Ground Combat Vehicle

This article is about the U.S. Army program. For class of combat vehicles, see ground combat vehicle.
Ground Combat Vehicle

Ground Combat Vehicle logo
Type Tracked or wheeled armored fighting vehicles
Place of origin  United States
Service history
In service cancelled
Production history
Designer Industry and US Army (Government Furnished E/I/M and synchronization)[1]
Variants Infantry fighting vehicle

The Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV) was the US Army's replacement program for armored fighting vehicles in Armored and Stryker brigade combat teams. The GCV was organized under the Follow On Incremental Capabilities Package of the BCT Modernization program. The first variant of the vehicle was to be prototyped in 2015 and fielded by 2017. It replaced the canceled Future Combat Systems, manned ground vehicles program.[2] The Ground Combat Vehicle program was cancelled in February 2014.[3]

Design

Specific design elements of the GCV were contracted out, though the Army designed the architecture and retained overall responsibility for synchronization. This contrasted with the former FCS manned ground vehicles program where contractors had more control over the design.[4] The GCV was to be networked and offer improved survivability, while using the state-of-the-art mobility and power management functions. The military released classified details of the FCS Manned Ground Vehicles program to interested contractors to be utilized in design proposals for the GCV. The GCV family was to be built around a common chassis.[5]

Network

The GCV will be networked.

The GCV was to be operable with the current battle command control and communications suite but would gradually use a more state-of-the-art networked integration system known as the BCT Network. It would provide exportable electrical power, and a battery charging capability for external hardware including vehicles and electronics from the BCT Soldier subsystems. The system would be capable of integration with unmanned systems and dismounted soldiers.[6]

Mobility

The GCV must have been transportable by cargo aircraft, rail, and ship. The Army required it to meet the availability rates of the current Stryker. The Army did not limit the vehicle by the dimensions of the C-130 Hercules, which, in the past, constrained many designs. Air mobility would be provided by the more spacious C-17 Globemaster III. The GCV was to have good cross-country mobility, with a baseline requirement of 30 mph off-road speed. The GCV should have delivered higher sustainability levels and consume less fuel than the Bradley or other vehicles of similar weight and power.[6] The military was accepting both tracked and wheeled designs.[7] The operational maintenance cost requirement of the GCV was up to $200 per mile, compared to $168 per mile for the M2 Bradley.[8]

Offensive capabilities

The type and caliber of the weapons were classified or open to interpretation by the industry. The IFV variant was notable for having a non-lethal weapon requirement.[6]

Countermeasures

The Army wanted the GCV to have a passive blast protection level equal to the MRAP and would utilize hit avoidance systems.[6] The Army wanted to install an active protection system on the Ground Combat Vehicle. BAE tested the Artis LLC Iron Curtain[9] and General Dynamics demonstrated a version of the Israeli Trophy system.[10] By incorporating an APS, the GCV would only need 18 tons of ballistic armor protection, compared to 52 tons of armor required without it. Developers were considering modular armor technology, with the ability to add-on and remove armor plates depending on threat levels and mission requirements.[11]

Development

Vice Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army General Peter Chiarelli hosts the second industry day.

In June 2009, a blue-ribbon panel met in Washington, D.C., to discuss requirements for the Ground Combat Vehicle.[12] In October and November 2009, more than 100 defense contractors turned up for two U.S. Army-organized industry day events in Michigan to express interest in bidding on the vehicle.[13][14] A review required for continuation was held and passed in February 2010 in Washington D.C.[15][16] A request for proposals (RFP) was issued on February 25, 2010 to which companies had 60 days to respond,[16] but was extended an additional 25 days.[17] A committee examined the schedule for the GCV to "shave a little time off".[18] For fiscal year 2011, the U.S. Army wished to spend $934 million of the $2.5 billion allocated for BCT Modernization to develop the GCV.[19]

Up to three competitive contracts were to be awarded by early fall.[7][20] A prototype development contract decision would have followed by 2013.[21] The Technology Development Phase (or Milestone A) would begin in the fourth quarter of Fiscal Year 2010 with the award of up to three vehicle contracts. This was to be followed by an Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD) phase and Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) phase before full production could start.[22]

