Bain Capital

This article is about the investment firm. For the management consulting company, see Bain and Company.
Bain Capital LLC
Private, Limited liability
Industry Alternative Investment
Founded 1984 (1984)
Headquarters 200 Clarendon Street
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Number of locations
 Boston, Chicago, New York, Palo Alto, San Francisco, Dublin, London, Luxembourg, Munich, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, Tokyo and Melbourne
Products Venture capital, investment management, public equity, private equity and credit products
Total assets Increase US$ 75 billion (2014)
Number of employees
 900+ (2014)
Website www.baincapital.com
In late 2011, Bain Capital moved its headquarters to the John Hancock Tower in Boston, Massachusetts. Bain occupies 210,000 sq. ft. from the 36th to 43rd floors.[1]

Bain Capital is a global alternative investment firm based in Boston, Massachusetts. It specializes in private equity, venture capital and credit products. Bain Capital invests across a range of industry sectors and geographic regions. As of June 2014, the firm managed more than $75 billion of investor capital across its various investment platforms.

The firm was founded in 1984 by partners from the consulting firm Bain & Company.[2] Since inception it has invested in or acquired hundreds of companies including AMC Theatres, Aspen Education Group, Brookstone, Burger King, Burlington Coat Factory, Canada Goose, DIC Entertainment, Domino's Pizza, DoubleClick, Dunkin' Donuts, D&M Holdings, Guitar Center, Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), iHeartMedia, Sealy, Sports Authority, Staples, Toys "R" Us, Warner Music Group, Fingerhut, The Weather Channel, and Apple Leisure Group, which includes AMResorts and Apple Vacations.[3]

As of 2014, Bain Capital employs more than 900 people. Bain Capital is headquartered at the John Hancock Tower in Boston, Massachusetts with additional offices in New York City, Chicago, Palo Alto, San Francisco, Dublin, London, Luxembourg, Munich, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, Tokyo and Melbourne.[4]

The company, and its actions during its first 15 years, became the subject of political and media scrutiny as a result of co-founder Mitt Romney's later political career, especially his 2012 presidential campaign.[5][6]

History

1984 founding and early history

Bain Capital was founded in 1984 by Bain & Company partners Mitt Romney, T. Coleman Andrews III, and Eric Kriss, after Bill Bain had offered Romney the chance to head a new venture that would invest in companies and apply Bain's consulting techniques to improve operations.[7] In addition to the three founding partners, the early team included Fraser Bullock, Robert F. White, Joshua Bekenstein, Adam Kirsch, and Geoffrey S. Rehnert.[8] Romney initially had the titles of president[9] and managing general partner[10][11] or managing partner.[12] He later became referred to as managing director[13] or CEO[14] as well. He was also the sole shareholder of the firm.[15] At the beginning, the firm had fewer than ten employees.[16]

In the face of skepticism from potential investors, Romney and his partners spent a year raising the $37 million in funds needed to start the new operation.[16][17][18][19] Bain partners put in $12 million of their own money and sourced the rest from wealthy individuals.[20] Early investors included Boston real estate mogul Mortimer Zuckerman and Robert Kraft, the owner of the New England Patriots football team.[18] They also included members of elite Salvadoran families who fled the country's civil war.[21] They and other wealthy Latin Americans invested $9 million primarily through offshore companies registered in Panama.[20]

While Bain Capital was founded by Bain executives, the firm was not an affiliate or a division of Bain & Company but rather a completely separate company. Initially, the two firms shared the same offices—in an office tower at Copley Place in Boston[22]—and a similar approach to improving business operations. However, the two firms had put in place certain protections to avoid sharing information between the two companies and the Bain & Company executives had the ability to veto investments that posed potential conflicts of interest.[23] Bain Capital also provided an investment opportunity for partners of Bain & Company. The firm initially gave a cut of its profits to Bain & Company, but Romney later persuaded Bill Bain to give that up.[24]

Bain Capital was an initial investor in Staples, Inc.

