonal camp that was visited only in the spring and summer to take advantage of the prime fishing on one of the main drainage rivers of James Bay. Historically, in the wintertime, families left the location to live in other trapping, hunting and gathering sites along the coast, inland or on Akimiski Island (General 2012:iii).[6] also known as "Agamiski and Atimiski Island, and less commonly as Agumiski, Akamiski, Kamanski, Viner’s Island, and Oubaskou."(General 2012:5).[6]

Attawapiskat was entered into official treaty with Canada and the Province of Ontario relatively late, in 1930 (Treaty 9 adhesion), and the majority of the First Nation members moved to the community as late as the mid-1960s.[18]:247 Traditional structures, thinking and interpretation of life were maintained in a deeper fashion than for many less isolated First Nations communities. Some elders still lead a traditional life on the land, moving into the community only over Christmas season[18]:249 Some families, although having their home base in the community, are still using the land extensively as their economic and social basis. The vast majority of community members are involved in the yearly goose hunts in fall and spring.[18]:6 Therefore, there is still an awareness of traditional way of life among most of the Attawapiskat First Nation members.

Attawapiskat has grown from a settlement of temporary dwellings, such as tents and teepees, in the 1950s to a community with permanent buildings, which were constructed in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[20] Traditional harvesters from Attawapiskat First Nation continue to regularly hunt caribou, goose, and fish along the Attawapiskat River, while tending trap lines throughout the region (Berkes et al., 1994; Whiteman, 2004). This goes beyond subsistence hunting and fishing. It comprises an important part of local culture and identity (Inf. #2, 4).[1]

The Hudson's Bay Company introduced the commercial fur trapping economy first by establishing a post in Fort Albany in the late 17th century. The post in Attawapiskat was established toward the end of the 19th century (Honigmann 1953:816).[21]

Attawapiskat was also once an outpost of Revillon Frères.

Governance

Attawapiskat First Nation Office 1990s

Attawapiskat was officially recognized by the Government of Canada under the Treaty 9 document. Although the original document was signed in the years 1905 and 1906, it only included the communities south of the Albany River in northern Ontario. Attawapiskat was included when adhesions were made to the treaty to include the communities north of the Albany River. Attawapiskat was numbered as Attawapiskat Indian Reserve 91 as part of Treaty 9. The treaty set aside reserve lands on the Ekwan River, a parallel river north of the Attawapiskat River that drains into James Bay, totalling 27040.10 hectares.[22] In time, it was decided by local leaders to establish the community in its present location on the Attawapiskat River instead. This was due to an existing trading post and better access to James Bay shipping routes from this location. The new reserve, which contains 235.8 hectares, was then numbered Attawapiskat Indian Reserve 91A.[22]

Local leadership is an elected government of a chief, a deputy chief and twelve councillors who serve three-year terms. The current chief (2012) is Theresa Spence. The band council was under Third Party Intervention for part of 2011–2012.[23][24] While the federal government had preemptively removed the third-party manager, a Federal Court decision later deemed the Third Party Management arrangement 'unreasonable'.[25]

Attawapiskat First Nation is a member community of the Mushkegowuk Council, a tribal council (Minkin 2008:v)[2] and regional organization that "represents the collective interests of eight First Nations in Northern Ontario, Kashechewan, Fort Albany, Chapleau Cree, Missanabie Cree, Moose Cree, Tagamou First Nation and Attawapiskat First Nations in northeastern Ontario."[2]

The community and Mushkegowuk Council are represented by the Nishnawbe Aski Nation (NAN). NAN is a political territorial organization that represents the 50 First Nations that are part of the Treaty No. 9 area in Northern Ontario. At the provincial level, the community, tribal council and political territorial organization participate in a provincewide coordinating body, the Chiefs of Ontario. The Assembly of First Nations represents the community along with other First Nations organizations and councils as well as over 600 First Nations across Canada.