Nine vehicles were evaluated in the Analysis of Alternatives (AOA). The four primary vehicles included in the AOA were the M2A3 Bradley II, a modernized Stryker, an M2A3 Bradley variant used in Iraq, and a XM1230 Caiman Plus MRAP. The five secondary vehicles included two unnamed foreign-made platforms, the M1126 Stryker Infantry Fighting Vehicle, the M1A2 SEP TUSK Abrams, and a modernized M1 Abrams. Vehicles included the AOA were determined to be inferior to the planned GCV.[23]

On 25 August 2010, the U.S. Army canceled the original RFP to revise the requirements.[24] A new RFP was to be issued 60 days later.[25][26] When Peter Chiarelli was asked if the Army was developing an alternative to the GCV, Chiarelli replied "We're totally committed to GCV."[27] The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform suggested deferring development of the GCV until after 2015.[28]

In August 2011, technology development contracts were awarded to BAE Systems Land & Armaments for $449.9 million and General Dynamics Land Systems for $439.7M.[29]

Budget concerns and proposed cuts

In December 2012, it was reported that the Army may need to cut $150 million from the GCV program in 2014, with deeper cuts between $600 million-$700 million between 2014 and 2018. This put the program, one of the Army's highest priorities, at serious risk. With the drawdown of the War in Afghanistan and budgetary concerns, the expensive development of a new combat vehicle was not seen as feasible. BAE Systems and General Dynamics were each awarded engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) phase contracts in August 2011. The EMD phase was to last 48 months for both contractors, but there were arguments for only one to proceed as a cost-saving measure. This would present the problem of selecting a vehicle based on design outlines, rather than on real prototypes. Another suggestion was to lengthen the EMD period to allow for smaller contract awards over time. This might delay the operational deadline beyond the planned 2018 date. The underlying concern is the fact that the Army plans to spend 80 percent of its ground combat vehicle budget on GCV development from 2013-2018. With 1,847 GCV Infantry Fighting Vehicles expected to be acquired, they would make up only 10 percent of the Army combat vehicle fleet. Redirected funds could be shifted to modernization efforts for the combat-proven Stryker, M1 Abrams, and Bradley families of vehicles.[30]

Revision

The GCV acquisition strategy was revised on 17 January 2013 to further reduce risk and maintain affordability of the program. The revision extended the technology development phase by six months to give industry more time to refine vehicle designs. Milestone B would occur in 2014, with the selection of a single vendor for the engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) and production phases of the program. This would initiate critical design and testing activities in anticipation of vehicle production. Budgetary pressures caused the reduction of number of vendors to be selected from two to one.[31]

CBO report

On 2 April 2013, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) issued a report on the progress of the GCV program. The report questioned the program, estimated to cost $28 billion from 2014–2030, with the possibility of alternate vehicle options. While none met overall Army goals desired in the GCV, they offer advantages in being less costly and delayed. Planned GCV prototypes were heavy, weighing up to 84 tons, to be better protected and seat a 9-man squad. Officials said that a vehicle of that size would not be well suited to operations faced in Iraq or Afghanistan. Alternate vehicles would be cheaper and more maneuverable in urban settings. The CBO report analyzed four alternative options:[32][33]

General Dynamics and BAE Systems, who received contracts in the Ground Combat Vehicle program, criticized the CBO report, saying they used the wrong vehicle in its analysis. Officials from both companies said they used the wrong notional model of the GCV that did not account for the change in requirements made by the Army or the advancements made in the technology development phase of the program. They also criticized the comparisons of the other vehicles. The report factored cost, survivability, mobility, and lethality, ranking the GCV's capabilities as lower than all others. The Army's response was that none of the vehicles meet the requirements to replace the Bradley. An Army test of currently fielded vehicles in 2012 revealed that some met critical GCV requirements, but none met enough without needing significant redesign. They also note that lethality was judged with a 25 mm cannon for analysis, before the Army planned to mount a 30 mm cannon. The CBO report did give credit to cost, assuming the Army's goal of $13 million per vehicle. However, Pentagon cost assessments estimated the price at $16–$17 million per vehicle.[34]

