Aubervilliers

Aubervilliers

Town Centre

Coat of arms
Aubervilliers

Coordinates: 48°54′47″N 2°22′59″E / 48.9131°N 2.3831°E / 48.9131; 2.3831Coordinates: 48°54′47″N 2°22′59″E / 48.9131°N 2.3831°E / 48.9131; 2.3831
Country France
Region Île-de-France
Department Seine-Saint-Denis
Arrondissement Saint-Denis
Canton Capital of two cantons:
Aubervilliers-Est and Aubervilliers-Ouest
Intercommunality Plaine-Commune
Government
 • Mayor (2016–2020) Meriem Derkaoui
Area1 5.76 km2 (2.22 sq mi)
Population (2010)2 76,087
 • Density 13,000/km2 (34,000/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code 93001 / 93300
Elevation 33–46 m (108–151 ft)

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Aubervilliers (French pronunciation: [obɛʁvilje]) is a French commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in the Île-de-France region in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris, France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Albertivillariens or Albertivillariennes.[1]

The commune has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.[2]

Geography

Localisation

Aubervilliers in the Paris Urban Area.

Aubervilliers is one of three communes in the Plaine Saint-Denis, 7.2 km (4.5 mi) north-east of the centre of Paris.

The Canal Saint-Denis traverses the commune on the western side from north to south.

Transport and communications

Aubervilliers is a commune close to Paris and has numerous means of transport including: the A86 autoroute from L'Ile-Saint-Denis in the west to Drancy in the east with Exit 9 on the northern border of the commune, Route nationale N301 from Stains in the north and joining the Paris ring road in the south, the D20 from Gennevilliers in the west, the D27 from Bobigny in the east, and the D115 from Pantin in the south-east.[3] The Paris ring road is just outside the southern border of the commune and there are two access routes to it: by the Porte d'Aubervilliers and by the Porte de la Villette. These roads provide easy access to the network of roads and motorways around Paris as well as Le Bourget and Charles de Gaulle airports.

The square was once served by numerous tramways. The AR line (Aubervilliers - République), the Compagnie des tramways de Paris et du département de la Seine (TPDS) line and many others once terminated here...
...as well as an electric Imperial tram from TPDS which circulated on the Place de la République - Gare de l'Est - Parisian cemetery - Quatre Chemins - Aubervilliers line.[4]
The Canal Saint-Denis at Aubervilliers

The Canal Saint-Denis once had important river ports and there was the Paris-Hirson railway and an industrial railway for Saint-Denis/Aubervilliers which served the Plaine Saint-Denis.

Public transport in the commune

Courneve-Aubervilliers Station

The RER railway passes through the north of the commune and the station of Corneuve-Aubervilliers, located just north of the commune on the N301 road, serves Aubervilliers. There are also two Metro stations on the south-western border on Avenue Jean-Jaures: Aubervilliers-Pantin-Quatre Chemins at the corner of Ave. de la Republique, and Fort d'Aubervilliers at the corner of Ave. de la Division Leclerc.

Aubervilliers-Pantin-Quatre Chemins on Metro Line 7

The commune is served by:

Neighbouring communes and localities

 L'Île-Saint-Denis La Courneuve Le Bourget
Clichy Bobigny
   Aubervilliers  
18th arrondissement 19th Arrondissement Pantin

Urbanism

Urban Morphology

The main quarters or districts of the commune are:

  1. ^ Wikimedia Quarto, January 2005, On 18 December 2004, 3 donated servers were installed at a colocation facility in Aubervilliers, a suburb of Paris, France.

Toponymy

The town is mentioned in the Latinised form Albertivillare in 1059.[5] It is from this that the inhabitants are known as Albertivillarien.

The place name of -villiers (a variant of -villier, -villers, -viller, coming from the Low Latin villare, derived from villa - progressively meaning "farm", "village", then "town") is a characteristic appellative for agricultural domains in the Merovingian and Carolingian periods. The first part is the Germanic personal name Adalbertus from which are derived the names Albert (English form) and Aubert (French form) and also became a surname. It is homonymous with a hamlet in Seine-et-Marne, Aubervilliers, and Auberville in Normandy (the others are explained by the Old Norse personal name Osbern giving Auber, the name of a Norman family).