Land use planning

"The western James Bay region of northeastern Ontario is experiencing new development in the resource sector. At issue is the extent to which the Mushkego Cree communities that constitute much of the western James Bay population will be able to participate in the resource development decisions that affect their traditional territory (Minkin 2008:v)."[2]

Audit of the AANDC and Attawapiskat First Nation (AFN) Management Control Framework (2005–2011)

Grand Chief Stan Louttit of Mushkegowuk Council observed that "At the height of the Attawapiskat housing crisis over a year ago, the Attawapiskat First Nation made it very clear to the government that they would welcome a forensic audit to be carried out. The government chose not to conduct such an audit only to settle for a limited audit by the firm of Deloitte.[26] The "Audit of the AANDC and Attawapiskat First Nation (AFN) Management Control Framework" by Deloitte and Touche LLP was completed in September 28, 2012 (Deloitte and Touche 2012-09-28). Chief Teresa Spence took office in 2010 but the audit's investigation covers the period between April 1, 2005, and November 30, 2011.[27] Attawapiskat First Nation (AFN) voluntarily agreed to the audit.[26] The federal government had commissioned the audit in December 2011 in response to a declaration of a state of emergency regarding a long-standing and continual crisis of housing. According to Aboriginal Affairs, "only 46 of Attawapiskat's 316 housing units are considered adequate, while another 146 need major work and 122 are placement (Canadian Press 2013-01-7)." (CP 2013-01-07).[28] CBC radio report (2013-01-07)[29] noted that insensitive timing of the announcement to CBC and the online publication of the audit just before a controversial, highly publicized and much anticipated meeting on Friday, January 11, Prime Minister Harper and First Nations leadership. For Grand Chief Stan Louttit of Mushkegowuk Council, the meeting was to be "an important and critical opportunity for dialogue and to work towards some key deliverables into the future."[26] For others was a "hopeful sign of a new beginning in building nation to nation respectful relationships" and "the beginning of implementing the 1996 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples."[30] The timing did "not reflect too well on the government." CBC correspondent Terry Milewski reported that the auditors did "not allege fraud" but raised "questions about bookkeeping" on the part of the federal government and the Band. The audit "shows an unacceptable level of expenditures for which proper documentation was not provided. It does not suggest the money was spent improperly."[30] Aboriginal and Northern Affairs representative revealed that of the 316 homes, 85% are "unfit for human habitation".(CBC 2013-01-07).[29] The total amount of all AANDC funding to Attawapiskat First Nation which includes health, education, infrastructure, housing and administration, [notes 2] etc. was approximately $104M over that time (Deloitte and Touche 2012-09-28 p. 6).[27] The area under scrutiny by the audit, was the c. $8.3M for "housing-related activities through the Capital Facilities and Maintenance (CFM) program, which included $6.85M for housing maintenance; $1M for immediate housing needs; and, $450K for housing renovations under Canada's Economic Action Plan." One of the positive outcomes was the observation that AANDC, CMHC, and Attawapiskat First Nation, "worked in partnership at the regional level to determine allocations of housing funds for the Attawapiskat First Nation." It was revealed in the audit[27] that Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) only conducted one physical condition review of Attawapiskat First Nation housing units during the period from April 1, 2005, to November 2011. The April 2009 review was conducted on a very small sample in a single 27-unit housing project built in 1990 and 1994. These units had "poor indoor air quality, high water table and overcrowding." CMHC did not share this report with Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (Indian Affairs and Northern Development).[31] Recommendations included changes regarding loan eligibility, improvements in reporting, book-keeping, for example, CMHC Physical Condition Reviews must be shared with AANDC. It was noted that there is a chronic problem with collection of rent in arrears which impedes loan payments to CMHC and the challenges of evicting tenants [54] in this impoverished, remote northern community already plagued by overcrowding. In it the auditors found "an average of 81 per cent of files did not have adequate supporting documents and over 60 per cent had no documentation of the reason for payment." Additionally, the letter delivered to Chief Spence stated the audit revealed "no evidence of due diligence on the part of Attawapiskat of funding provided by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada for housing projects and Health Canada for health-related projects."[32]

Attawapiskat First Nation is part of the regional Mushkegowuk Council, an Aboriginal political group representing the James Bay Mushkego or Omushkego Cree. The community and the Council are together represented under the Political Territorial Organization, Nishnawbe Aski Nation (NAN), which represents 50 First Nations in Northern Ontario. NAN is the representative political body for the First Nations that are part of Treaty 9. The current Grand Chief of Nishnabwe-Aski Nation is Harvey Yesno. The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is the national representative organization of the 630 First Nation's communities in Canada.[33]

The federal and provincial representation of reserve is within the riding of Timmins—James Bay. The current Provincial Member of Parliament (MPP) is Gilles Bisson (NDP) and federal member of parliament is Charlie Angus (NDP).