Funding cut and prioritization

On 29 July 2013, Army Chief of Staff General Ray Odierno warned that the Ground Combat Vehicle program might be delayed or possibly even cancelled because of the sequestration budget cuts. Although he specifically said it could be delayed, he did not rule out the possibility of cancellation. The GCV was high-priority for the Army to give better protection than the M2 Bradley, but because of the sequester cuts everything was being considered. On 1 August 2013, Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel outlined two basic results if the effects of sequestration continued: modernization programs like the GCV would be cut to maintain troop levels, or high-end capability efforts like the GCV would be preserved to continue modernization and keep equipment technologically advanced with troop levels being cut. Odierno was committed to balancing soldiers, readiness, and modernization, and was intent on the need for the Ground Combat Vehicle. Suggested alternative options, such as further upgrading the Bradley and buying currently available infantry fighting vehicles like the German Puma, were recommended as cost-saving measures. Army leaders said the Puma's low troop-carrying capacity would require buying five vehicles to replace every four Bradleys, and that upgrading the Bradley would essentially be engineering a new vehicle. While these options would offer no improvement over the fleet's current capability, not pursuing the GCV would allow the money to be spent elsewhere.[35][36]

Some reports suggested that the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle program to replace the M113 family of vehicles was being favored over the GCV program. While procurement of the AMPV fleet would cost over $5 billion, the Government Accountability Office estimated the GCV fleet would cost $37 billion. In April 2013, the Congressional Budget Office said the AMPV would be a better buy because analysts had asserted that the vehicles the GCV was slated to replace should not be first. The GCV would replace 61 M2 Bradley IFVs per armored combat brigade, making up 18 percent of the 346 armored combat vehicles in each armored brigade. A 24 September 2013 Congressional Research Service report suggested that given budgetary constraints, the GCV program may be unrealistic, and that one potential discussion could focus on a decision by the Army to replace the GCV with the AMPV as their number one ground combat vehicle acquisition priority.[37]

Army leaders say having a large ground army is still necessary for deterrence and "regime change" operations. They also realize that their equipment will be mostly modernized versions of current equipment for the rest of the decade. Technologies from the GCV program are being explored, although development and procurement of a vehicle is not. By mid-November 2013, both BAE and General Dynamics designs had passed Preliminary Design Reviews (PDR), but neither company had commenced building prototypes. The Army was increasingly willing to slow down the GCV program or push it back from EMD to research and development. While the Army had said previously that it was their highest priority acquisition program, they had since shifted their main modernization priority to an integrated electronic command network. Short-term incremental upgrades will be applied to existing weapons systems to keep them from becoming obsolete, and advanced technologies available in the future will be used to build entirely new systems when funding is restored.[38]

On 15 January 2014, a spending bill passed by the House appropriated $100 million for the GCV program, even though the Army had requested $592 million for the program for FY 2014. The Army planned to spend 80 percent of its ground vehicle modernization budget on the GCV over the next 5 years, with costs ranging from $29-$34 billion depending on overruns and setbacks. Several options were being considered to make the program more affordable, including reducing the squad size from their optimum goal of nine men and using new emerging, and undeveloped, technologies to reduce the weight of the vehicle to 30 tons for operations in urban environments.[39] The two contractors were to run out of money for development of their prototype vehicles by June 2014 unless the Army funded the rest of the technology development phase. The Pentagon and Army tried to find ways to continue the program, without actually starting vehicle production, through new technologies like advanced fire control systems and hybrid engines. Prematurely ending the GCV program before the start of the EMD phase to select one vendor would result in owing money to the contractors for cancelling the contract. The Army could complete the technology development phase and conduct the milestone decision in June, then say they wouldn't move on to the next phase of the program. Although the Army wanted 1,894 Ground Combat Vehicles with a target price of $9–10.5 million per unit, the Pentagon's Office of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation estimated a unit cost of up to $17 million.[40] The 83-percent cut in funding essentially scaled back the GCV program to a research effort. The program had declined in support over the past months with the Army determining that the desired vehicle was no longer feasible in the near term due to budget reductions, suspicion from the contractors that the program would not move past technology development, and Congress's believing it would not succeed. The Army could have tried to save the GCV by delaying it, or could reset its modernization priorities with more emphasis on the AMPV program to replace the outdated M113.[41]

