Komm, du süße Todesstunde, BWV 161
| Komm, du süße Todesstunde | |
|---|---|
| BWV 161 | |
| Church cantata by J. S. Bach | |
 | |
| Occasion | 16th Sunday after Trinity |
| Performed | 27 September 1716: Weimar |
| Movements | 6 |
| Cantata text | Salomon Franck |
| Chorale | by Christoph Knoll |
| Vocal | |
| Instrumental |
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Komm, du süße Todesstunde (Come, o sweet hour of death),[1] BWV 161,[lower-alpha 1] is a church cantata composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in Weimar for the 16th Sunday after Trinity. The text was provided by court poet Salomon Franck, derived from the prescribed gospel reading about the Young man from Nain. It reflects on longing for death, seen as a transition to a life united with Jesus. The words include as a closing chorale the fourth stanza of the hymn "Herzlich tut mich verlangen" by Christoph Knoll. The text was published in 1715, but due to a period of public mourning Bach possibly led the first performance only a year later on 27 September 1716, in the Schlosskirche, the court chapel in the ducal Schloss.
Bach structured the work in six movements, opening with a alternating arias and recitatives leadings to a chorus and a concluding chorale. The chorale tune of "O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden" appears in the first movement, played by the organ, and musical motifs of the arias are derived from it, providing an overall, formal unity to the composition. Bach revived the cantata with minor changes in Leipzig, later assigning it to the feast of the Purification.
History and text
Bach established his reputation as an outstanding organist while in his teens. He moved to Weimar in 1708 to take up position as court organist to the co-reigning dukes Wilhelm Ernst and Ernst August of Saxe-Weimar. He had already begun to compose cantatas at his previous posts at Arnstadt and Mühlhausen, and his reasons for moving included disappointment with the standard of singing at the churches where he had worked. He was appointed concertmaster of the Weimar court capelle on 2 March 1714. As concertmaster, he assumed principal responsibility for composing new works. Specifically he was tasked with providing cantatas for the Schlosskirche (palace church) on a monthly schedule, and a complete annual cycle within four years.[2]
Bach wrote BWV 161 for the 16th Sunday after Trinity. He would have led the first performance, but there is some debate as to the date this took place. The cantata appears to belong to a group of cantatas written in 1715. (The text for this and other cantatas of 1715 was written by the court poet Salomon Franck, and published in Evangelisches Andachts-Opffer in 1715). Alfred Dürr, an authority on the dating of Bach's vocal works, concluded that it was first performed on 6 October 1715. However, as this date fell in a period of public mourning in Weimar,[3] the first performance is dated as the same occasion the following year (27 September 1716) by the publisher Carus-Verlag[4] and others such as the Bach scholar Christoph Wolff.
The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Epistle to the Ephesians, dedicated to the strengthening of faith in the congregation of Ephesus (Ephesians 3:13–21), and from the Gospel of Luke, the raising from the dead of the Young man from Nain (Luke 7:11–17).[5] In Bach's time the story pointed at the resurrection of the dead, expressed in words of desire to die soon.[6] The closing chorale is from the fourth stanza of the hymn "Herzlich tut mich verlangen" (1611) by Christoph Knoll.[7]
Bach revived the work during his years in Leipzig in a version dated some time between 1737 and 1746.[8] He even performed it for a different liturgical occasion, the feast of the Purification of Mary on 2 February.[9][10][3] The prescribed readings for the Purification included Simeon's canticle Nunc dimittis (Luke 2:22–32), which with its line "now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace" has a similar message to the libretto.