2016 suicide crisis

A state of emergency was declared after eleven people attempted suicide on April 9, 2016.[34] A document signed by Chief Bruce Shisheesh and eight councillors reflects that there were twenty-eight suicide attempts during March 2016.[34][35] More than one hundred people attempted suicide between September 2015 and April 2016 and one person has died.[34] Reasons cited for the many suicide attempts are: overcrowding with 14 to 15 people living in one home; bullying at school; residential schools; and physical, sexual and drug abuse.[35] Health Canada provided $340,860 for mental health and wellness programs and $9,750 for the National Aboriginal Youth Suicide Prevention Strategy, which the reserve claims is inadequate and they are overwhelmed.[36][37] Local hospitals which are in already poor condition have also been overrun by the amount of suicide attempts and previously ill patients.[38]

Economy and employment

Economic and employment opportunities are limited to work within the community, mainly in the service sector or for the local band council. There are only a handful of businesses in the town.

From 1927 to 1960, the Catholic Church's Oblate Mission operated a sawmill.[40]

In 1901 the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading post and store in town. The Northern Store took over the operations from HBC in the 1980s.

Mining

De Beers Canada officially opened De Beers Victor Diamond Mine, Ontario's first ever diamond mine on July 26, 2008. De Beers has spent approximately $1 billion on construction of the mine. It is an open-pit mine located 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of the settlement of Attawapiskat on Attawapiskat First Nation traditional land.

"Traditional harvesters from Attawapiskat First Nation regularly hunt caribou, goose, and fish along the Attawapiskat River, while tending trap lines throughout the region (Berkes et al., 1994; Whiteman, 2004). Like many other northern Cree communities, these traditional activities are more than subsistence, comprising an important part of local culture and identity (Inf. #2, 4). Therefore, the community leadership was very concerned with the proposed development of the Victor mine, and, at De Beers` invitation, sought to ensure that any environmental impacts of the mine would be effectively mitigated."[1]

An Impact-Benefit Agreement (IBA) was signed with community leaders in 2005[41] with Danny Metatawabin, acting as coordinator for the Impact-Benefit Agreement (IBA) between De Beers and Attawapiskat.[42] Community members later protested the agreement through demonstrations and roadblocks, claiming that the community's share of the "bounty from the mine isn't getting back to the community."[43][44] De Beers has negotiated a lease area. Although it is acknowledged that the mine is on Attawapiskat traditional land, the royalties from Victor Mine flow to the Province of Ontario, not Attawapiskat First Nation.[45] They have 500 full-time employees, with 100 from Attawapiskat First Nation. De Beers also employs Attawapiskat First Nation in winter road construction. The "mine employ[s] 100 people from Attawapiskat at any one time. It generates about $400 million in annual revenue for the company. " Sub-contractors from Attawapiskat First Nation also work for the mine.[42]

The company has transferred about $10.5 million to a trust fund held by Attawapiskat as of January 2011. The Attawapiskat Trust, established January 1, 2007, receives payments made by De Beers Canada and Attawapiskat Limited Partnership (ALP) as part of the Victor Diamond Project Impact and Benefits Agreement (November 3, 2005-11-03) (Financial Statements Attawapiskat Trust 2012 p. 4). The beneficiary of the trust includes "all members of Attawapiskat on a collective and undivided basis (Financial Statements Attawapiskat Trust 2012 p. 4)."[46]

Victor was forecast to have a "17-year cradle-to-grave life. That includes construction, an estimated 12 years of operation and then winding down to closure and rehabilitation of the site (Grech 2011-06-22)."[47] In an interview with CBC reporter[48] Megan Thomas in Sudbury, Ontario (CBC 2013-02-06), De Beers' Victor Mine spokesperson explained that Victor Mine could be exhausted by 2018 as was originally anticipated. It would take several years to close the mine completely. It is not economically viable with present-day technology to mine the deeper remaining 40 meters of diamond-bearing layers.[48] However, the mine had produced at a high level of performance leading to "[f]urther exploration of the site" with the "hope that De Beers will uncover another source of diamonds within close proximity of the existing operation." Tom Ormsby, claimed that "The high quality of the Victor diamonds and the vastness of the Canadian shield points to great potential for another diamond mine being developed in northeastern Ontario." The "Canadian Shield has great potential to host diamonds" Canada's potential in Canada "appears to be at least twice as good as what southern Africa has held for potential for diamonds (Grech 2011-06-22)."[47]

