Budweiser

This article is about the Anheuser-Busch brand. For the Czech product, see Budweiser Budvar Brewery. For other uses, see Budweiser (disambiguation).
Budweiser
Type American lager
Manufacturer Anheuser-Busch InBev
Country of origin United States
Introduced 1876
Alcohol by volume 5%
Website Official website

Budweiser (/bʌdˈwaɪzər/) is an American-style pale lager produced by Belgian multinational corporation Anheuser–Busch InBev.

Introduced in 1876 by Carl Conrad & Co. of St. Louis, Missouri,[1] it has grown to become one of the highest selling beers in the United States, and is available in over 80 markets worldwide—though, due to a trademark dispute, cannot necessarily do so under the Budweiser name. It is made with up to 30% rice in addition to hops and barley malt.[2] Produced in various breweries around the world, Budweiser is a filtered beer available in draught and packaged forms.

History

Budweiser Brewery seen from Newark Liberty International Airport

Adolphus Busch left Germany for the United States in 1857. He settled in St. Louis, Missouri, where he eventually established his own brewing supply house. In St. Louis, Busch also met and married Lilly Anheuser. Lilly’s father, Eberhard Anheuser, owned a small brewery that had been making lager beer for some time. In 1864 Busch partnered with his father-in-law to form what would eventually become the Anheuser-Busch Company.[3]

In the mid-1800s most Americans preferred robust, dark ales. Busch traveled extensively in Europe to observe and study the latest brewing techniques for light lagers, learning the desired formula in České Budějovice in Southern Bohemia, which he introduced under the brand name Budweiser.[4]

In the 1870s Anheuser-Busch became the first American brewery to implement pasteurization, which greatly improved the shelf-life and transportability of its beers.

In 1913-1933 August Anheuser Busch, Sr. (1865-1934) became president of Anheuser-Busch. The onset of Prohibition in 1920 made them have to retool their line of products to survive, selling a low alcohol "near beer" made of brewer's yeast, malt extract, and other raw materials that were permitted for home brewers.[5]

When Prohibition ended in 1933, Anheuser-Busch began brewing Budweiser again, introducing the Budweiser Clydesdales to the public on April 7, 1933. August A. Busch, Sr.'s son Adolphus Busch III (1891-1946) became president of Anheuser-Busch in 1933-1946. During Prohibition the palate of the beer consumer had changed due to the popularity of sweeter homemade and bootlegged brews, so the company dared consumers to drink Budweiser for five days, and if on the sixth day they still preferred the taste of other beers, they could go back, which often worked.[6] Growth was limited by economic conditions in the Great Depression, but thanks in part to the introduction of the metal can in 1936, Budweiser’s sales began to climb again.[4]

During World War Two the company diverted several resources to support the war effort and relinquished its West Coast markets to conserve rail car space. After the war, Anheuser-Busch entered into an era of rapid growth.[7]

In 1946-1975 Adolphus Busch III's brother August Anheuser "Gussie" Busch Jr. (1899-1989) became CEO, beginning the creation of a national network of breweries. A new brewery was opened in Newark, New Jersey in 1951, and was the first of nine to open over the next 25 years. In 1957 Budweiser became the top-selling beer in the U.S.[7]

Budweiser is available in over 80 markets.[8]

After November 18, 2008 InBev takeover, several cost-cutting measures that were implemented have, according to some sources, negatively affected the flavor of the beer. Whole rice grains have now been replaced by broken ones, and the high quality Hallertauer Mittelfrüh hop has been phased out.[9] A former top AB InBev executive says the company saved about $55 million a year substituting cheaper hops in Budweiser and other U.S. beers.[9] The famous Budweiser sign on Chicago's Kennedy Expressway has been changing since 1998 as the original "Bow-Tie" type logo.

Name origin and dispute

American Budweiser is in the European Union sold as "Bud" (left). At right is a bottle of the Czech Budweiser

Anheuser–Busch has been involved in a trademark dispute with European beer companies, in particular Budweiser Budvar Brewery, over the trademark rights to the name "Budweiser".

