Bede BD-5

BD-5
BD-5J N3038V, Guinness record holder for the world's smallest jet
Role Homebuilt
Manufacturer Bede Aviation
Designer Jim Bede
First flight September 12, 1971
Introduction 1970s
Status ~150 airworthy, ~30 flying



The BD-5 Micro is a series of small, single-seat homebuilt aircraft created in the late 1960s by US aircraft designer Jim Bede and introduced to the market primarily in kit form by the now-defunct Bede Aircraft Corporation in the early 1970s.

The BD-5 has a small, streamlined fuselage holding its semi-reclined pilot under a large canopy, with the engine installed in a compartment in the middle of the fuselage, and a propeller-driving engine - or jet engine in the BD-5J variant - mounted immediately to the rear of the cockpit. The combination of fighter-like looks and relatively low cost led to the BD-5 selling over 5,000 kits or plans, with approximately 12,000 orders being taken for a proposed factory-built, FAA-certified version.[1] However, few of the kit versions were actually completed due to the company's bankruptcy in the mid-1970s, and none of the factory built "D" models were produced, as a result of the failure to find a reliable engine for the design.

In total, only a few hundred BD-5 kits were completed, although many of these are still being flown today. The BD-5J version holds the record for the world's lightest single-engine jet aircraft, weighing only 358.8 lb (162.7 kg).

Design and development

The Micro concept

Development of the "Micro" dates back as early as 1967, when Jim Bede was inspired by the Schleicher ASW 15.[2] At the time, however, Bede was working on the Bede BD-4.

Serious work on the Micro started in 1970, with construction of the prototype starting in earnest late that year.[2] While the BD-4 was fairly conventional looking, the Micro was a radical design. It is an extremely small one-seat design that looked more like a jet fighter than a typical general aviation aircraft, with the pilot sitting in a semi-reclined position under a large fighter-like plexiglas canopy only inches above the pilot's head. Behind the cockpit was a compartment housing a two-cylinder air-cooled 40 hp (30 kW; 41 PS) piston engine driving a pusher propeller. Two versions were planned, the BD-5A, with "short" 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) wingspan tuned for high speeds and acrobatics, and the BD-5B with a 21 ft 6 in (6.55 m) span for longer range and powered glider use. Builders could optionally buy both wings, switching them in about 10 minutes.

For improved performance the aircraft featured both a V-tail and retractable landing gear in order to reduce drag. Calculated drag was so low spoilers were added to the wing in order to improve deceleration for landing. This was apparently the first application of spoilers on a light aircraft.[3] The low drag implied excellent performance; with the short wings it would reach a claimed 201 mph (175 kn; 323 km/h) in cruise, while the long-wing BD-5B would be only slightly slower and have a range of 1,215 miles. Both the V-tail and the spoilers were eliminated from the final design.

In addition to being easy to fly, the BD-5 was also intended to be easy to build and own. The fuselage was constructed primarily from fiberglass panels over an aluminum frame, reducing construction time to only a few hundred hours. Although the early designs required some welding in the landing gear area, it was planned that this would be removed in the kit versions, so construction would require no special tooling or skills.[4] [N 1] Even the cost of operation would be extremely low, offering fuel efficiency of almost 40 mpg-US (48 mpg-imp; 17 km/L) With the wings removed, the aircraft could be packed into a small custom trailer, allowing it to be towed away by car for storage in a garage, and from there to any suitable flat area for takeoff.[5][6]

Bede published an information booklet about the BD-5 in November 1970. Several very positive magazine articles appeared at this point. The October 1971 issue of Science & Mechanics had the BD-5 on the cover, listing the price as $1,950 and a top speed of 215 mph (187 kn; 346 km/h) . The associated article showed the construction of the prototype, with numerous claims about how easy it was to construct. The August 1973 issue of Popular Science also covered the aircraft, although it listed the price at $2,965.[5] The "miniature fighter" generated intense demand. As one author put it, "Even before the plane first left the ground, thoughts of flying the sleek, bullet-shaped aircraft with its pusher prop stimulated the imagination of nearly everyone who had heard of the program."[2]

On February 24, 1971, the first $200 deposit to reserve a "place in line" to receive a kit was accepted, with the target shipping date being May 24, 1972.[7] By August 1971, 800 deposits had been taken, even though the first BD-5 prototype had yet to complete high-speed taxi tests.[2] By the end of the year, the company had taken over 4,300 orders, making it one of the most popular general aircraft projects in modern history.