The Bain Capital team was initially reluctant to invest its capital. By 1985, things were going poorly enough that Romney considered closing the operation, returning investors' money back to them, and having the partners go back to their old positions.[25] The partners saw weak spots in so many potential deals that by 1986, very few had been done.[26] At first, Bain Capital focused on venture capital opportunities.[26] One of Bain's earliest and most notable venture investments was in Staples, Inc., the office supply retailer. In 1986, Bain provided $4.5 million to two supermarket executives, Leo Kahn and Thomas G. Stemberg, to open an office supply supermarket in Brighton, Massachusetts.[27] The fast-growing retail chain went public in 1989;[28] by 1996, the company had grown to over 1,100 stores,[29] and as of fiscal year end January 2012, Staples reached over $20 billion in sales, nearly $1.0B in net income, 87,000 employees, and 2,295 stores.[30] Bain Capital eventually reaped a nearly sevenfold return on its investment, and Romney sat on the Staples board of directors for over a decade.[16][19][26] Another very successful investment occurred in 1986 when $1 million was invested in medical equipment maker Calumet Coach, which eventually returned $34 million.[31] A few years later, Bain Capital made an investment in the technology research outfit the Gartner Group, which ended up returning a 16-fold gain.[31]

Bain invested the $37 million of capital in its first fund in twenty companies and by 1989 was generating an annualized return in excess of 50 percent. By the end of the decade, Bain's second fund, raised in 1987 had deployed $106 million into 13 investments.[32] As the firm began organizing around funds, each such fund was run by a specific general partnership—that included all Bain Capital executives as well as others—which in turn was controlled by Bain Capital Inc., the management company that Romney had full ownership control of.[33] As CEO, Romney had a final say in every deal made.[34]

1990s

Beginning in 1989, the firm, which began as a venture capital source investing in start-up companies, adjusted its strategy to focus on leveraged buyouts and growth capital investments in more mature companies.[35] Their model was to buy existing firms with money mostly borrowed against their assets, partner with existing management to apply Bain methodology to their operations (rather than the hostile takeovers practiced in other leverage buyout scenarios), and sell them off in a few years.[18][26] Existing CEOs were offered large equity stakes in the process, owing to Bain Capital's belief in the emerging agency theory that CEOs should be bound to maximizing shareholder value rather than other goals.[19] By the end of 1990, Bain had raised $175 million of capital and financed 35 companies with combined revenues of $3.5 billion.[36]

In July 1992, Bain acquired Ampad (originally American Pad & Paper) from Mead Corporation, which had acquired the company in 1986. Mead, which had been experiencing difficulties integrating Ampad's products into its existing product lines, generated a cash gain of $56 million on the sale.[37] Under Bain's ownership, the company enjoyed a significant growth in sales from $106.7 million in 1992 to $583.9 million in 1996, when the company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Under Bain's ownership, the company also made a number of acquisitions, including writing products company SCM in July 1994, brand names from the American Trading and Production Corporation in August 1995, WR Acquisition and the Williamhouse-Regency Division of Delaware, Inc. in October, 1995, Niagara Envelope Company, Inc. in 1996, and Shade/Allied, Inc. in February 1997.[38] Ampad's revenue began to decline in 1997 and the company laid off employees and closed production facilities to maintain profitability. Employment declined from 4,105 in 1996 to 3,800 in 2000.[39] The company ceased trading on the New York stock exchange on December 22, 2000[40] and filed for bankruptcy in 2001. At the time of the bankruptcy, Bain Capital held a 34.9% equity ownership interest in the company.[41] The assets were acquired in 2003 by Crescent Investments. Bain's eight years' of involvement in Ampad is estimated to have generated over $100 million in profits ($60 million in dividends, $45–50 million from the proceeds from stock issued after the company went public, and $1.5-2 million in annual management fees).[42]