Beer has been brewed in Budweis since it was founded by king Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1245. The name Budweiser is a derivative adjective, meaning "of Budweis". In 1876, Adolphus Busch and his friend Carl Conrad, a liquor importer, developed a "Bohemian-style" lager, inspired after a trip to the region.

In the European Union, excluding the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland and Spain, the American beer is marketed as Bud, as the Budweiser trademark name is owned solely by the Czech beer maker, Budweiser Budvar.[10][11]

Anheuser-Busch has a market share in the United States of 50.9% for all beers sold.[12] This is primarily composed of Budweiser brands. In 2008 the Belgian-Brazilian beer giant InBev bought the majority of Anheuser-Busch stocks at $70 per share in an all-cash agreement, to create the largest brewing company in the world.

Marketing

One of the Budweiser Clydesdales

The Budweiser from Budějovice has been called "The Beer of Kings" since the 16th century. Adolphus Busch changed this slogan to "The King Of Beers."[13] The Czech Budweiser is sold in some countries as Budejovicky Budvar but is known as Budweiser in many other countries throughout Europe.[10]

Anheuser-Busch is known for its sport sponsorship, video game sponsorship (Tapper, 1983), and humorous advertisements, some of which have entered the popular culture in the United States. They include a long line of TV advertisements in the 1990s featuring three frogs named "Bud," "Weis," and "Er"; lizards impersonating the "Bud-weis-er" frogs, the Budweiser Ants;, a campaign built around the phrase "Whassup?", and a team of Clydesdale horses commonly known as "The Budweiser Clydesdales."

The Budweiser Clydesdale has become an iconic horse. In the "Clydesdale Donkey" commercial the donkey dreams of becoming a Clydesdale horse. The donkey does everything he can think of to try and become one of these horses, and finally when the day comes for his audition, he makes the cut and becomes what he has always dreamed. This commercial ended up being in the top five for the most memorable Budweiser commercials.[14]

Dale Earnhardt, Jr.'s #8 Budweiser-sponsored car in 2007.

The Budweiser brand is promoted in motorsports, from Bernie Little's Miss Budweiser hydroplane boat to sponsorship of the Budweiser King Top Fuel Dragster driven by Brandon Bernstein. Anheuser-Busch has sponsored the CART championship. It is the "Official Beer of NHRA" and it was the "Official Beer of NASCAR" from 1998 to 2007. It has sponsored motorsport events such as the NASCAR Busch Series, Budweiser Speedweeks, Budweiser Shootout, Budweiser Duel, Budweiser Pole Award, Budweiser 500, Budweiser 400, Budweiser 300, Budweiser 250, Budweiser 200, and Carolina Pride / Budweiser 200.

Budweiser has been sponsor of NASCAR teams such as Junior Johnson, Hendrick Motorsports, DEI, and Stewart-Haas Racing. Drivers who have sponsored Budweiser include Terry Labonte (1983, 1987–89), Neil Bonnett (1984-1985), Darrell Waltrip (1984-1986), Geoffrey Bodine (1990-1991), Bill Elliott (1992-1994), Ken Schrader (1995-1996); Dale Earnhardt, Jr. (1999-2007); Kasey Kahne (2008-2010), and Kevin Harvick (2011–2015).[15] In IndyCar, Budweiser sponsored Mario Andretti (1983-1984), Bobby Rahal (1985-1988), Scott Pruett (1989-1992), Roberto Guerrero (1993), Scott Goodyear (1994), Paul Tracy (1995), Christian Fittipaldi (1996-1997), and Richie Hearn (1998-1999). Andretti was the 1984 IndyCar champion, whereas Rahal won the 1987 championship and the 1986 Indianapolis 500.

Anheuser-Busch also sponsored many races under the Budweiser brand, including the Budweiser Shootout, the Bud at the Glen, Budweiser 500, and Budweiser 400. However, starting in 2016, the focus of A-B's NASCAR sponsorship became its Busch Beer brand.[16]

Anheuser-Busch has placed Budweiser as an official partner and sponsor of Major League Soccer and Los Angeles Galaxy and was the headline sponsor of the British Basketball League in the 1990s, taking over from rival company Carlsberg. Anheuser-Busch has also placed Budweiser as an official sponsor of the Premier League and the presenting sponsor of the FA Cup. Budweiser was a proud sponsor and avid advertiser during the celebration of the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. For the Centennial Summer Olympics, Budweiser produced many commemorative collectibles and souvenirs that were very popular among crowds at the Games. A primary Budweiser collectible was a 28-ounce Budweiser Atlanta Olympic Games Beer Stein, which featured the Olympic Flame as a decoration on the stein's handle.