Flight testing

The prototype, N500BD, flew briefly on September 12, 1971, powered by a 36 hp (27 kW; 36 PS) Polaris Industries snowmobile engine. The stability of the aircraft with the original V-tail was marginal at best, and clearly needed a redesign. With the original fiberglass fuselage, this was a time consuming process, so the decision was made to switch to an all-metal fuselage with the components incorporating compound curves produced using hydroformed aircraft-grade aluminum alloy. These could be modified with relative ease during the testing cycle. It also made economic sense as the orders rolled in, as assembly line production of stamped metal parts is expensive to set up but less expensive in the long run.[2]

By December 1971, the tooling for the new fuselage was in development. The aircraft now featured a longer, more pointed nose, whereas the more ovoid N500BD had been patterned on the ASW 15.[2] While this work was in progress, Bede continued to experiment with modifications to the empennage, eventually abandoning the V-tail for a more conventional rudder and horizontal stabilizer layout with highly swept surfaces. Further testing on N500BD showed flow interference between the horizontal surfaces and the propeller, and the stabilizer was raised six inches to correct it, placing it about mid-way up the rear fuselage.

The first example of the new fuselage arrived in March 1972, and was fitted with a new Kiekhaefer Aeromarine engine Bede had seen at the Oshkosh Airshow in 1971. Finished as N501BD, numerous small delays prevented it from flying until July 11, 1972. These flights demonstrated continued problems with the pitch stability, so the tail was again redesigned with more area and less sweep, becoming much more conventional.[8]

The program was now far too large for Bede to handle alone. In March 1972, he hired Burt Rutan to head the flight test department, who was soon joined by Les Berven as chief test pilot.[2] They took over development, giving Bede more time to work on business issues. This was proving difficult enough, as Kiekhaefer and Bede could not reach an agreement about deliveries, forcing him to change to a similar 40 hp (30 kW; 41 PS) 440 cc (27 cu in) Hirth Motoren design, then selecting a larger 55 hp (41 kW; 56 PS) 650 cc (40 cu in) Hirth, instead.

Several additional problems turned up during testing. Stick forces were very low, but this was easily addressed by making the servo tabs larger. A more worrying development was that the engines all had problems with mixture due to changes in engine speed or load, which led to rough engine operation. In August, while Bede was demonstrating the BD-5 (N501BD) to the FAA in order to receive permission to fly at Oshkosh, the engine seized. On its deadstick landing, the aircraft overran the runway, buckling the nose gear. Incorrect mixture was identified as the cause of a second wreck of N501BD, in September 1972, when the mixture control broke and Berven had to execute a forced landing.[2] Since N502BD would be ready in two months, N501BD was not repaired.

However, N502BD ran into problems of its own. Early models used a variable speed belt drive system to transfer power from the engine to the propeller shaft. This was removed from N502BD and it suddenly began exhibiting a serious vibration problem. Experts were called in,[9] and a freewheel clutch and additional bearings added to correct the problem,[9] but it was not until March 26, 1973 that N502BD flew. From then on the test program seemed to go more smoothly.[10]

By the time the test program neared its conclusion, the aircraft had undergone major changes. One victim of the program was the shorter "A" wing, which calculations showed would only improve performance at speeds very close to Vmax (the highest available speed). Flight testing also showed the stall speed with the smaller wing was decidedly high. Split flaps and spoilers had also disappeared. The canopy and cockpit dimensions had changed, the aircraft had new landing gear systems, and the tail was completely new. More ominous was the fact the engine had already been changed twice. What remained, however, was the basic concept of the fighter-like pusher aircraft which, if anything, had improved in looks.

By this point, it seemed the basic design was complete, and Bede turned his attention to other projects. One was the jet-powered BD-5J.[1] There was an attempt to sidestep the engine problem with the BD-5S glider (S for Sailplane), with lengthened wings and no engine, which prompted Air Progress magazine to sarcastically note, "At last, a BD-5 with no engine problems". This glider version did not fly well and the project was scrapped. Bede also decided to seek FAA certification of the BD-5D as a production aircraft and sell it complete, and began taking $600 deposits for this model.