"A federal review of the relationship between De Beers' Victor mine and Attawapiskat showed that government support for training and capacity did not start soon enough to deal with the huge lack of skills in the First Nation."[43]

Transportation

Air

Travel to Attawapiskat is accessible through Attawapiskat Airport year-round. The airport was opened in 1974, but air service in the community began in 1957.[40] The airport is equipped with a gravel runway that was constructed in the 1970s.

Circa 2007, Thunder Airlines supplanted Air Creebec, as supplier of postal services and for shipping goods. Heavier goods are shipped into the community via a seasonal barge from Moosonee.

Rail

From Moosonee the Ontario Northland Railway runs south to Cochrane, with bus connections further south to Toronto and Southern Ontario.

Road

During the winter months, a "Winter Road" is constructed that connects the community to other coastal towns on the James Bay coast. Winter roads are temporary routes of transportation that are constructed mostly in January, February, March and even April throughout remote parts of Northern Ontario. The seasonal James Bay winter road connects the communities of Attawapiskat, Kashechewan, Fort Albany, Moosonee and Moose Factory. James Bay Winter Road is operated or managed by Kimesskanemenow Corporation.

Residents of several remote coastal communities often take advantage of the winter road to purchase goods and perishables, by making long trips to Moosonee. When the winter road is in good condition, the trip can take five hours to Kashechewan, one way. During the period when the winter road is open, certain community band members offer taxi services, shuttling between the communities. James Bay Winter Road is available in the winter months barring bad weather such as blizzards and heavy snowfalls, at which point access will be closed until the road is inspected and snow is plowed away.

Roads in town are not paved, and are either dirt or gravel.

Roads are generally unnamed (Airport Road, River Road, Meenish Road, 1A Street and 2nd Street are the few named streets) and most places in town use post office boxes for identification.

The first roads were built by the province in 1956.[40] The Ontario Ministry of Transportation has an office and representative in the town.[20]

Besides the winter roads, none of the gravel roads connect beyond Attawapiskat.

Residents drive cars, vans and small trucks (SUV or pickups), while some may use ATVs or bikes and snowmobiles in winter months.

Community services

Policing

Attawapiskat is policed by the Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service, an Aboriginal-based service that replaced the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP). This change took place in the early 1990s in most remote northern communities in Ontario. The community is served by the Attawapiskat detachment in the Northeast Region.

Healthcare

Basic health services are provided by the Attawapiskat Wing of James Bay General Hospital (main wing in Moosonee, Ontario), a provincial hospital which provides sixteen beds for pediatric, medical/surgical and chronic care. The hospital replaced St. Mary's Hospital, established by the Catholic Church in 1951,[40] in 1969.[49] Health services are provided by a nursing staff. However, like other remote communities on the James Bay coast, there is no doctor in the community. A physician from Weeneebayko General Hospital in Moose Factory visits Attawapiskat, as well as other communities along the coast on a regular basis during each month.[50] Patients with serious injuries, or those requiring surgery, must be transported to a larger centre for treatment. These emergency patients are transported by air ambulance airplane or helicopter to medical centres in Moose Factory, Timmins, Sudbury or Kingston, depending on their condition.

James Bay General Hospital is being merged with federally operated Weeneebayko General Hospital to improve health care services in the region.[51]

Attawapiskat Health Clinic provides additional outpatient health care services to the community and is located across the street from James Bay Hospital Attawapiskat Wing.

On May 1, 2013, officials announced that the hospital was closed and evacuated because of flooding in the area.[52]

Fire and EMS

Attawapiskat Fire Rescue consists of a fire department of nine (one fire chief, one lieutenant and seven firefighters) at one station with one pumper.[53]

Pre-hospital medical care is provided by James Bay Ambulance Service, a service run by Weeneebayko Area Health Authority funded by the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. The community is served by one EMS base (#02) with two ambulances (one primary and one reserve) for the entire community.[54] There are eight primary care paramedics stationed at this base which operates 24/7/365.[55]

Community Centres

Maytawaywin Authority provides recreational services at Reg Louttit Sportsplex, a community centre and sportsplex:

A healing lodge, Jules Mattinas Healing Lodge, is located northwest of Attawapiskat and connected by a road. The building's entrance is shaped as a teepee.