In the early 20th century, the company commissioned a play-on-words song called "Under the Anheuser Bush," which was recorded by several early phonograph companies. Popular music continues to be used in advertisements for Budweiser. Some commercials feature the song "Galvanize" (2005), by The Chemical Brothers.

In 2009, Anheuser-Busch partnered with popular Chinese video-sharing site, Tudou.com for a user-generated online video contest. The contest encourages users to suggest ideas that include ants for a Bud TV spot set to run in February 2010 during the Chinese New Year.[17]

In 2010, Budweiser launched an international entertainment property called Bud United. Bud United’s first efforts were centered around the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The brand launched an online reality TV series, called Bud House, that followed the lives of 32 international football fans (one representing each nation in the World Cup) living together in a house in South Africa.[18] Bud United’s next project is another reality series called The Big Time; each episode focuses on a different vertical market (baseball, soccer, cooking, etc....) and features contestants competing for a chance to live their dreams. The show was cast through the Bud United Facebook page and aired in Q1 2012.[18]

On November 5, 2012, Anheuser-Busch asked Paramount Pictures to obscure or remove the Budweiser logo from the film Flight (2012), directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Denzel Washington.[19]

In an advertisement titled "Brewed the Hard Way" that aired during Super Bowl XLIX, large on-screen text stated that Budweiser is "Proudly A Macro Beer" - distinguishing it from smaller production craft beers.[20]

In 2016, Beer Park by Budweiser opened on the Las Vegas Strip.[21]

Containers and packaging

Containers

Over the years, Budweiser has been distributed in many sizes and containers. Until the early 1950s Budweiser was primarily distributed in three packages: kegs, 12-ounce bottles and quart bottles. Cans were first introduced in 1936, which helped sales to climb.[22] In 1955 August Busch Jr.[23] made a strategic move to expand Budweiser's national brand and distributor presence. Along with this expansion came advances in bottling automation, new bottling materials and more efficient distribution methods. These advances brought to market many new containers and package designs. As of 2011 Budweiser is distributed in four large container volumes: half-barrel (15.5 US gallons), quarter-barrel, 1/6 barrel and beer balls (5.2 gallons); and in smaller 7, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24, 32 and 40 US ounce containers. Smaller containers may be made of glass, aluminum or plastic. On August 3, 2011, Anheuser-Busch announced its twelfth can design since 1936, one which emphasizes the bowtie.[24]

Packages are sometimes tailored to local customs and traditions. In St. Mary's County, Maryland, ten ounce cans[25][26] are the preferred package. Budweiser drinkers in the western stretches of Ottawa County, Michigan prefer the eight ounce can. This Ottawa County preference for the eight ounce can may stem from a long-standing blue law held in many Western Michigan cities that prohibit sale of beer and wine on Sundays.[27][28] In response to this blue law, brewers and distributors presented the eight ounce can as a smaller alternative.

Anheuser-Busch has introduced many can designs with co-branding and sports marketing promotional packaging. Today, most of these promotional programs are represented only on the 16 ounce aluminum bottle container. However, many MLB and NFL teams in the United States also promote 24 ounce cans marked with team logos.

Bottle

The Budweiser bottle has remained relatively unchanged since its introduction in 1876. The top label is red and currently reads "Budweiser". The top of the main label is red with a white banner with a pledge on it, which has changed three times. Below the banner is a coat of arms of sorts, which features an Anheuser-Busch stylization. Below that is a large white box.