Deliveries begin

By the middle of 1973 the basic design was complete and the tooling set up for production. The engines were the only part holding up deliveries, so Bede offered to ship the kit with the engine to follow. This was a fairly attractive option; it meant the builder could "get to work" and hopefully complete the airframe by the time the engine arrived, at that point expected in September 1973.[3] Many builders took the company up on the offer, only to receive incomplete kits and plans.[11]

All three Hirth engines were offered; builders could keep the 40 hp (30 kW; 41 PS) engine, or "trade up" to 55 hp (41 kW; 56 PS) or 70 hp (52 kW; 71 PS). The latter, which Bede had developed with Hirth, was now considered the baseline engine for the aircraft as the original 40 hp (30 kW; 41 PS) proved to be of insufficient power. In a late 1973 newsletter to prospective owners, Bede suggested the 70 hp (52 kW; 71 PS) model and discouraged use of the smaller engines.[12] Prices had risen throughout the 30 months since deposits were first taken. Originally priced at $1,799, the base price was raised to $2,599 with the 55 hp (41 kW; 56 PS) Hirth, and owners were offered a "trade up" for the difference in price if they had ordered the aircraft with the original 40 hp (30 kW; 41 PS) engine.

When 1974 came, engines were still not being delivered in sufficient numbers, although some started to arrive early that year. At that point, unexpectedly, Hirth went bankrupt after about 500 engines had shipped. Once again, the BD-5 lacked a suitable engine, but this time the search for a replacement ended with a Xenoah design from Japan. Development of this engine was lengthy, and in the end it would not be certified for export until 1978, although this was not anticipated at the time.[13]

In the meantime, Bede came up with another novel solution to the problems of converting pilots to the new aircraft. They took an engine-less example and bolted it to the front of a pickup truck on a trapeze, attaching the pilot's throttle control to the truck's. Pilots could test fly the aircraft without danger - if a problem developed the driver of the truck simply hit the brakes.[14]

Deliveries end, Bede bankruptcy

After more than 5,100 kits had been delivered to prospective builders, the kits stopped shipping as well. Although the company was effectively bankrupt at this point, work on the BD-5D continued for some time. The bankruptcy became official in 1979, by which point the BD-5 project was long dead. During the bankruptcy proceedings, it was learned that the money ostensibly being used to build kits was instead being spent on a variety of other projects. As a result, Bede entered a consent decree with the FTC to no longer accept deposits on aircraft for a period of 10 years.[15]

BD-5B powered by a Subaru EA-81 engine; built, owned, and flown by retired USAF pilot Dan Ross.

Many owners stored, abandoned, or sold their incomplete kits, but a few hundred diehard builders finished them with a variety of engines, with installations designed by third parties and former Bede Aircraft dealers. Having to hunt for an engine was only one problem. The time to build the aircraft was much longer than quoted, as much as 3,500 hours. Some of this was due to the need to fit their selected engine into an airframe designed for the Hirth, which was no longer available. Additionally, the construction techniques had improved somewhat since early Bede designs, but fastening the panels still required drilling, deburring, dimpling, drilling again and deburring again for each rivet. With the original mixed-construction design this would not have been as much of a task, but with the all-metal version this was extremely time consuming.[16] While Bede claimed the aircraft could be put together by anyone in a garage, builders generally agree that doing so without proper construction techniques could result in a potentially dangerous aircraft. One way to overcome that issue is to use a set of properly laid-out jigs to align and drill the pilot holes for the airframe, wings and other components.[17] For all of these reasons, it was some time before completed BD-5s started to appear.[18]

Additionally, some of the kits were shipped with missing parts, adding to the confusion.[17] All of this led to a rash of kits being sold for fire sale prices, although this did allow the builders to complete kits at bargain prices.[7]

Flying starts

Although Bede had suggested using the B wings,[12] the earliest kits shipped only with the short "A" wings. All four examples completed with these wings crashed on their first flight, three on takeoff, one on landing. In three of the four crashes, the pilots were killed. Of the first 25 aircraft completed, with both the "A" and "B" wings, 14 crashed with 9 fatalities.[19]

Even when examples with the "B" wings were completed, the safety record did not improve greatly. Several crashes in the BD-5B were found to have taken place due to engine failure on takeoff, both due to the mix of "oddball" engines as well as endemic cooling problems.[20] The reason this is such an issue with the BD-5 is twofold – the high line of thrust means an engine failure immediately results in an unexpected (for most pilots) nose-up attitude change. Pilots who fail to fly the aircraft first and then attempt to restart the engine inevitably stall, with the associated consequences. This was aggravated by the fact the original wing had a very sharp stall with little warning and a nasty tendency to snap roll.[16] To make matters worse, a documented manufacturing error in some wing skins delivered to kit builders exacerbated the problem. A rather small center of gravity range added to the problems of properly trimming the aircraft.