In 1994, Bain acquired Totes, a producer of umbrellas and overshoes.[43] Three years later, Totes, under Bain’s ownership, acquired Isotoner, a producer of leather gloves.[44]

Bain, together with Thomas H. Lee Partners, acquired Experian, the consumer credit reporting business of TRW Inc., in 1996 for more than $1 billion. Formerly known as TRW's Information Systems and Services unit, Experian is one of the leading providers of credit reports on consumers and businesses in the US.[45] The company was sold to Great Universal Stores for $1.7 billion just months after being acquired.[46] Other notable Bain investments of the late 1990s included Sealy Corporation, the manufacturer of mattresses;[47] Alliance Laundry Systems;[48] Domino's Pizza[49] and Artisan Entertainment.[50]

Much of the firm's profits was earned from a relatively small number of deals, with Bain Capital's overall success and failure rate being about even. One study of 68 deals that Bain Capital made up through the 1990s found that the firm lost money or broke even on 33 of them.[51] Another study that looked at the eight-year period following 77 deals during the same time found that in 17 cases the company went bankrupt or out of business, and in 6 cases Bain Capital lost all its investment. But 10 deals were very successful and represented 70 percent of the total profits.[52]

Romney had two diversions from Bain Capital during the first half of the decade. From January 1991 to December 1992,[26][53] Romney served as the CEO of Bain & Company where he led the successful turnaround of the consulting firm (he remained managing general partner of Bain Capital during this time).[10][11] In November 1993, he took a leave of absence for his unsuccessful 1994 run for the U.S. Senate seat from Massachusetts; he returned the day after the election in November 1994.[26][54][55] During that time, Ampad workers went on strike, and asked Romney to intervene; Bain Capital lawyers asked him not to get involved, although he did meet with the workers to tell them he had no position of active authority in the matter.[56][57]

In 1994, Bain invested in Steel Dynamics, based in Fort Wayne, Indiana, a prosperous steel company that has grown to the fifth largest in the U.S.A, employs about 6,100 people, and produces carbon steel products with 2010 revenues of $6.3 billion on steel shipments of 5.3 million tons.[58] In 1993, Bain acquired the Armco Worldwide Grinding System steel plant in Kansas City, Missouri and merged it with its steel plant in Georgetown, South Carolina to form GST Steel. The Kansas City plant had a strike in 1997 and Bain closed the plant in 2001 laying off 750 workers when it went into bankruptcy. The South Carolina plant closed in 2003 but subsequently reopened under a different owner. At the time of its bankruptcy it reported $553.9 million in debts against $395.2 in assets. Bain reported $58.4 million in profits, the employee pension fund had a liability of $44 million.[59][60][61][62]

Bain's investment in Dade Behring represented a significant investment in the medical diagnostics industry. In 1994, Bain, together with Goldman Sachs Capital Partners completed a carveout acquisition of Dade International,[63] the medical diagnostics division of Baxter International in a $440 million acquisition. Dade's private equity owners merged the company with DuPont's in vitro diagnostics business in May 1996 and subsequently with the Behring Diagnostics division of Hoechst AG in 1997.[64] Aventis, the successor of Hoechst, acquired 52% of the combined company.[65] In 1999, the company reported $1.3 billion of revenue and completed a $1.25 billion leveraged recapitalization that resulted in a payout to shareholders.[64] The dividend, taken together with other previous shareholder dividends resulted in an eightfold return on investment to Bain Capital and Goldman Sachs.[31][52] Revenues declined from 1999 through 2002 and despite attempts to cut costs through layoffs the company entered into bankruptcy in 2002. Following its restructuring, Dade Behring emerged from Bankruptcy in 2003 and continued to operate independently until 2007 when the business was acquired by Siemens Medical Solutions. Bain and Goldman lost their remaining stock in the company as part of the bankruptcy.[66]