In a speech on 23 January 2014, General Ray Odierno confirmed that the Ground Combat Vehicle program was being put on hold due to budget difficulties. He said that the Army needed a new IFV but that they could not afford one at the time. Odierno said that he was pleased with the requirements for the vehicle and that progress and development with the contractors was good. "Leap-ahead technologies" that make the vehicle light and mobile while still being protected against RPGs and roadside bombs are still desired. In the past decade, mobility was traded for protection, but Army war games have caused the service to decide it will need small, mobile formations to be deployed quickly in the future. Recent conflicts have shown the need for expeditionary forces to be transported quickly to remote areas in small packages with as little support as possible. Weight estimates of 70 tons for the GCV IFV did not make it easily deployable. The Army may direct some funds for technology development so it can start another program within "three to four years."[42] Science and technology investments are to be made to address the size and weight of armored ground vehicles. The Army reviewed the components of the GCV IFV to find areas to save weight. Reducing the weight of the vehicle would allow it to fit into the Army's expeditionary view by making it easier and cheaper to transport greater numbers of them across the world.[43]

Termination

The Pentagon FY 2015 budget proposal unveiled on 24 February 2014 cancelled the GCV program.[44] Army acquisition executive Heidi Shyu said that criticism of the program was "unfortunate" and cancelling it had nothing to do with vehicle performance. She said the program had been doing "remarkably well" and wasn't having technical issues, and that the contracts were being executed well. The decision to cancel development was based entirely on budget calculations, with no possible way to come up with funds no matter how many other areas were reduced. Money will be redistributed to engineering change proposals (ECP) on existing platforms until budget difficulties pass to allow investment in next-generation capabilities in about seven years.[45]

The decision had to be made to either exclusively fund the GCV or ECPs, so upgrades were chosen for the Bradley, Abrams, Stryker, and M109 Paladin fleets to have them more combat-capable in the near-term, should they be needed for an international situation. Vehicles like the Bradley and Abrams have been upgraded since the 1980s with new armor, sensors, and other gear that have maxed out the platforms for further horsepower and electrical advances, so the requirement for an entirely new ground combat vehicle built from the outset from lessons learned in combat from the previous decade remains.[46] The Army's own budget proposal unveiled on March 4 discontinued the program, and instead funds were shifted to the AMPV program as the main vehicle priority and to improving the Bradley IFV in the interim until more resources become available.[47][48] Incremental improvements will be made to current vehicle fleets to improve protection and networking abilities. $131 million will be directed into science and technology to look at the feasibility of future combat vehicle technologies, and Secretary Hagel has directed the Army, as well as the Marine Corps, to deliver "realistic" visions for vehicle modernization by the end of FY 2014.[49]

The cancellation of the GCV is the second time in 15 years an Army program to replace the Bradley has failed. FCS ran from 1999 to 2009, with the Manned Ground Vehicles portion for replacing several armored vehicle classes costing "hundreds of millions" of dollars out of $20 billion total. From 2010 to 2014, the Army spent over $1 billion on the GCV. Although there was criticism that vehicle weight could not be kept at a reasonable level while meeting its size, weight, and power requirements, the Army maintains the official reason for the cancellation was budgetary pressures. BAE Systems and General Dynamics will each receive $50 million in FY 2015 to continue technology development. The next follow-up IFV development program is currently named the Future Fighting Vehicle (FFV).[3]

Continued technology development

On 18 July 2014, BAE and General Dynamics were awarded $7.9 million study contracts for technical, cost, and risk assessments to salvage subsystems and other technologies created under the GCV for use in the FFV system. General Dynamics will utilize the GCV integrated propulsion and mobility subsystems Automotive Test Rig (ATR), and the conventional drive integrated propulsion subsystem, while BAE will utilize the GCV TD phase integrated hybrid-electric propulsion and mobility subsystems ATR and the hybrid-electric integrated propulsion subsystem (Hotbuck).[50][51]