Further developments

With the demise of the Bede Aircraft Company, the BD-5 entered a sort of limbo while builders completed their kits. The early safety problems and the challenge of adapting a suitable engine exacerbated delays. Over the next few years, however, solutions to most of these problems arrived in one form or another. Many other changes have also been incorporated to improve the original design. Today the BD-5 is a rewarding, if demanding, aircraft.

For instance, the problem of finding a suitable engine with 60–70 hp (45–52 kW; 61–71 PS) yet weighing under 100 lb (45 kg) was a serious problem in the 1970s, but today there are a number of "off the shelf" designs in this class. The widely available Rotax 582 is a 65 hp (48 kW; 66 PS) engine weighing 80 lb (36 kg) in standard configuration, almost tailor-made for the BD-5.
Other engines successfully used in BD-5s include the Subaru EA-81, Honda EB1 & EB2 (with and without turbocharging), Hirth 2706, AMW 225-3 and 2SI 808. A BD-5A fitted with a Rotax 618UL 74 hp (55 kW; 75 PS) two-stroke two-cylinder,[21] water-cooled engine[22] holds the current FAI C-1a/0 class speed record (aircraft weighing under 300 kg (660 lb)) at 351 km/h (190 kn; 218 mph) . Problems with the abrupt stall were mostly addressed by Harry Riblett, an airfoil designer who documented a procedure to apply a slight reprofile of the wing root airfoil, which softened the stall response of the aircraft without any significant performance degradation.[23] The reprofile presents other unique problems, associated with the way it is applied to the wing upper surface, essentially gluing foam to the aluminum skin and covering with fiberglass. Similarly, the small center-of-gravity range has since been addressed with 5.5–13 in (14–33 cm) stretch kits for the fuselage.

Several companies were formed to help builders complete their kits, and many of the aftermarket modifications were worked into these services. Today, BD-Micro Technologies of Siletz, Oregon continues to offer kit building support, including new-build kits featuring (optionally) all of these modifications and powered by a 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582 or 65 hp (48 kW) Hirth 2706 two-stroke engine, and even the BD-5T, a turboprop version using a TRS-18 turbine powering a mechanically-controlled variable-pitch propeller.[24] Alturair, Inc. of San Diego, California also offers extensive parts and construction assistance services, as well as kits for the BD-5B and BD-5G models.[25]

Bede Aircraft Company has since re-formed and has been working on several new designs. Bede has hinted at a two-seat tandem version of the aircraft, called the "Super BD-5", using a certified aircraft engine and a number of modifications and improvements, but to date nothing other than a preliminary design drawing has been made available.[26]

BD-5J

"Bud Light Jet" BD-5J at Fargo 1997
BD-5J from "Octopussy"

While the new Hirth engine was being tested, Bede decided to create a variant of the BD-5 with a small jet engine. The result was the sleek BD-5J (also known as the "Acrostar Jet "[27]), a 300 mph (260 kn; 480 km/h) aircraft. The design used the Sermel TRS-18-046 turbojet which produced 225 lbf (1.00 kN) thrust and was used on a Caproni certified motorglider design. The original engines were produced under license by Ames Industrial in the USA. The wing was modified to an "intermediate" size between the original A and B wings, with a 17 ft (5.2 m) span.

Bob Bishop purchased 20 BD-5J kits as soon as they had appeared, and many of the flying examples started life in this batch of 20. Versions from the original batch became a popular airshow fixture. Throughout the 1980s and until 1991, Coors flew two of them as the "Silver Bullets". Budweiser also had a BD-5J called the Bud Light Jet, but that contract has long expired and the aircraft was lost as a result of an engine compartment fire from which Bishop successfully bailed out. The aircraft also appeared in the opening sequence of the James Bond film Octopussy.[1]

Many of these aircraft have since been involved in crashes. The loss of the Bud Light Jet was caused by an incorrectly specified fuel flow sending unit which burst in mid-flight and caused fuel to be sprayed directly into the engine compartment. The fuel ignited when it came in contact with the hot components of the engine, forcing the pilot to trade speed for altitude, climb, and bail out. The aircraft then went into a flat spin and pancaked into the ground, but was sufficiently intact to allow the cause of the fire to be determined relatively quickly.