Era Pledge Logo Beer title Top label
1870s 1 C. Conrad and Co. Budweiser Lager Beer Original Budweiser
Early 1900s 2 C. Conrad and Co. Budweiser Lager Beer Budweiser Reg U.S. Pat Off
1920s 3 Anheuser-Busch Budweiser Anheuser-Busch 'Budweiser St. Louis
1940s 2 Anheuser-Busch Budweiser Lager Beer Budweiser Beer
1950s 4 Anheuser-Busch Budweiser Lager Beer Budweiser Lager Beer
1970s 4 Anheuser-Busch 'Budweiser' Lager Beer Budweiser
1980s 4 Anheuser-Busch 'Budweiser' Lager Beer Budweiser
Today 4 Anheuser-Busch 'Budweiser' Lager Beer Budweiser

Cans

The packaging plant at the Anheuser-Busch headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri

During the Prohibition Era, Budweiser encountered its first major obstacle to profit and growth. As alcohol became illegal to sell and produce, all alcohol companies, including Budweiser, struggled to remain profitable. Budweiser began producing non-alcoholic beverages during Prohibition to counter its ill effects. Prohibition began in 1920, and lasted into the middle of the Great Depression in 1933. These are two major setbacks that this company experienced. Just as laws regarding prohibition were repealed, Budweiser was faced with more serious economic struggles, which made their success (like all other companies) very unlikely. In attempt to re-stimulate interest in their beer, Budweiser executed a hugely successful marketing strategy of introducing beer cans for the first time in 1936. This new packaging led to an increase in sales which lasted until the start of World War II in 1939.[29]

Over the years, Budweiser has undergone various design changes to its can which are discussed in the table below. Many of these changes are in response to market conditions and consumer tastes. Since 1936, 12 major can design changes have occurred, not including the temporary special edition designs. The table below describes each of the 12 major can designs.

Era Beer title Description[30]
1936–1942 Budweiser Lager Beer Gold colored can made of steel with American image of an eagle
1942–1945 Budweiser Lager Beer Same design as previous can, except in an olive drab color to provide camouflage for troops in World War II
1950–1956 Budweiser Lager Beer Gold colored split label can with list of breweries at the bottom of the can
1956–1958 Budweiser Lager Beer Red, white, and blue split label can with same design as previous can
1963 Budweiser Lager Beer First all-aluminum beer can; red, white, and blue color scheme
1964–1972 Budweiser Lager Beer Introduction of the tab top can, still with the same color scheme as previous design
1970s Budweiser Lager Beer Similar design as last five cans, with Budweiser creed, Anheuser-Busch logo, and eagle images
1980s–1990s King of Beers Same design as previous, with slightly different can shape
1996–1999 King of Beers Horizontal label rather than classic vertical label, and introduction of 'Born on' dating which tells exactly when the beer was brewed
1999–2000 Millennium Limited-edition can with vertical label for the beginning of a new millennium
2001–2011 King of Beers Horizontal can design with red, white, and blue color scheme
2011– King of Beers Red, white, and gold color scheme; new bow-tie design with much more modern appearance

2011 can design marketing strategy

Traditional Budweiser cans embodied a strong sense of American patriotism. They were red, white, and blue in color, and had images of eagles near the label. These cans also had a very classic appearance due to the cursive font and the Anheuser-Busch logo surrounded by wheat and barley. Red, white, and blue, being the colors of the American flag, identified the cans strongly with the American market for this product. Moreover, the eagles remind viewers of the bald eagle, America's national bird. These facts strongly suggest that Budweiser was targeting a primarily American market. In contrast to this previous design, the newest can takes on a much more modern appearance and eliminates blue as a main color in the design. Red, white, and gold are the predominant colors on this new can, which makes the can look much less traditionally American, and much more modern. On this new can, there are aspects that continue to resonate with an American market, such as the red and white colors, as these are two of the nation's primary colors. The presence of the yellowish-gold color is not typically American, though, and is surprising to see in the can design of the self-proclaimed "Great American Lager."