By the end of the decade, Bain Capital was on its way to being one of the top private equity firms in the nation,[24] having increased its number of partners from 5 to 18, having 115 employees overall, and having $4 billion under its management.[16][18] The firm's average annual return on investments was 113 percent.[17][67] It had made between 100 and 150 deals where it acquired and then sold a company.[31][51][52]

1999–2002: Romney departure and political legacy

Romney took a paid leave of absence from Bain Capital in February 1999 when he became the head of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics.[68][69] The decision caused turmoil at Bain Capital, with a power struggle ensuing.[70] Some partners left and founded the Audax Group and Golden Gate Capital.[34] Other partners threatened to leave, and there was a prospect of eight-figure lawsuits being filed.[70] Romney was worried that the firm might be destroyed, but the crisis ebbed.[70]

Romney was not involved in day-to-day operations of the firm after starting the Olympics position.[71][72] Those were handled by a management committee, consisting of five of the fourteen remaining active partners with the firm.[34] However, according to some interviews and press releases during 1999, Romney said he was keeping a part-time function at Bain.[34][73]

During his leave of absence, Romney continued to be listed in filings to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission[74] as "sole shareholder, sole director, Chief Executive Officer and President".[75][76] The SEC filings reflected the legal reality[77] and the ownership interest in the Bain Capital management company.[33][78] In practice, former Bain partners have stated that Romney's attention was mostly occupied by his Olympics position.[77][79] He did stay in regular contact with his partners, and traveled to meet with them several times, signing corporate and legal documents and paying attention to his own interests within the firm and to his departure negotiations.[78] Bain Capital Fund VI in 1998 was the last one Romney was involved in; investors were worried that with Romney gone, the firm would have trouble raising money for Bain Capital Fund VII in 2000, but in practice the $2.5 billion was raised without much trouble.[34] His former partners have said that Romney had no role in assessing other new investments after February 1999,[34] nor was he involved in directing the company’s investment funds.[33] Discussions over the final terms of Romney's departure dragged on during this time, with Romney negotiating for the best deal he could get and his continuing position as CEO and sole shareholder giving him the leverage to do so.[34][77]

Although he had left open the possibility of returning to Bain after the Olympics, Romney made his crossover to politics in 1999.[68] His separation from the firm was finalized in early 2002.[34][80] Romney negotiated a ten-year retirement agreement with Bain Capital[34] that allowed him to receive a passive profit share and interest as a retired partner in some Bain Capital entities, including buyout and Bain Capital investment funds, in exchange for his ownership in the management company.[81][82] Because the private equity business continued to thrive, this deal would bring him millions of dollars in annual income.[82] Romney was the first and last CEO of Bain Capital; since his departure became final, it has continued to be run by management committee.[34]

Bain Capital itself, and especially its actions and investments during its first 15 years, came under press scrutiny as the result of Romney's 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns.[31][83][84] Romney's leave of absence and the level of activity he had within the firm during the 1999-2002 period also garnered attention.[85][86][87][88][89][90]

Early 2000s

In 2002, Bain acquired Burger King together with TPG Capital and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners.

Bain Capital began the new decade by closing on its seventh fund, Bain Capital Fund VII, with over $3.1 billion of investor commitments. The firm's most notable investments in 2000 included the $700 million acquisition of Datek, the online stock brokerage firm,[91] as well as the $305 million acquisition of KB Toys from Consolidated Stores.[92] Datek was ultimately merged with Ameritrade in 2002. KB Toys, which had been financially troubled since the 1990s as a result of increased pressure from national discount chains such as Walmart and Target, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in January 2004. Bain had been able to recover value on its investment through a dividend recapitalization in 2003.[93] In early 2001, Bain agreed to purchase a 30 percent stake, worth $600 million, in Huntsman Corporation, a leading chemical company owned by Jon Huntsman, Sr., but the deal was never completed.[94][95]