On June 16, 2006, while practicing for an air show at Carp Airport in Ottawa, Canada, Scott Manning fatally crashed in his "Stinger Jet," the last BD-5J to remain on the airshow circuit. The Transportation Safety Board of Canada report assigned probable cause of the wreck to the incorrect installation of the right wing, which caused the flap on that wing to suddenly retract in flight and create a "split flap" condition. The aircraft rolled to the right and Manning was unable to recover in time.[28][29][30]

Recently, the BD-5J has operated in the national security arena. The aircraft is certified by the United States Department of Defense as a cruise missile surrogate, with Bishop's Aerial Productions offering a version known as the Smart-1 (Small Manned Aerial Radar Target, Model 1).[31] The radar return and general performance characteristics make it a useful aid in training. On June 27, 2006, while flying one of these aircraft, pilot Chuck Lischer, a highly experienced professional air show pilot, was killed when he crashed into trees on final approach to the Ocean City Municipal Airport in Ocean City, Maryland.[32] The National Transportation Safety Board investigation determined the aircraft returned to land with more fuel than recommended for normal operations and the pilot failed to maintain speed, resulting in a stall and subsequent impact short of the runway.[33]

The BD-5J has also held the Guinness record for the World's Smallest Jet for more than 25 years. Bishop originally garnered the record with one of his jets, and in November 2004, the record changed hands to Juan Jiménez, whose BD-5J weighed in at 358.8 lb (162.7 kg) empty, 80 lb (36 kg) lighter than Bishop's and the lightest documented weight for a BD-5.[34]

On May 1, 2013, Guido Gehrmann was killed while attempting an emergency landing in his BD-5J which he flew as part of Red Bull's Flying Bulls team.[35]

Variants

BD-5
Prototype and initial kit production aircraft with short span wings.
BD-5A
Short span wing production, with "short" 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) wings tuned for high speeds and aerobatics.
BD-5B
Main piston engined production kits with extended span 21 ft 6 in (6.55 m) wings. Kits still available in 2011.[25]
BD-5D
Factory built aircraft.
BD-5G
Piston engined production kit with wingspan of 17 ft (5.2 m) and a gross weight of 660 lb (299 kg). Kits still available in 2011.[25]
BD-5J
Jet version fitted with a Microturbo TRS 18-046 turbojet.
BD-5S
Sailplane version with extended span wings. Flight testing was disappointing and further work was abandoned.
BD-5T
A turboprop conversion by BD Micro Technologies, powered by a Solar T62 turboprop engine.[25]
Acapella 100/200
An unusual adaptation of the BD-5, the Acapella 100 appeared in the early 1980s. Designer Carl D. Barlow of Option Air Reno mated a BD-5 fuselage with a distinctive twin-boom empennage and fitted it with a 100 hp (75 kW; 100 PS) Continental O-200 engine. Later, a 200 hp (150 kW; 200 PS)Lycoming IO-360 was fitted, and the span reduced from 26 ft 6 in (8.08 m) 19 ft 6 in (5.94 m), becoming the Acapella 200-S. The prototype of this aircraft was first flown on June 6, 1980, with pilot Bill Skiliar at the controls. Nonetheless, it flew poorly and was difficult to control. Only one prototype was built and it was donated to the Experimental Aircraft Association's Airventure Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA, where it is occasionally placed on display.
FLS Microjet
Model produced in kit form by BD-Micro Technologies powered by a Quantum Turbine TJ100 engine. The 500 hour kit was sold for US$189,500 in 2011.[25]

Display aircraft

As of 2010, there were an estimated 150 BD-5s in airworthy condition.[7]

BD-5 on display at Lakeside Storage in Provo, UT

Specifications (Bede BD-5B, 70 hp)

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1974-5, p.250

General characteristics

Performance


See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Bede established 27 dealers across North America to assist homebuilders.