Religion

St. Ignatius Catholic Church, built in 1935, was the only place of 'westernized' worship in Attawapiskat for many years and also maintains the local cemetery.[40] St. Ignatius is located within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Keewatin–Le Pas. A second large burial grounds, St. Mary Cemetery, is located in the west end of town.

Other places of 'westernized' worship are two Pentecostal places of worship.[20]

Canadian Ranger

Attawapiskat Canadian Ranger Patrol is a Canadian Ranger unit attached to the 3rd Canadian Ranger patrol group (based at CFB Borden) and was formed in 1994.[56]

Education

Elders now living in Attawapiskat reported that in the 1930s and 1940s they sent their children to Saint Anne's Residential School in Fort Albany (1936–1964) because there was no school in Attawapiskat.[8][57] The same group of elders described the first school in Attawapiskat, built by the missionaries, which operated as a summer school that was only open in July and August so it would not interfere with traditional life.[8] Attawapiskat School, designed by one of the first Canadian women architects in 1951 Lennox Grafton[58] opened in 1953.[40]

Primary school students attended J.R. Nakogee School, which was constructed in the 1970s and opened in 1976.[40] J.R. Nakogee School was closed on May 11, 2000, because of site contamination and possible health problems that were attributed to a massive diesel leak at the site that occurred in 1979.[59] The students and staff have since been in portables. Secondary school students attend Vezina Secondary School, which was established in the early 1990s with additions built in following years. The secondary school was founded by John B. Nakogee in 1991 and it was named after Father Rodigue Vezina, a local Catholic priest who has served the community since 1975.[60] Before the high school was opened in 1991, high school students had to go to Timmins, North Bay, or Ottawa for their studies.[20]

In May 2000, the First Nation was forced to close its elementary school and the community’s students received their elementary education in a series of portables. Money that had been allocated for the renovation of the deteriorating physical condition of the 25-year-old frame construction school was used to fund the construction of eight double and three single portable classrooms. The facilities were basic, with none of the supplementary resources available to schools in other parts of the province. A new school was promised by the Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs in the summer of 2000, but no action was taken for several years. The Education Authority’s Chairman summed up the community’s plight by saying: "We just want what any other parent would want for their children - a safe school."[40] A study by B. H. Martin indicates that the total area available for instruction is only about 50% of the space allocated in Indian Affairs' School Space Accommodation Standards.[61][62]

Beginning in 2007, local teenager Shannen Koostachin launched "Education Is a Human Right", an activist campaign to publicize the lack of educational opportunities for First Nations youth.[63] Koostachin was killed in a car accident near New Liskeard, where she was attending high school, in 2010; the campaign was subsequently renamed Shannen's Dream in her memory, and continues to operate. The campaign was the subject of Alanis Obomsawin's award-winning 2013 documentary film Hi-Ho Mistahey![64]

Attawapiskat First Nation marked the ground breaking for a new elementary school on June 22, 2012. Assembly of First Nations National Chief Shawn Atleo congratulated the community of Attawapiskat as they celebrated the ground breaking.[65] On September 8, 2014, the new Kattawapiskak Elementary School was officially opened.

On May 1, 2013, officials announced the closure of all schools in the community because of flooding.[52]

Media

Radio

Television

Channel TV Info
21 History Channel
26 Teletoon (Canadian TV channel)
28 Attawapiskat Development Corporation
34 The Weather Network
41 CTV News
46 Treehouse TV

Note: Many channels from TV shows public to community and up to 48 TV channels

Local television cable service is provided by Attawapiskat Development Corporation.

Telecommunications in the community is received from a tower located next to the hospital.

Utilities

Five Nations Energy Inc was created in 2001–2003 to distribute electricity from Hydro One from the Moosonee Substation.[66] Prior to 2000 power was supplied by diesel generators located in Fort Albany.[67]

Cost of living

M. Koostachin & Sons (1976), a locally owned store

The cost of living in Attawapiskat is quite high, because of the expense of shipping goods to the community.