This change in can design was very shocking for a brand that had remained relatively static since its beginning. The new design was largely in response to the huge sales decline in recent years that is threatening to lose Budweiser its title as the best-selling beer in America.[31] One cause of this sales decline is the unemployment struggles that many Americans have been facing recently. A large group of individuals affected by unemployment are young men, who are the main demographic of Budweiser's target market. In order to regain the domestic market share that Budweiser has lost, the company is trying to update its appearance by giving the can a more contemporary look that is more appealing to this demographic. The company hopes that the new design will offset the effects that unemployment had on its sales.[32]

Although the more modern design is intended for young male Americans, the new design, according to the vice president of Anheuser-Busch Frank Abernante, "is one of many steps in our quest to reinforce Budweiser's role as a truly global beer brand."[33] This statement means that the new design was intended for foreign markets as well. In fact, Budweiser began selling its beer in Russia in 2010, and is currently expanding its operations in China.[32] However, it has not released the new 2011 design can in China as of 2015.

Statistics show that China is the world's leading consumer of beer in terms of volume, which suggests that Budweiser is trying to capitalize on this market's potential in order to recover from these losses. Currently, of the 15 Anheuser-Busch breweries outside of the United States, 14 of them are positioned in China, which shows how interested the company is in this growing market. Budweiser is already the fourth leading brand in the Chinese beer market, and the company hopes that this new design change will push them further up the list as one of China's most dominant brands.[34] Budweiser's attempt to target China is not sudden, though. There have actually been several advertising campaigns geared toward Chinese consumers. One such campaign was in 2009 when Budweiser sponsored a competition for the creation of a Budweiser commercial involving the Budweiser ants. Here, Chinese consumers were prompted to compete in this process of submitting their ideas online for the chance to have their idea become the newest Budweiser commercial.[35]

The beer

Budweiser is brewed using barley malt, rice, water, hops and yeast. It is lagered with beechwood chips in the aging vessel which, according to Anheuser-Busch, creates a smoother taste. While beechwood chips are used in the maturation tank, there is little to no flavor contribution from the wood, mainly because they are boiled in sodium bicarbonate [baking soda] for seven hours for the very purpose of removing any flavor from the wood. The maturation tanks that Anheuser-Busch uses are horizontal and, as such, flocculation of the yeast occurs much more quickly. Anheuser-Busch refers to this process as a secondary fermentation, with the idea being that the chips give the yeast more surface area to rest on. This is also combined with a krausening procedure that re-introduces wort into the chip tank, therefore reactivating the fermentation process. By placing the beechwood chips at the bottom of the tank, the yeast remains in suspension longer, giving it more time to reabsorb and process green beer flavors, such as acetaldehyde and diacetyl, that Anheuser-Busch believes are off-flavors which detract from overall drinkability.

Budweiser beverage delivery truck, Romulus, Michigan

Some drinkers prefer the lightness of beers like Budweiser and consume it as a refreshment or for its inebriating effects.[36] Several beer writers consider it to be bland.[37][38] The beer is light-bodied with faint sweet notes and negligible bitterness, leading to reviews characterizing it as a "...beer of underwhelming blandness."[39] Even Adolphus Busch disliked the beer he marketed in the United States.[40] But based upon sales alone, it became the second most popular American brewed pale lager among North American beer consumers.

Budweiser and Bud Light are sometimes advertised as vegan beers, in that their ingredients and conditioning do not use animal by-products. Some may object to the inclusion of genetically engineered rice[41] and animal products used in the brewing process. In July 2006, Anheuser-Busch brewed a version of Budweiser with organic rice, for sale in Mexico. It has yet to extend this practice to any other countries.

Anheuser-Busch was one of the few breweries during Prohibition that had the resources and wherewithal to convert to "cereal beer" production—malt beverage made with non-fermentables such as rice and unmalted barley and rye, and able to stay under the 0.5% limit established by the Volstead Act. Following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, the major breweries continued to use unmalted cereal grains to provide the full body and mouthfeel of a "real" beer while keeping the alcohol content low.

Budweiser brands

In addition to the regular Budweiser, Anheuser-Busch brews several different beers under the Budweiser brand, including Bud Light and Bud Ice.