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Winchester 2005, p. 28.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Olcott, John. "Bede Fever." Flying, Volume 93, Number 3, September 1973.
  3. 1 2 Aleith 1973, p. 128.
  4. ↑ Noland 1974, p. 40.
  5. 1 2 Harvey, Frank.At Last...the Real 200-mph, 38-mpg, $2965, BD-5! Popular Science, August 1973, pp. 80–83, 122.
  6. ↑ "BD-5." bd5.com. Retrieved: November 22, 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 "Bede BD-5B." Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: June 20, 2007.
  8. ↑ Noland 1973, p. 26.
  9. 1 2 Hessenaur, Donald P. "Propeller Drive Systems and Torsional Vibration". bugatti100p.com. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  10. ↑ Weeghman 1972, p. 41.
  11. ↑ Wirth, Wayne. "Building the BD-5?" Popular Science, August 1974, p. 6.
  12. 1 2 "A Special Note to All BD-5 Builders." Bede Aircraft. Retrieved: June 18, 2007.
  13. ↑ Weeghman 1974, p. 30.
  14. ↑ Kocivar, Ben. "Flying the hot BD-5 tethered to a truck." Popular Science, August 1974, p. 69.
  15. ↑ Bede Aircraft Inc. et al. 92 F.T.C. 449.
  16. 1 2 Anderson, Seth. "A Critique of the BD-5 Concept: Part II." EAA's Sport Aviation Magazine, September 1986, pp. 43–47.
  17. 1 2 Karnes, Ed. "A few words about third-party services for the BD-5." bd5.com. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
  18. ↑ Davisson 1974, p. 25.
  19. ↑ Mackerodt, Fred. "BD-5" The First Do-It-Yourself Jet." Popular Mechanics, December 1989.
  20. ↑ Berthe, Chuck and Dick VanGrunsven. "Flight Testing of Homebuilt Aircraft." 35th The Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP) Symposium, October 30, 2008. Retrieved: November 22, 2010.
  21. ↑ "Rotax aircraft engines." Rotax. Retrieved: November 22, 2010.
  22. ↑ "Records." FAI. Retrieved: November 22, 2010.
  23. ↑ Riblett, Harry. "An Upper Surface Wing Re-Profile for the BD-5." bd5.com. Retrieved: June 20, 2007.
  24. ↑ Bayerl, Robby and Martin Berkemeier et al. World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12, p. 96. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Vandermeullen, Richard. "2012 Kit Aircraft Buyer's Guide". Kitplanes, Volume 28, Number 12, December 2011, pp. 42, 45. Belvoir Publications. ISSN 0891-1851.
  26. ↑ "Super BD-5 preliminary design drawing." bd5.com. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
  27. ↑ http://www.maxim.com/entertainment/movies/article/fly-bond-octopussy%E2%80%99s-jet
  28. ↑ "Loss of Control and Collision with Terrain, Bede BD-5J C-GBDV." Transportation Safety Board of Canada, Aviation Investigation Report A06O0141, June 16, 2006.
  29. ↑ Jiménez, Juan. "Airshow pilot lost in Ottawa BD-5 jet accident." Aero-News.Net, June 16, 2006. Retrieved: November 7, 2009.
  30. ↑ Cheney, Peter, "Fatal Attraction" Globe & Mail, July 22, 2006. Retrieved: March 16, 2014.
  31. ↑ "Smart-1." smart-1.us. Retrieved: November 22, 2010.
  32. ↑ Aero-News Network, June 27, 2006. Retrieved: July 5, 2012.
  33. ↑ "NTSB Investigation." BD-5J Mishap.
  34. ↑ "Smallest jet aircraft." Guinness World Records, available online. Retrieved: February 19, 2012.
  35. ↑ "Guido Gehrmann in fatal plane crash." xcmag.com, May 2, 2013. Retrieved: June 9, 2013.
  36. ↑ "Bede BD-5." EAA Airventure Museum. Retrieved: March 23, 2011.
  37. ↑ "BD-5J." Pima Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: November 22, 2010.

Bibliography

  • Aleith, Richard. "Bede BD-5." Air Progress Sport Aircraft 1973. Los Angeles: Pettersen, 1973. OCLC 43080923
  • "BD-5J: The World's Smallest Jet." Airshow International, Vol. 1, No. 2, Summer 1993.
  • Davisson, Budd. "Okay, BD-5 Customers, Start Smiling!" Air Progress, Vol. 37, no. 3, November 1974.
  • Taylor, John W R (1974). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1974-75. London: Jane's Yearbooks. ISBN 0 354 00502 2. 
  • Noland, Dave. "The Agony and the Ecstasy of the BD-5 Builder." Air Progress (Part 1), Vol. 33, No. 4, October 1973, (Part 2), Vol. 34, no. 4, April 1974.
  • Weeghman, Richard B. "The Amazing BD-5: Sonofagun ... It Flies!" Air Progress, Vol. 31, No. 4, October 1972.
  • Weeghman, Richard B. "Microcosm." Air Progress, Vol. 34, No. 2, February 1974.
  • Winchester, Jim. "Bede BD-10." Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books 2005. ISBN 978-1-84013-809-2

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