Local stores include the Northern Store and M. Koostachin & Sons (1976). Prior to January 2013, more than a third of the residents occasionally placed orders for perishables and other goods (except alcohol) which were shipped in via aircraft from Timmins, and for which the residents made prepayments with money orders. When their orders arrived, the residents had to pick them up at the local airport. For example, 6 apples and 4 small bottles of juice cost $23.50 (2011-12-01).

The price of gasoline is considerably higher than the provincial average. When the fuel is shipped via winter road, the prices of gasoline and propane tend to drop slightly.

It costs $250,000 to build a house in Attawapiskat.[68] The cost of renovating one condemned house is $50,000–100,000.[69] A majority of the community members have updated their heating needs, while many households still use dry firewood. Firewood in Attawapiskat costs $150 and $200 a cord, and a cord will heat a winter-bound tent for only a week, or at most 10 days. [70]

Attawapiskat Gallery

Infrastructure crisis

Water and infrastructure crisis

Prior to the 1970s clean potable water from the Attawapiskat River and Monument Channel was obtained using buckets and pails. There was no running water.[71]

When in 1976, AANDC recommended that the community water supply should come not from the river but from an inland lake (slough) just northeast of the hamlet, community members using traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) were aware that the water intake site proposed was too high in organics. They were right and no filtration system since then has proven adequate to control the quantities of organics without over-compensation with chemicals. Two consecutive treatment plants have failed, causing health problems. According to GENIVAR senior engineer, Rod Peters (2012),[71] "The real problem is that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) level is just too high to start. When you chlorinate the filtered water, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acid (HAA5s) are formed within five minutes of contact." As well there’s bromide in the raw water from the slough which reacts with the ozonate bromide used in the filtration process, turning to "bromate, which is a carcinogen."[71]

"Not only, then, did the original design not work properly, but it presented potential health hazards. Technically, the filtration system in Attawapiskat right now will not be able to bring water to compliance with the recommended drinking water quality guidelines for Health Canada", Peters confirms.[71]

Attawapiskat has been plagued with water "supply, treatment, and distribution challenges" since at least 1992, according to Peters.[71] In c. 2009 GENIVAR was asked by the community and Aboriginal and Northern Affairs Canada (AANDC, then INAC) "to identify a suitable water intake site on the Attawapiskat River" (Freek 2012).[71]

In March 2012 there was a Health Canada advisory warning residents to "minimize their exposure to household tap water".[71] This means bottled water for most residents. Boiling water does not make it safe to drink because it does not remove the THMs. Exposure to tap water has to be limited and filters only help in some cases.

Housing and infrastructure crisis

Homes are mainly pre-fabricated wooded structures[72] with newer trailer units arriving after the 2011 floods.

On October 28, 2011, the Attawapiskat First Nations leadership declared a state of emergency in response to dropping temperatures, and the resulting health and safety concerns due to inadequate housing. Many residents were still living in tents, trailers and temporary shelters, and many residences and public buildings lacked running water and electricity. In one case, children, the elderly, and the ill were sleeping in rooms just a few feet away from a 2009 raw sewage spill that had not been adequately cleaned.[73][74]

Attawapiskat residents were evacuated during flood conditions in May 2009. The sole elementary school building, a state-of-the-art construction in 1976, was closed in 2000 because of toxic fumes from a 1979 diesel spill.

Along with 300 houses, there are 5 tents and 17 sheds used for housing. Trailers that house 90 people cost $100,000 a year to maintain.[75]

Aboriginal Affairs Minister John Duncan claimed that officials in his department were unaware of Attawapiskat's housing problems until October 28, 2011, despite having visited the community many times that year.[76]

In November, 2011, a spokesperson for the Department of Aboriginal Affairs stated that the reserve had received a commitment of $500,000 to renovate five vacant housing units, and that it had already received "a significant boost from Canada's Economic Action Plan and funding dedicated to a new subdivision, of which 44 houses have been completed".[77] The Prime Minister stated that the Attawapiskat First Nation had received $90 million in transfer payments since the federal Conservative Party was elected in 2006.[78] On December 30, 2012, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development stated that $131 million will have been spent on Attawapiskat from 2006 to the end of fiscal year 2012–13, which includes 60 houses that have been renovated or newly constructed; a new school is also under construction.[79]