In July 2010 Anheuser-Busch launched Budweiser 66 in the United Kingdom. Budweiser Brew No.66 has 4% alcohol by volume, and is brewed and distributed in the UK by Inbev UK Limited.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lockhart, Bill; et al. (2006). "Carl Conrad & Co. – The Original American Budweiser" (PDF). Society for Historical Archeology. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  2. ↑ Protz, R., The Complete Guide to World Beer (2004), ISBN 1-84442-865-6
  3. ↑ "Adolphus Busch". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  4. 1 2 "Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. history". tryitdist.com. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  5. ↑ "The 'Bitter' Tale Of The Budweiser Family". NPR.org. NPR. December 22, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Vintage beer". joesixpack.net. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  7. 1 2 "Budweiser Family". Ben E. Kieth Co. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Big Beer Duopoly" (PDF). Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  9. 1 2 "The Plot to Destroy America's Beer". Businessweek. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  10. 1 2 Carey, Susan; Kiviniemi, Peppi (July 29, 2010). "EU Rejects Appeal for Bud Trademark". Wall Street Journal.
  11. ↑ Případ uzavřen: Značka Budweiser v EU patří do Českých Budějovic, rozhodl soud (Czech)
  12. ↑ Allen, Matt (April 23, 2008). "Anheuser-Busch reports rise in Q1 sales, slight drop in profit – St. Louis Business Journal". Bizjournals.com. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
  13. ↑ "GAMHOF Adolphus Busch Biography". GAMHOF – German-American Hall of Fame. 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
  14. ↑ Shikes, Jonathan (August 23, 2011). "The five most memorable Budweiser Clydesdale commercials; the horses are leaving Fort Collins". West World Blogs.
  15. ↑ Bianchi, Jordan (2015-08-24). "Kevin Harvick to switch beer sponsorship from Budweiser to Busch". SBNation.com. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
  16. ↑ Sports, Fox (2015-08-24). "Anheuser-Busch to promote Busch brand in NASCAR starting in 2016". FOX Sports. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
  17. ↑ Madden, Normandy (August 26, 2009). "Chinese Beer Consumers to Create the Next Budweiser Spot Through Online Contest". Advertising Age.
  18. 1 2 "Bud Will Make Your Dreams Come True". Advertising Age. May 16, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  19. ↑ "APNewsBreak: This Bud’s not for you: Anheuser-Busch wants Budweiser removed from film ‘Flight’". Washington Post. November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  20. ↑ "Bud Is Proudly 'Macro' Amid Micro-Brews in Swagger-Filled Super Bowl Ad". Ad Age. February 1, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  21. ↑ "Beer Park by Budweiser". Food & Beverage Magazine. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  22. ↑ "Official website: Our History". Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  23. ↑ "August Anheuser Busch, Jr. – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. September 29, 1989. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
  24. ↑ "Business Briefs". The Sun News. August 3, 2011. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  25. ↑ "St. Mary’s celebrates 10-ounce beer". Gazette.net. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Where the 10-Ounce Bud Is the King of Beers". NPR. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Grand Rapids, MI | Sunday liquor sales in Holland begin". wzzm13.com. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Grand Rapids, MI | Zeeland Considers Alcohol Sales". wzzm13.com. February 6, 2006. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
  29. ↑ "Official website: Our History". Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  30. ↑ "Budweiser Unveils New "Bowtie" Design". Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  31. ↑ "Budweiser Cans Get a New Look—the Bow Tie". Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  32. 1 2 "Budweiser Can Redesigned". Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  33. ↑ "Budweiser Unveils New "Bowtie" Design". Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  34. ↑ "An Average US Brand in the China Market – The Budweiser Story". Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  35. ↑ "Bud Drinkers, Not Agency, Will Be Behind the Next Chinese New Year Campaign". Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  36. ↑ "Member's forum Rating". themanroom.com.
  37. ↑ Hops to lighten your step beerhunter.com
  38. ↑ A Bud by any other name realbeer.com
  39. ↑ Simpson, Willie (2007). The Beer Bible. Sydney: John Fairfax Publications. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-921190-86-5.
  40. ↑ Edward McClelland, "The rise and fall of an American beer" Salon (magazine) July 17, 2008
  41. ↑ "Greenpeace Exposes Anheuser Busch's Use of Genetically Engineered Rice in Beer Brewing Process". Greenpeace. October 8, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2007.

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