Variants

Artist's impression of the GCV Infantry Fighting Vehicle

The Army was using an incremental approach to combat vehicle modernization, centered on the Ground Combat Vehicle. The deployment was to be synchronized with upgrades, reset, and divestiture of existing vehicles. Vehicles displaced by the IFV may then replace selected M113 family of vehicles such as command and control, medical evacuation, and mortar carrier, allowing the Army to begin divestiture of the M113 family of vehicles. Upgrades to existing Bradley and Stryker vehicles may have been considered as risk mitigation based on the rate at which the GCV was introduced.[52][53] Although upgraded, the Bradley and Stryker would also be replaced in the midterm.[52]

Infantry Fighting Vehicle

The Infantry Fighting Vehicle superseded the previous infantry carrier replacement effort, the XM1206 Infantry Carrier Vehicle of the FCS MGV program.[2] It was the U.S. Army's intention that the IFV replace the M113 APC by 2018, the M2 Bradley later, and the Stryker ICV in the midterm.[52][54] The IFV was to hold a crew of three and a squad of nine.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Ground Combat Vehicle Infantry Fighting Vehicle Statement of Work" (PDF). United States Army. March 15, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2010.
  2. 1 2 "Army Partially Terminates FCS Manned Ground Vehicle". ASD News. July 21, 2009. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
  3. 1 2 US Army, Marines Struggle With Infantry Vehicle Replacements - Defensenews.com, 6 April 2014
  4. ↑ Ramienski, Dorothy (July 8, 2009). "Army Implements New BCT Modernization Quickly after FCS". Federal News Radio. WFED. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  5. ↑ "US Army Defines Ground Combat Vehicles (GCV) Priorities". Defense Update. Lance & Shield. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "US Army Outlines Ground Combat Vehicles Priorities". Defense Update. Lance & Shield. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 Chavanne, Bettina (December 4, 2009). "New Combat Vehicle for US Army". Aviation Week & Space Technology. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  8. ↑ Abrams Dieselization Project: Doing the Math, Defense media network, 7 November 2013.
  9. ↑ Two contenders gear up for GCV active protection - Dmilt.com, 24 June 2013
  10. ↑ US-Israeli Team To Demo APS for Canada - Defensenews.com, 15 October 2013
  11. ↑ Army Looks Beyond Armor to Upgrade Vehicle Fleet - Military.com, 30 October 2013
  12. ↑ Cavallaro, Gina (June 11, 2009). "Panel to Discuss New Ground Combat Vehicle". Army Times. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  13. ↑ "U.S. Army Announces Ground Combat Vehicle Industry Day" (PDF). United States Army. October 2009. Retrieved October 2009.
  14. ↑ Nelson, Margaret (November 25, 2009). "U.S. Army Meets with Industry Representatives to Conceive a Ground Combat Vehicle". United States Army. Retrieved November 2009.
  15. ↑ Brannen, Kate (February 11, 2010). "DoD Postpones Ground Combat Vehicle Review". Defense News. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  16. 1 2 Brannen, Kate (February 25, 2010). "Army to Issue Ground Combat Vehicle RfP Today". Defense News. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  17. ↑ White, Andrew (19 April 2010). "US Army delays GCV deadline". Shephard. Shephard Group Limited. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
  18. ↑ Brannen, Kate (10 May 2010). "Experts Study U.S. Army's GCV Plans, Schedule". Defense News. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  19. ↑ Cox, Matthew (February 1, 2010). "No More Humvees in 2011 Procurement Plan". Army Times. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  20. ↑ Scutro, Andrew (January 10, 2010). "Army Vague on New Ground Combat Vehicle". Army Times. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  21. ↑ Halcom, Chad (February 7, 2010). "Budget cuts for vehicles hit defense contractors". Crain Communications Inc. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