History

Baptismal fonts in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus.

Origins

As with many communes in the outer suburbs the town had long been a rural area. Formerly known as Notre-Dame-des-Vertus, the village was on is a plain which produced the best vegetables around Paris.

Middle Ages

Aubervilliers first appears in the archives in 1059 as Albertivillare, meaning "estate of Adalbert". In the following year Henry I donated it to the Priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs. In 1111 the serfs were freed in Aubervilliers. In 1182 the priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs, located in Paris, granted Paris butchers the right to freely graze their cattle in the fields after the harvest was over. In 1221, Guillaume Bateste, lord of Franconville, became the first Lord of Vivier les Aubervilliers. The church, which at the beginning of the 13th century depended on one of the parishes of Saint Denis, soon became famous for the miraculous appearance of an image of the Virgin.[6]

In 1336 Father Jacques Du Breul, Prior of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, reported the Miracle of the rain: A young girl busy preparing flowers to adorn the statue of the Virgin in the church saw her face streaming with tears when the rain began to fall on the parched crops. In 1338 King Philip VI of France and his queen went to Aubervilliers to visit the image. From 1340 to 1792 people went there in droves each year from Paris and its surroundings. In 1402 Michel de Laillier, Lord of Ermenonville, became Lord of Vivier les Aubervilliers. In 1429 the town was occupied by the English but was retaken by Michel de Laillier in 1436. Louis XI went there in November 1474 to the house of Pierre L’Orfèvre, the new Lord of Vivier from then until August 1478. The image of the Virgin in lead that the king wore on his hat was a representation of the one at Aubervilliers.

In 1531 the Lordship of Vivier les Aubervilliers was sold to the Montholon family which held it until 1779. The facade and tower of the church were built in the reign of Henry II. Civil wars which the Armagnacs stirred up in France led to the destruction of the village but the abundant alms of the many pilgrims who came from all sides allowed a prompt reconstruction. On 10 November 1567 the Battle of Saint-Denis took place in the Plaine Saint-Denis between the Catholic army of Anne de Montmorency and the Protestant troops of the Prince of Condé.

Henri IV stayed in Aubervilliers during the Siege of Paris in 1590.

From the Renaissance to the 18th century

The visit by Louis XIII in 1613, then again in 1614 and 1628, allowed the development of pilgrimage to Notre-Dame des Virtues. Jacques Gallemant, pastor of Aubervilliers, allowed a community of Oratorians to settle in Aubervilliers in 1618. They took charge of the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus[7] and developed an important pilgrimage around the statue of the Virgin of Aubervilliers. The installation from 1622 of a "House of Notre-Dame des Vertus" by the Oratorians of John de Bérulle then its progressive extension throughout the 17th century made Aubervilliers an important centre of French Catholic spirituality. Thinkers, "pious and famous faithful" such as Francis de Sales, Vincent de Paul, John Eudes (he stayed for two years), Jean-Jacques Ollier, Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, the philosopher Nicolas Malebranche, and the son of the great Jean Racine - the poet Louis Racine participated in a pilgrimage there and returned. At the end of the 17th century and in the first half of the 18th century, the House of Oratorians of Aubervilliers became a "stronghold" of the Jansenist dissent.

In 1649, during the Fronde, Aubervilliers fell into misery. Crops were destroyed, death reigned and population declined. There were 125 deaths in 1652 in a population of about 1,500 inhabitants. Nevertheless, the small town was reborn although until the 19th century it was populated by farmers. Proximity to the Paris markets promoted Market gardening, especially on the Plain of Vertus which was famous for its onions and a wide range of vegetables.[8] The existence of the Mazier farm at 70 Rue Heurtault is attested by a document in 1699.

French Revolution and Empire

On 12 August 1787 the first meeting of the Municipal Assembly of Aubervilliers took place. In 1789 there was alist of grievances, complaints and remonstrances written by Mesme Monard, the parish priest, and one of the leaders against the Oratorians. On 24 January 1790 the election of the first mayor of Aubervilliers took place: Nicolas Lemoine was elected. In 1792 the boundary of the commune of Aubervilliers was delineated.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Plain of Aubervilliers was, in 1814 and 1815, the scene of a bloody battle between French troops and the Prussians who took and re-took it several times. The French soldiers were overpowered by numbers and were eventually forced to abandon it.