It should be noted that the $90 million in transfer payments referred to by the Prime Minister is an aggregate figure, encompassing more than just housing. This amount includes all federal funding for Attawapiskat over 5 years, which includes education, health care, social services, housing and many other necessities. All of these programs require infrastructure and human resources that are also included in the total. It is estimated that $84 million is needed for housing alone in Attawapiskat.[80]

The crisis is the subject of a 2012 documentary by First Nations filmmaker Alanis Obomsawin, The People of the Kattawapiskak River. Obomsawin was present in the community in 2011, working on another film for the National Film Board of Canada, when the housing issue came to national attention.[81] The Attawapiskat band received a total estimated revenue of $34 million in 2011: $17.6 million from the federal government, $4.4 million from the provincial government, and income derived from non-governmental sources.[82]

Timeline

Notable people

Notes

  1. ↑ The Prime Minister of Canada changed the name of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) to Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) in June 2011.
  2. ↑ "Education per pupil, Education infrastructure (maintenance, repair, teacher salaries, etc), Health care per patient, Health care, infrastructure (clinics, staff, access to services outside the community in the absence of facilities on reserve), Social services (facilities, staff, etc.), Infrastructure (maintenance and construction (Vowel, Chelsea. 12/6/2011. "Attawapiskat: You Want to Be Shown the Money? Here it Is." Huffington Post)."