Scoring and structure
The cantata in structured in six movements, a series of alternating arias and recitatives leads to a chorus and a concluding chorale.[3] As with several other cantatas on words by Franck, it is scored for a small ensemble: two vocal soloists (alto (A) and tenor (T)), a four-part choir and a Baroque chamber ensemble of two recorders (Fl), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), organ (Org) and basso continuo (Bc).[9] The title page reads simply: "Auf den sechzenden Sontag nach Trintatis" (For the sixteenth Sunday after Trinity).[11] The use of recorders is reminiscent of the early cantata Actus tragicus, Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit, BWV 106. When the work was revived at Leipzig the recorders were possibly replaced by transverse flutes.[7]
In common with the cantatas Alles, was von Gott geboren, BWV 80a, and Barmherziges Herze der ewigen Liebe, BWV 185, also composed at Weimar, one of the structural elements is the anticipation of the closing chorale in the first movement, where the chorale melody is used as a cantus firmus. (Bach used the juxtaposition of a chorale cantus firmus against vocal music later on a grand scale in his St Matthew Passion). In Leipzig, instead of the instrumental quotation of the chorale in the first aria, the first verse of the chorale was probably sung by a soprano.
In the following table of the movements, the scoring and keys are given for the version performed in Weimar in 1714. (The cantata was transposed from C major to E-flat major at Leipzig). The keys and time signatures are taken from Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4).[7][9] The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings, while the continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.
| No. | Title | Text | Type | Vocal | Winds | Strings | Other | Key | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Komm, du süße Todesstunde | Franck | Aria | A | 2Fl | Org | C major |  | |
| 2 | Welt, deine Lust ist Last | Franck | Recitative | T | 3/4 | ||||
| 3 | Mein Verlangen ist, den Heiland zu umfangen | Franck | Aria | T | 2Vl Va | A minor | | ||
| 4 | Der Schluß ist schon gemacht | Franck | Recitative | A | 2Fl | 2Vl Va | | ||
| 5 | Wenn es meines Gottes Wille | Franck | Chorus | SATB | 2Fl | 2Vl Va | C major | 3/8 | |
| 6 | Der Leib zwar in der Erden | Knoll | Chorale | SATB | 2Fl (obbl.) | 2Vl Va | A minor | |
Music
A Phrygian chorale melody, the well-known melody of "O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden", provides the musical theme of the cantata, appearing in movement 1 in both its original form and the alto line derived from it. The themes of the two other arias are taken from the same melody, providing unity.[3] The same melody appears five times in chorales of Bach's St Matthew Passion.[6]
1
The opening aria for alto, "Komm, du süße Todesstunde" (Come, o sweet hour of death),[1] is accompanied by the recorders, while the organ serves not only as a bass instrument but supplies the chorale melody.[12] In Weimar, Bach seems to have expected the congregation to know the words of the first stanza of Knoll's hymn.
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Herzlich tut mich verlangen |
I yearn from my heart
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In a later performance in Leipzig, a soprano sang the stanza with the organ.[6]
2
The tenor recitative, "Welt, deine Lust ist Last" (World, your pleasure is a burden),[1] ends in an arioso as the words paraphrase a line from Phil 1:23, "Ich habe Lust abzuscheiden und bei Christo zu sein" (I desire to pasture soon with Christ. I desire to depart from this world).[1]
3
The aria for tenor, "Mein Verlangen ist, den Heiland zu umfangen" (My longing is, to embrace my Savior),[1] is the first movement with the strings,[12] expressing a deep sense of longing.[6]
4
The alto recitative, "Der Schluß ist schon gemacht" (The end has already come),[1] is accompanied by all instruments, creating the images of sleep (in a downward movement, ending in long notes), the waking up (in fast movement upwards), and funeral bells in the recorders and pizzicato of the strings.[12][8] Isoyama notes: "In this movement the anticipation of death appears to be fulfilled, and the alto's declamation, welcoming death and the ringing of the funeral bells, is filled with a pathos amounting almost to obsession."[6]
5
The first choral movement 5,"Wenn es meines Gottes Wille" (If it is my God's will),[1] is marked aria by Franck. Bach set it for four parts, using song-like homophony. Wolff compares the style to Thuringian motets of around 1700.[3] The first part is not repeated da capo, in keeping with the last words "Dieses sei mein letztes Wort" (May this be my last word).[1]
6
The closing chorale, "Der Leib zwar in der Erden" (The body, indeed, in the earth),[1] is illuminated by a fifth part of the two recorders playing a lively counterpoint in unison.[7] Their "soaring descant" has been interpreted as "creating the image of the flesh transfigured".[6]
Wolff summarizes: "Cantata 161 is one of the most delicate and jewel-like products of Bach's years in Weimar. The writing in up to ten parts is extraordinarily subtle. ... The recorders additionally contribute in no small way to the spiritualised emotion and positive feelings associated with the 'sweet hour of death'".[3]
Publication
The cantata was edited for the Bach Gesellschaft Ausgabe, the first complete edition of Bach's works, by Franz Wüllner. The volume in question was published in 1887.