From the Restoration to the Paris Commune

Prussian battery aimed at Paris during the insurrection of the Paris Commune at the Fort d’Aubervilliers. Liébert fired.
Aubervilliers in 1888. Map by the état-major.
The Nationale factory at the beginning of the 20th century
Interior of the Nationale factory

On 13 May 1821 the Canal Saint-Denis opened. In 1832, an outbreak of cholera decimated the population. In 1840 a factory was set up to manufacture soap from resin. The Fort d'Aubervilliers was built in 1843 - it was part of the Thiers wall, a structure authorised in 1840 by Adolphe Thiers to protect Paris and, where appropriate, to subdue its rebellions forming an elongated belt around Paris. It was used for the repression of the Paris Commune. The grounds of the fort and its surroundings are part of Aubervilliers commune. In 1861 the Central Market was created.

On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, a small part of the commune of Aubervilliers was annexed to the city of Paris. At the same time, the commune of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Aubervilliers, Saint-Denis, and Saint-Ouen. Aubervilliers received a small part of the territory of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis.

The Industrial Revolution and the expansion of Paris radically changed the situation in Aubervilliers. Industries were established next to the canal. On 6 October 1862 Baron Hainguerlot began the operation of General Stores in Saint-Denis. In 1866 he moved to Aubervilliers. In 1866 Saint-Gobain purchased a factory manufacturing sulphuric acid from John Frédéric Boyd which was located on Rue du Landy. On 12 September 1867 Lady Lequin[9] began operating a Match factory at a place called La Motte, Rue du Vivier.[10]

During the Siege of Paris in 1870 the municipal government took refuge in Paris at 20 Boulevard de Strasbourg. At the beginning of 1877 a tramway arrived in the city centre. In 1879, the boyauderie (Tripe factory) owned by Mr. Jacquart was established.[11] It was later purchased by Witt SA, a boyaudier from La Courneuve. The whole complex was bought in 1921 by the Wanner establishment who manufactured insulating materials: ceramic, plaster, and cork tiles. On 18 June 1897 a grease manufacturing factory (industrial oils and greases) was established on Chemin Haut de St Denis at Aubervilliers[12] and remained in operation until the Second World War. In 1898 a tram depot was built at the corner of the Avenue de la République No. 30 and Rue du Midi.[13]

The Belle Époque to the Second World War

At the end of the 19th century the life of the small town was already closely linked to nascent industrialization. People from Belgium, Lorraine, Alsace, Brittany, Spain, and Italy arrived in successive waves. This capacity to absorb and mix populations is characteristic of the history of the commune. Workers come to live in the suburbs which were cheaper than in Paris. Ever since Aubervilliers has been a multicultural city where more than 70 nationalities live.

For decades major industries shaped the identity of the city.

The district of Quatre-Chemins, which straddles the boundary of Aubervilliers and Pantin, was pejoratively nicknamed La Petite Prusse (Little Prussia) due to many immigrants coming to work in the Saint-Gobain glassworks - established in 1866 next to the canal. The identity of the district led them to ask in vain for the status of full-function commune at the end of the 19th century.[14]

Summary of events

Contemporary period

The construction of the Stade de France (Stadium of France) just north of the commune in 1998 was a stimulating element in the Saint-Denis Plain. With its 750 hectares on the outskirts of Paris, The Saint-Denis Plain covers one third of Aubervilliers and extends over Saint-Denis and Saint-Ouen. Since the early 2000s this area, which was one of the largest industrial areas in Europe, has been changing and should receive the Campus Condorcet in the late 2010s.

Heraldry

 The arms of Aubervilliers are blazoned:[17]
Parti per pale, at 1 Gules, 3 bezants of Or in pale; at 2 Argent, an arrow sable in pale.

