Australian plague locust

Australian plague locust
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Acrididae
Genus: Chortoicetes
Species: C. terminifera
Binomial name
Chortoicetes terminifera
(Walker, 1870)

The Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) is a native Australian insect in the family Acrididae and a significant agricultural pest.

Adult Australian plague locusts range in size from 20 to 45 mm in length and the colour varies from brown to green. In profile, the head is higher than the thorax, and the thorax has an 'X' shaped mark. The legs have a reddish shank and the wings are clear other than for a dark spot on the end.[1]

Range and habitat

The locusts occur naturally in far north-western New South Wales and the adjoining areas of Queensland and South Australia as well as Western Australia. From these areas, the locusts can expand from time to time to be found in the agricultural areas of South Australia, New South Wales—including the Riverina— and Victoria.[2] The locust can be found in a variety of grassland and open wooded habitats across the inland areas of the Australian mainland. Upper level winds may occasionally carry locusts to coastal areas of the mainland and northern Tasmania and may establish populations in the eastern valleys of the Great Dividing Range; these populations usually fail to establish themselves for more than a few generations.[3]

Life-cycle

A first instar nymph of C. terminifera

Adult locusts— feeding on green shoots that follow rain within 24 to 48 hours in warmer months—will mature and lay eggs within five to seven days of a rain event. Using their ovipositor to drill a hole, locusts lay their eggs in the soil in a pod. Pods contain around 30 to 50 eggs[4] and locusts lay 2–3 pods, 5 to 10 days apart. Egg laying often happens en masse with as many as a million laid in a hectare of suitable soil.[4] In good conditions (i.e. warm and moist) eggs take around two weeks to develop.[5]

After hatching, the nymphs take around 20–25 days to complete development in mid-summer.[5] The locust has five instars, with the wings becoming more prominent with each moult.[6] After the first and second instar, nymphs will form aggregations known as bands; these tend to disburse by the fifth instar.[5] Late instar bands will travel up to 500 metres per day. Drier country will see large bands congregate that are visible from the air while in the agricultural regions, bands will tend to be smaller.[5]

After its final moult—6 to 8 weeks after egg laying—the adult locust is called a fledgling. Fledglings have three development stages; a growth phase, where wings are strengthened and the exoskeleton hardened, a fat accumulation stage and lastly, oocyte development.[5] Gregarious populations of locusts will form swarms, recurring in central Eastern Australia once every two or three years.[7] The Australian plague locust is less gregarious than other locust species and swarms occur in a continuum from dense swarms through a range of densities down to scattered adults. Swarms may persist for days; dispersing and reforming while following the wind. Swarms may move up to 20 kilometres in a day.[5] Swarms can infest areas up to 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi), although typical infestations are less than 5 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi).[8] Swarms can travel up to 800 kilometres (500 mi) tending to move with hot winds and generally towards the coast in most cases.[4] Hopper Behaviour Thousands of young hoppers may emerge from an egg bed and remain in the location for several days before dispersing into the surrounding vegetation. As they develop hoppers tend to form into aggregations called bands. Bands are usually not well developed until the third instar and frequently contain a mixture of instars. Bands may extend over several kilometres and are often visible from the air: Mid - instar bands may move 50 m or less per day but late instar bands can move 500 m. The photo illustrates a band of locusts moving across a paddock. Virtually all of the green vegetation has been consumed behind the band.

Bands could contain up to 15,000 hoppers per square metre at the front of the band. Hoppers in bands all move in approximately the same direction giving the impression of a moving carpet of locusts. Often all green grass in the path of the band will be covered with hoppers that are actually eating the grass.

Plagues

A small high density swarm of C. terminifera resting on a bowling green at Berrigan, New South Wales in December 2010

When food and climatic conditions are favourable huge swarms of locusts may develop. The first recorded swarm was in 1844, with further outbreaks from the 1870s onward. After 1900, the intensity and frequency of locust swarms increased and since the 1920s, a pattern has developed of localised high density populations in some locations most years and less frequent major plagues over large areas persisting for one to two years.

Infestations in Western Australia are less frequent.[9] Widespread heavy inland rains, especially in summer, will allow plague locusts to reach plague proportions with less regular rain maintaining these high density populations. During these condition the life-cycle pattern may change to one in which the period from hatching to maturity is reduced to two and a half months.[4] Dry conditions will reduce populations back to background levels.[9]

Due to its large range and frequent plagues, the Australian plague locust is the most damaging locust species in Australia. Damage is mainly confined to pasture although crop damage can occur. Advanced winter crops have generally hardened off by early summer, when plague locusts become active and therefore are not favoured but dry conditions and less advanced crops can be highly susceptible to locust infestation as can young autumn crops.

Medium density swarm of C. terminifera in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales in December 2010.

Losses in a plague can amount to $3-4 million if protection barriers are ineffective.[5] The Australian Plague Locust Commission is responsible for the monitoring and control of locust outbreaks using the control agent fipronil and growth regulators such as diflubenzuron in the juvenile nymphal stage.[7][10] Two older-generation organophosphates, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos, are also used occasionally for auxiliary, blanket spray runs, and the bioinsecticide 'Green Guard', made from a native fungal isolate of Metarhizium acridum. The latter is based on technology developed by CSIRO and the LUBILOSA Programme and now accounts for >12% of spray applications: for protected, organic farming, or environmentally susceptible areas such as water courses.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Australian Plague Locust: Chortoicetes terminifera". Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry. 2007-04-13. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  2. ↑ "Plague Locusts – Identification and Biology". Department of Primary Industries (Victoria). 2008-11-06. Archived from the original on 2008-07-28. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  3. ↑ "Distribution of the Australian plague locust". Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry. 2007-08-27. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Serventy, Vincent (1985). Wildlife of Australia. South Melbourne: Sun Books. p. 171. ISBN 0-7251-0480-5.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Biology and behaviour of the Australian plague locust". Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry. 2008-06-26. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  6. ↑ "Description of an Australian plague locust". Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry. 2007-04-13. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  7. 1 2 3 Spurgin, Peter (September 2006). "Controlling the Australian Plague Locust: Old Foe, New Technologies". Chemistry in Australia (Royal Australian Chemical Institute) 73 (8): 24–27. ISSN 0314-4240.
  8. ↑ "Biology and behaviour of the Australian plague locust". Department of Primary Industries (New South Wales). 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  9. 1 2 "History of locust and grasshopper outbreaks in Australia". Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry. 2008-10-21. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  10. ↑ "Locusts". Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry. 2008-11-03. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-08.

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