  22. ↑ "GCV PROGRAM PLAN" (PDF). United States Army. January 29, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  23. ↑ "Army Evaluated Nine Vehicles Against GCV In Analysis Of Alternatives". Inside Washington Publisher. January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  24. ↑ Bennett, John T. (August 25, 2010). "U.S. Army Delays Ground Combat Vehicle". Defense News. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  25. ↑ Brannen, Kate (August 27, 2010). "U.S. Army's GCV Delay: Lesson Unlearned?". Defense News. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  26. ↑ Brannen, Kate (September 6, 2010). "Malcolm O'Neill, Acquisition Executive, U.S. Army". Defense News. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  27. ↑ Kate Brannen. (25 October 2010). "Gen. Peter Chiarelli". Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  28. ↑ "$200 BILLION IN ILLUSTRATIVE SAVINGS" (PDF). 10 October 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  29. ↑ "Ground Combat Vehicle (GCV)". army-technology.com. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
  30. ↑ "Massive GCV Cuts On The Table As Army 'Reviews' Program". Insidedefense.com, 5 December 2012.
  31. ↑ US Army (18 January 2013). "Army Ground Combat Vehicle Acquisition Strategy Revised". Army.mil. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  32. ↑ Report: GCV is worst choice to replace Bradley – DoDBuzz.com, April 3, 2013
  33. ↑ The Army’s Ground Combat Vehicle Program and Alternatives – CBO.gov, April 2, 2013
  34. ↑ Army, industry slam CBO’s scathing GCV report – DoDBuzz.com, April 4, 2013
  35. ↑ Odierno: GCV in Danger of Cancelation – Military.com, 30 July 2013
  36. ↑ "Ground Combat Vehicle may be delayed – or canceled", Army Times, 5 August 2013
  37. ↑ US Army Looks To Delay, Increase Cost of AMPV Program – Defensenews.com, 2 October 2013
  38. ↑ Big Army For Big Wars? Yes! GCV? Probably Not – Breakingdefense.com, 13 November 2013
  39. ↑ Bacon, Lance M. (15 January 2014). "Ground Combat Vehicle Budget Slashed, Cancellation More Likely". Military Times. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  40. ↑ US Army's GCV Program Downgraded To Study Project – Defensenews.com, 18 January 2014
  41. ↑ GCV's Loss Will Reset Army Buying Priorities – Military.com, 22 January 2014
  42. ↑ US Army Chief Confirms: Ground Combat Vehicle Is Dead (For Now) – Defensenews.com, 23 January 2014
  43. ↑ "Army leaders preview lighter, faster service", Military Times, 28 January 2014
  44. ↑ "Pentagon to Cut Army to Pre-World War II Levels", Time, 24 February 2014.
  45. ↑ US Army Official Defends GCV Against 'Attacks' - Defensenews.com, 25 February 2014
  46. ↑ Shyu Sings The Army Electric: 2015 Budget Sacrifices Weapons For Electronics - Breakingdefense.com, 3 March 2014
  47. ↑ Army 2015 Budget Kills GCV, Cuts Readiness - DoDBuzz.com, 4 March 2014
  48. ↑ FY15 Army budget, request includes small pay raise, 490K end strength - Army.mil, 4 March 2014
  49. ↑ Army Budget Makes Force Structure, Modernization Cuts Official - Nationaldefensemagazine.org, 4 March 2014
  50. ↑ Army Attempts to Salvage GCV Technology Advances - Defensemedianetwork.com, 25 July 2014
  51. ↑ Army asks BAE Systems and General Dynamics to recycle GCV vetronics for Future Fighting Vehicle - Militaryaerospace.com, 18 August 2014
  52. 1 2 3 "The Ground Combat Vehicle Strategy: Optimizing for the Future" (PDF). United States Army. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  53. ↑ Cox, Matthew (September 10, 2009). "U.S. Army Details Ground Combat Vehicle Plans". Defense News. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  54. ↑ Cox, Matthew (September 10, 2009). "US Army Details Ground Combat Vehicle Plans". Defense News. Army Times Publishing. Retrieved December 13, 2009.

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