In 1790 the municipal assembly of Aubervilliers had an oval seal engraved (kept in the National Archives), representing, together with the arms of France, a sun and a lion passant. While this was retained by the Commission d’héraldique urbaine de la Seine and proposed in 1942 as symbol of the commune, the municipality preferred the above arms, evoking la Compagnie des Chevaliers de l’Arc, which it had used since the end of the 19th century.

Politics and administration

Until the law of 10 July 1964 the commune was part of the department of Seine. The redistribution of the former departments of Seine and Seine-et-Oise resulted in the commune becoming part of Seine-Saint-Denis after the administrative transfer effective from 1 January 1968.

Administration

Aubervilliers

Aubervilliers is divided into two cantons:

Political trends and results

In the 2008 municipal elections, the PS came first in the first round of 9 March 2008 but lost against the list headed by the PCF. Despite the national agreements to desist in favour of the leftist list in the best position, the PS list led by Jacques Salvator was maintained in the second round[18] and won the election with 41.48% of the vote against the list of the incumbent mayor, Pascal Beaudet (PCF), the UMP, and the MoDem.[19]

In March 2011 in the cantonal elections (Canton of Aubervilliers-Est) Pascal Beaudet (PCF, PG, GU, ZIP, Federated) again led the first round (30.9%) in the context of a record abstention rate (72.3%).[20] The Socialist candidate continued again in the second round, as in 2008 but this time Pascal Beaudet won the election in the second round (50.76%). The two cantons of Aubervilliers are now run by the communists (Jean-Jacques Karman and Pascal Beaudet).

Administration

List of Successive Mayors[21]

Mayors from 1942
From To Name Party Position
1942 1944 Pages
1944 1945 Armand Lavie
1944 1953 Charles Tillon
1953 1957 Emile Dubois
1957 1984 André Karman
1984 2003 Jack Ralite
2003 2008 Pascal Beaudet
2008 2014 Jacques Salvator
2014 2016 Pascal Beaudet
2016 2020 Meriem Derkaoui

(Not all data is known)

Twinning

The Town Hall in 1908

Aubervilliers has twinning associations with:[22]

Population and society

Canal Saint-Denis near Lock 2
The Canal Saint-Denis

Immigration

Place of birth of residents of Aubervilliers in 1999
Born in Metropolitan France Born outside Metropolitan France
63.2% 36.8%
Born in
Overseas France 		Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth¹ EU-15 immigrants² Non-EU-15 immigrants
2.8% 2.3% 5.8% 25.9%
¹This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), and to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. Note that a foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics.
²An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.

Demography

In 2010 the commune had 76,087 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.[Note 1]

Population Change (See database)
1793 1800 1806 1821 1831 1836 1841 1846 1851
1,900 1,884 1,946 1,952 2,213 2,292 2,551 2,853 2,611
1856 1861 1866 1872 1876 1881 1886 1891 1896
3,204 6,098 9,240 12,195 14,340 19,437 22,223 25,022 27,332
1901 1906 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954
31,215 34,009 37,558 40,832 48,053 55,714 55,871 53,010 58,740
1962 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2006 2010 -
70,632 73,695 72,976 67,719 67,557 63,136 72,300 76,087 -

Sources : Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006)

Housing Estate

The results of the 2010 Census conducted by INSEE shows that the upward trend in the population continues dramatically since in the last ten years the population has grown by 20.5% from 63,130 to 76,087 inhabitants.[23] Although the thesis of an increased supply of housing is only partially relevant, the number of dwellings having increased by 1,975 from 1999 to 2010 or 6.9%, the question should be considered differently and in particular addressing the densification of tenure which probably has an effect on the quality of life and the sharp decline in the number of vacant units which have decreased from 3,184 in 1999 to 1,566 in 2010.[24]

Between 1982 and 1999 43,000 people reported that they would come to live in Aubervilliers (68.1% of the population in 1999) and, as the population decreased by 4,589 during the period, it can be concluded that nearly 48,000 people left Aubervilliers. We can deduce from these figures that only a third of the population is stable.[25]

The decade 2000–2010 saw a marked relaunching of demographics in the wake of the economic revival of the Plaine-Saint-Denis. The migration in the commune became positive (+0.4% per year from 1999 to 2010) and was combined with a natural balance growth (+1.75% per year).[24] The increase is particularly noticeable in the western canton of la Villette in Landy. This strong recovery makes it necessary for the joint construction of a school (kindergarten and primary) from 2010 to 2014.[26]