Recordings
The sortable table are excerpt from the selection on the Bach-Cantatas website.[5] Choirs are roughly marked as large by red background, orchestras from large (red) to period instruments in historically informed performances (green).
| Title | Conductor / Choir / Orchestra | Soloists | Label | Year | Choir type | Orch. type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J. S. Bach: Cantatas BWV 52 & BWV 161 | Göttsche, Heinz Markus Heinz Markus GöttscheMannheim Bach ChoirHeidelberger Kammerorchester |
|
Oryx Recordings | 1964 | Bach | Chamber |
| J. S. Bach: Kantaten · Cantatas Nr. 89, Nr. 90, Nr. 161 | Schröder, JaapJaap SchröderMonteverdi-ChorConcerto Amsterdam | Telefunken | 1965 | |||
| Die Bach Kantate Vol. 50 | Rilling, HelmuthHelmuth RillingFrankfurter KantoreiBach-Collegium Stuttgart | Hänssler | 1976 | Bach | ||
| J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk – Sacred Cantatas Vol. 8 | Leonhardt, GustavGustav LeonhardtTölzer KnabenchorConcentus Musicus Wien | Teldec | 1986 | Period | ||
| J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 3 | Koopman, TonTon KoopmanAmsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir | Antoine Marchand | 1995 | Period | ||
| Bach Cantatas Vol. 28: Altenburg/Warwick | Gardiner, John EliotJohn Eliot GardinerMonteverdi ChoirEnglish Baroque Soloists | Soli Deo Gloria | 2000 | Period |
Notes
- ↑ "BWV" is Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis, a thematic catalogue of Bach's works.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dellal, Pamela. "BWV 161 – Komm, du süße Todesstunde". Emmanuel Music. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ↑ Koster, Jan. "Weimar 1708–1717". let.rug.nl. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wolff, Christoph (1995). "Komm, du süße Todesstunde, BWV 161" (PDF). bach-cantatas.com. pp. 23–24. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ↑ "Johann Sebastian Bach: Komm, du süße Todesstunde" (in German). Carus-Verlag. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- 1 2 Oron, Aryeh. "Cantata BWV 161 Komm, du süße Todesstunde". bach-cantatas.com. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Isoyama, Tadashi (1997). "BWV 161: Komm, du süße Todesstunde (Come, thou sweet death's hour)" (PDF). bach-cantatas.com. pp. 5,7–8. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 Dürr, Alfred (1981). Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach (in German) 1 (4 ed.). Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. pp. 447–450. ISBN 3-423-04080-7.
- 1 2 Gardiner, John Eliot (2006). "Cantatas for the Sixteenth Sunday after Trinity / Santo Domingo de Bonaval, Santiago de Compostel" (PDF). bach-cantatas.com. p. 3. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- 1 2 3 Bischof, Walter F. "Komm, du süße Todesstunde". University of Alberta. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ↑ Grob, Jochen (2014). "BWV 161 / BC A 135b" (in German). s-line.de. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
- ↑ Grob, Jochen (2014). "BWV 161 / BC A 135a" (in German). s-line.de. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
- 1 2 3 Mincham, Julian (2010). "Chapter 69 BWV 161 Komm, du süsse Todessunde / Come sweet hour of death.". jsbachcantatas.com. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Sources
- Komm, du süsse Todesstunde, BWV 161: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- Komm, du süße Todesstunde (1st version) BWV 161; BC A 135a / Sacred cantata (16th Sunday after Trinity) / Cantata] Leipzig University
- Komm, du süße Todesstunde (2nd version) BWV 161; BC A 135b Sacred cantata (16th Sunday after Trinity) / Cantata] Leipzig University
- BWV 161 Komm, du süße Todesstunde English translation, University of Vermont
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