References

  1. 1 2 3 CBERN. "Case Study: Attawapiskat First Nation". Canadian Business Ethics Research Network. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
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  3. ↑
  4. ↑ Berger, Jonathan; Terry, Thomas (2007). Canoe Atlas of the Little North. Erin, Ont.: Boston Mills Press. pp. 109, 111, 115. ISBN 978-1-55046-496-2. OCLC 78038334. Also OCLC 174417835
  5. ↑ Cummins, B.D. (1992). Attawapiskat Cree Land Tenure and Use (PDF) (Ph.D. Thesis, McMaster University). Hamilton, Ontario.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Zachariah General, University of Waterloo (2012). Akimiski Island, Nunavut, Canada: An Island in Dispute (PDF) (Master of Environmental Studies). Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
  7. 1 2 3 F. Berkes; A. Hughes; P.J. George; R.J. Preston; B.D. Cummins; J. Turner (March 1995). "The Persistence of Aboriginal Land Use: Fish and Wildlife Harvest Areas in the Hudson and James Bay Lowland, Ontario". Arctic 48 (1). pp. 81–93.
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  9. 1 2 3 Jackie Hokimaw-Witt (1999). "Attawapiskat First Nation Community Profile: Geographic and Historical Overview" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-04.
  10. ↑ Riley, J.L. 2003. Flora of the Hudson Bay Lowland and its Postglacial Origins. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada. 236 p.
  11. ↑ Davis, WJ; Miller, AR (2001). "A Late Triassic Rb-Sr phlogopite isochron age for a kimberlite dyke from the Rankin Inlet area, Nunavut, Current Research 2001-F3" (PDF). Radiogenic age and isotopic studies - Report 14. Geological Survey of Canada. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
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  32. ↑ "Attawapiskat chief slams audit leak as 'distraction'". CBC News. January 8, 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
  33. ↑ Assembly of First Nations (AFN). "Provincial-Territorial Organizations". Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  34. 1 2 3 CTV News: Attawapiskat First Nation declares state of emergency after suicide attempts
  35. 1 2 CBC News: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/attawapiskat-suicide-first-nations-emergency-1.3528747
  36. ↑ Hamilton Spectator: 11 suicide attempts in one night: Attawapiskat cries for help
  37. ↑ CTV News: Attawapiskat health-care workers 'overwhelmed' by suicide attempts
  38. ↑ http://www.winnipegsun.com/2016/04/12/attawapiskat-suicide-pact-of-13-youths-including-nine-year-old-broken-up-by-police
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  41. ↑
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  47. 1 2 Ron Grech (June 22, 2011). "High Quality Stones: De Beers expands its exploration of Victor site". Timmins, Ontario: The Daily Press. p. 10.
  48. 1 2 Morning North (February 6, 2013). "The impact of the De Beers diamond mine on Attawapiskat". Sudbury, ON: CBC.
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  50. ↑ http://www.wha.on.ca/ps_costal.html
  51. ↑ http://www.wha.on.ca/integration.html
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  54. ↑ http://jamesbayambulance.org/index.php?p=1_9_About-Us
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  64. ↑ "TIFF 13: Alanis Obomsawin on Hi-Ho Mistahey!". Playback, September 13, 2013.
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  66. ↑ http://www.hydroone.com/RegionalPlanning/Moosonee/Pages/default.aspx
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  71. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kerry Freek (March 3, 2012). "Don't Drink the Water: A contaminated water supply and poor plant design risks community health in Attawapiskat". Water Canada the Complete Water Magazine.
  72. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/attawapiskat-reserve-residents-suicides-1.3537520
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  78. ↑ Blatchford, Christie (December 27, 2012). "Christie Blatchford: Inevitable puffery and horse manure surrounds hunger strike while real Aboriginal problems forgotten". National Post. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  79. ↑ McCarthy, Shawn, and James Bradshaw (December 30, 2012). "Idle No More protesters block main Toronto-Montreal rail line in support of Chief Spence". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  80. ↑ Vowel, Chelsea (2011-12-06). "Attawapiskat: You Want to Be Shown the Money? Here it Is.". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2013-01-03.
  81. ↑ Dunlevy, T'cha (9 November 2012). "The People of the Kattawapiskak River examines a community on the edge". Montreal Gazette (Postmedia Network Inc.). Retrieved 2012-11-09.
  82. ↑ http://www.attawapiskat.org/financial-statements/
  83. 1 2 title= 1867
  84. ↑ Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (June 2011). "Change to the Department's Name".
  85. 1 2 3 Office of the Auditor General of Canada. "Chapter 4: Programs for First Nations on Reserves". 2011 June Status Report of the Auditor General of Canada (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2013-01-12.
  86. ↑ "Education is a Right: Fighting for Attawapiskat". Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  87. 1 2 Linda Goyette (December 10, 2010). "Attawapiskat: The State of First Nations Education in Canada". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  88. ↑ UNESC. 2004-12-08. "Human rights and indigenous issues: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, Rodolfo Stavenhagen: Mission to Canada." E/CN.4/2005/88/Add.3.
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  91. ↑ "More evacuations expected in northern Ontario due to flood fears". Canwest News Service. May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  92. 1 2 Rebecca Lindell (November 29, 2011). "Putting Attawapiskat on the map". Edmonton: Global News. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  93. ↑ Ryan Lux (November 10, 2011). "Hundreds homeless in Attawapiskat MP says, ‘people will die if nothing is done’". Edmonton: The Daily Press. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  94. ↑ Rebecca Lindell (November 29, 2011). "Putting Attawapiskat on the map". Edmonton: Global News. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  95. ↑ "Canadian Red Cross to support immediate needs in Attawapiskat". Toronto. November 26, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
  96. ↑ "Court file no: T-2037-11, between Attawapiskat First Nations and the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development" (PDF). January 14, 2012.
  97. 1 2 "Attawapiskat renovates temporary trailers for housing: De Beers donated housing units in 2009, but were only to be used as short-term emergency accommodations". CBC. February 5, 2013.
  98. ↑ http://www.attawapiskat.org/wp-content/uploads/20140129FINALSchoolUpdateJan.pdf
  99. ↑ https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1384363252867/1384363307868
  100. ↑ http://www.attawapiskat.org/wp-content/uploads/20131123MediaStatementKapuskasingEvacuationa.pdf
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  105. ↑ "Debates of Sept. 26, 2011". OpenParliament.ca. September 26, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  106. ↑ "House of Commons". 41st Parliament, 1st Session 84. February 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
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  108. ↑ Goyette, Linda. "Still Waiting in Attawapiskat". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  109. ↑ Koostachin, Shannen (May 23, 2008). "Students of Attawapiskat Plead to Minister Chuck Strahl". Retrieved 2012-05-22.
  110. ↑ "Attawapiskat Children Fight for a School". Facebook. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  111. ↑ Gloria Galloway (November 17, 2011). "Teen takes up late cousin's call to improve native schools". Ottawa: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  112. ↑ "Book of Memories for Shannen Koostachin". Buffam Leveille Funeral Home Ltd. June 1, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-07.

Further reading on housing and infrastructure crisis

External links

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