In 2010 there were 31,379 immigrants in Aubervilliers (or 41.2% of the population of the commune - the highest proportion in the department), including 3,919 from the European Union, 1,418 from the rest of Europe, 11,313 from the Maghreb, and 6,810 from the rest of Africa[27] According to demographer Michèle Tribalat, in 2005 about three-quarters of young people under 18 years old in the commune are foreign or French of foreign origin, mainly from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa.[28][29]

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aubervilliers and Seine-Saint-Denis Department in 2010

Aubervilliers Aubervilliers Seine-Saint-Denis Seine-Saint-Denis
Age Range Men Women Men Women
0 to 14 Years 21.7 22.0 23.2 21.4
15 to 29 Years 22.1 21.7 21.2 21.3
30 to 44 Years 24.8 22.7 22.5 21.9
45 to 59 Years 18.2 18.5 19.0 18.9
60 to 74 Years 9.7 9.2 10.1 9.9
75 to 89 Years 3.4 5.4 3.8 6.0
90 Years+ 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.6

Sources:

Economy

In economic terms Aubervilliers is the fourth largest city in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis with 30,000 jobs and 2,444 businesses[30] in the private sector.

The city has a dense network of SMEs representing 25% of employment. These SMEs include research laboratories such as Rhodia (730 jobs[30]) and Saint-Gobain (400 jobs[30]), large public institutions such as Orange S.A., Documentation française, transport services such as La Poste, and the workshops of La Villette such as the Paris Métro and a large RATP bus depot.

77% of available jobs are today in services, transport, and retailing. Industrial activities are present with companies such as lampes Aric, Thyssen elevators, Messier-Bugatti-Dowty, and Vesuvius plc. Headquarters and administrative departments of large firms have also established here: Rhodia, KDI, Motul, Lapeyre-GME (3,400 staff[30]), and Zurich Insurance).

New industries have developed in recent years:

Another sign of this change has been the strengthening of wholesale and import-export activities. With more than 300 establishments concentrated in the Entrepôts et Magasins généraux de Paris (Warehouses and General Stores of Paris) (EMGP) and also around the Port of Aubervilliers (district of La Haie-Coq), this sector is a new business area in strong development. Haie-Coq imports are cheap manufactured goods of all kinds (textiles, watches, toys, decoration, gadgets), usually from Chinese products, which distributed throughout France. The CIFA - Fashion Business Center is the centre of this business.[31]

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage

Religious heritage

The Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus
Stained glass windows in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus

Facilities

Education

Aubervilliers has 14 kindergartens, 15 elementary schools, 5 collèges (middle schools), and 4 lycées (high schools). The city also has three private establishments and several specialized institutions.[53] The collèges (middle schools) include Diderot, Rosa Luxemburg, Jean Moulin, Gabriel Péri, and Henri Wallon.[54] The lycées include Lycée Polyvalent D'Alembert, Lycée d'enseignement général et technologique Le Corbusier ("Le Corbusier High School of General and Technological Education"), Lycée professionnel Jean-Pierre Timbaud ("Jean Pierre Timbaud Vocational High School"), and Lycée d'enseignement général et technologique Henri Wallon ("Henri Wallon High School of General and Technical Education").[55]

The Inter-communal School under construction in 2011
List of Schools and colleges in Aubervilliers

Hospitals and clinics

Sports

  • Athletics C.O.A.
  • Athletics CMA
  • Aïkido
  • Badminton, Auber'Bad
  • Basketball (AABB)
  • Bodybuilding
  • Boules Lyonnaises
  • Bridge
  • Canoeing Outdoors CMA
  • Chess
  • Climbing Outdoors CMA
  • Créole Relay sports and leisure of Aubervilliers
  • Municipal Cycling of Aubervilliers 93
  • Cycle-tourism
  • Dance - Ballroom, Auber
  • Dance - Caribbean, Colibri des Iles
  • Dance - Handicap
  • Dance - Hip-Hop, Ethnix Dream
  • Dance - Oriental (ACAS)
  • Dance - Salsa
  • Diving CMA
  • English Boxing - Boxing Beats
  • Fencing
  • Flash Boxing of Auber. Thai boxing
  • Football A.S.J.A.
  • Football F.S.G.T.
  • Football, F.C.M.A.
  • Gymnastics Sportive CMA
  • Handball CMA
  • Hiking
  • Indans'Cité
  • Judo, Jujitsu CMA
  • Karaté club of Aubervilliers
  • Karaté for all
  • Kung-fu Boxing Club
  • Long-Distance Running
  • MMA Fitness Centre
  • OMJA
  • Paintball Challenge
  • Pétanque (Casanova)
  • Pétanque (Gabriel Péri)
  • Pétanque (Théâtre)
  • Physical Culture CMA
  • Qwan Ki Do
  • Swimming CMA
  • Top Forme Women's Gym
  • Table Tennis
  • Tennis
  • Totof Muay Thaï
  • Volleyball relaxation Aubervilliers
  • Yoga and Wellness
  • Youth Sports Association of Aubervilliers (ASJA)

Theatre

Entry to the Zingaro Equestrian Theatre

Cinema

Libraries

Arts

Notable people linked to the commune

Historical figures

Jack Ralite in Aubervilliers in 2011

Artistes

Sportsmen

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ At the beginning of the 21st century, the methods of identification have been modified by Law No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002, the so-called "law of local democracy" and in particular Title V "census operations" allows, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For communes with a population greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is conducted annually, the entire territory of these communes is taken into account at the end of the period of five years. The first "legal population" after 1999 under this new law came into force on 1 January 2009 and was based on the census of 2006.

References

  1. ↑ Inhabitants of Seine-Saint-Denis (French)
  2. ↑ Aubervilliers in the Competition for Towns and Villages in Bloom (French)
  3. ↑ Google Maps
  4. ↑ Bernard Festuot, Little history of the tramway of Aubervilliers (1877–1936), Chemins de fer régionaux et urbains, Vol. 1999/5, No. 275, 1999, pp. 4-16, ISSN 1141-7447 (French)
  5. ↑ Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing, Etymological Dictionary of place names in France, Larousse, Paris, 1963 (French)
  6. ↑ Historic dictionary of the environs of Paris, Dr. Ermete Pierotti (French)
  7. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00079927 Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus (French)
  8. ↑ Treatise on food (...), Louis Lémery, Paris, 1755; The theory and practice of gardening and agriculture, Roger Schabol (Father), Paris, 1767; Economic dictionary: containing the art of valuing land (...), Noël Chomel, Paris, 1767; Methodical Encyclopedia: Art of Oratory and gardening (...), Jacques Lacombes, Paris, 1797 etc. (There are dozens of references) see BnF online - Gallica
  9. ↑ Also called Dame Delabarre
  10. ↑ Today called Rue Henri-Barbusse. This factory was managed by the Compagnie générale des allumettes (General Match Company) from 1874 then by the State Department of Manufacturing from 1890. Rebuilt between 1902 et 1904, today it is occupied by the Documentation française.
  11. ↑ It is now at 3 Rue Danielle-Casanova
  12. ↑ Today 25 to 37 Rue du Port
  13. ↑ Rue Bernard and Mazoyer
  14. ↑ Plunge into the memory of "Little Prussia", Le Parisien - Seine-Saint-Denis edition, 7 March 2009, consulted on 8 March 2009 (French)
  15. ↑ At Jean-Jaurès/Danielle-Casanova crossroads
  16. ↑ Immigration and opinion in France under the Fifth Republic, Yvan Gastaut, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2000, ISBN 2-02-035417-9, pages 52-60. (French)
  17. ↑ Du blason au logo. Aubervilliers Town Hall website. (French)
  18. ↑ Source: Le Parisien, Seine-Saint-Denis edition, 14 March 2008 (French)
  19. ↑ Results of the municipal elections 2008 - 2nd round:
    Voters 50.3 %
    Registered 49.0 %
    List Salvator (PS) - 41.5% of Registered voters - 35 seats
    List Beaudet (PCF) - 38.5% of registered voters - 9 seats
    List Ménia (UMP) - 7.8% of registered voters - 2 seats
    List Augy (MoDem) - 12.2% of registered voters - 3 seats
    Source: Le Parisien (French).
  20. ↑ See complete results on Aubervilliers section of the PCF website (French)
  21. ↑ List of Mayors of France (French)
  22. ↑ National Commission for Decentralised cooperation (French)
  23. ↑ Evolution and structure of the population - Aubervilliers, INSEE
  24. 1 2 Results of the census of 2010 - Evolution of the number of lodgings by category
  25. ↑ Source: PCF Aubervilliers (French)
  26. ↑ A school in place for the entry year of 2010, Le Parisien, Seine-Saint-Denis edition, 20 April 2009. (French)
  27. ↑ IMG1B Immigrants by sex, age, and country of birth 2010 - Aubervilliers, INSEE (French)
  28. ↑ Michèle Tribalat, Revue Commentary, June 2009, No. 127 (French)
  29. ↑ Michèle Tribalat, Eyes closed shut, Denoël, 2010 (French)
  30. 1 2 3 4 The guide to local collectives, May 2008, "Bienvenue! La Seine-Saint-Denis", Comité d'expansion (COMEX) of Seine-Saint-Denis (French)
  31. ↑ CIFA market website (French)
  32. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA64000019 Old Match Factory (French)
  33. ↑ Renée Gailhoustet, Eulogy on Housing, SODEDAT 93, éd. Massimo Riposati, Paris, 1993, p. 27-41 (French)
  34. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000704 2 Decorative panels (French)
  35. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000645 Painting: Allegory of the Liberation (French)
  36. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000644 Painting: Allegory of Abundance and Peace (French)
  37. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000643 Painting: Allegory of Work (French)
  38. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00079927 Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus (French)
  39. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000483 Statue: Virgin and Child (French)
  40. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000482 Statue: Virgin and Child (French)
  41. ↑ Stained glass windows in the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus, Catholic churches of Aubervilliers website, consulted on 28 July 2008 (French)
  42. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000188 3 Stained glass windows (Bays 3, 4, and 16) (French)
  43. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000187 13 Stained glass windows (Bays 1, 2, and 5 to 15) (French)
  44. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000186 Stained glass window (St. Jacques & St. Christophe) (French)
  45. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000583 Reliquary and 2 Statues (French)
  46. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000582 Painting: Saint Mary of the Incarnation (French)
  47. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000474 Pedestal Organ (French)
  48. ↑ Church of Notre-Dame-des-Vertus, Departmental Committee of Tourism website, consulted on 28 July 2008 (French)
  49. ↑ Church of Notre-Dame des Vertus, Atlas of heritage of Seine-Saint-Denis website, consulted on 28 July 2008 (French)
  50. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000002 Instrumental part of the Pedestal Organ (French)
  51. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000003 Painting with frame: Christ in the garden of olives (French)
  52. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000001 2 Statues: Angels adoring (French)
  53. ↑ Establishments, Commune of Aubervilliers. Retrieved on 17 June 2010.
  54. ↑ Colleges Commune of Aubervilliers. Retrieved on 17 June 2010.
  55. ↑ Schools, Commune of Aubervilliers. Retrieved on 17 June 2010.
  56. ↑ Zingaro Equestrian Theatre website (French)
  57. ↑ Libraries, Aubervilliers website, Retrieved on 17 June 2010 (French)
  58. ↑ Laboratoires d'Aubervilliers on the Artplaces website
  59. ↑ Villa Mais d’Ici on the Artfactories website (French)
  60. ↑ Conservatory of Music website (French)
  61. ↑ Homage to Léon Jouhaux (1879–1954), Notes d’Iéna No. 171, January 2004. Publication of the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council. (French)
  62. ↑ Isabelle Mergault at AlloCiné (French)
  63. ↑ La chanson des enfants by Jacques Prévert
  64. ↑ Aubervilliers my love, Nouvel Observateur, 30 October 2008, consulted on 31 October 2008 (French)
  65. ↑ On the discovery of Abou d'Auber, Le Parisien, 13 June 2010, page 18 (French)

Bibliography

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