With a significant amount of committed capital in its new fund available for investment, Bain was one of a handful of private equity investors capable of completing large transactions in the adverse conditions of the early 2000s recession. In July 2002, Bain together with TPG Capital and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, announced the high profile $2.3 billion leveraged buyout of Burger King from Diageo.[96] However, in November the original transaction collapsed, when Burger King failed to meet certain performance targets. In December 2002, Bain and its co-investors agreed on a reduced $1.5 billion purchase price for the investment.[97] The Bain consortium had support from Burger King's franchisees, who controlled approximately 92% of Burger King restaurants at the time of the transaction. Under its new owners, Burger King underwent a major brand overhaul including the use of The Burger King character in advertising. In February 2006, Burger King announced plans for an initial public offering.[98]

In late 2002, Bain remained active acquiring Houghton Mifflin for $1.28 billion, together with Thomas H. Lee Partners and Blackstone Group. Houghton Mifflin and Burger King represented two of the first large club deals, completed since the collapse of the Dot-com bubble.[99]

In November 2003, Bain completed an investment in Warner Music Group. In 2004 Bain acquired the Dollarama chain of dollar stores, based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and operating stores in the provinces of Eastern Canada for $1.05 billion CAD. In March 2004, Bain acquired Brenntag Group from Deutsche Bahn AG (Exited in 2006; sold to BC Partners for $4B). In August 2003, Bain acquired a 50% interest in Bombardier Inc.'s recreational products division, along with the Bombardier family and the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, and created Bombardier Recreational Products or BRP.

Bain and the 2000s buy-out boom

Bain led a consortium in the buyout of Toys "R" Us in 2004

In 2004 a consortium comprising KKR, Bain Capital and real estate development company Vornado Realty Trust announced the $6.6 billion acquisition of Toys "R" Us, the toy retailer. A month earlier, Cerberus Capital Management, made a $5.5 billion offer for both the toy and baby supplies businesses.[100] The Toys 'R' Us buyout was one of the largest in several years.[101] Following this transaction, by the end of 2004 and in 2005, major buyouts were once again becoming common and market observers were stunned by the leverage levels and financing terms obtained by financial sponsors in their buyouts.[102]

The following year, in 2005, Bain was one of seven private equity firms involved in the buyout of SunGard in a transaction valued at $11.3 billion. Bain's partners in the acquisition were Silver Lake Partners, TPG Capital, Goldman Sachs Capital Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, Providence Equity Partners, and Blackstone Group. This represented the largest leveraged buyout completed since the takeover of RJR Nabisco at the end of the 1980s leveraged buyout boom. Also, at the time of its announcement, SunGard would be the largest buyout of a technology company in history, a distinction it would cede to the buyout of Freescale Semiconductor. The SunGard transaction is also notable in the number of firms involved in the transaction, the largest club deal completed to that point. The involvement of seven firms in the consortium was criticized by investors in private equity who considered cross-holdings among firms to be generally unattractive.[103][104]

Bain led the buyout of Dunkin' Brands for $2.4 billion in 2005

Bain led a consortium, together with The Carlyle Group and Thomas H. Lee Partners to acquire Dunkin' Brands. The private equity firms paid $2.425 billion in cash for the parent company of Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins in December 2005.[105]

In 2006, Bain Capital and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, together with Merrill Lynch and the Frist family (which had founded the company) completed a $31.6 billion acquisition of Hospital Corporation of America, 17 years after it was taken private for the first time in a management buyout. At the time of its announcement, the HCA buyout would be the first of several to set new records for the largest buyout, eclipsing the 1989 buyout of RJR Nabisco. It would later be surpassed by the buyouts of Equity Office Properties and TXU.[106] In August 2006, Bain was part of the consortium, together with Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, Silver Lake Partners and AlpInvest Partners, that acquired a controlling 80.1% share of semiconductors unit of Philips for €6.4 billion. The new company, based in the Netherlands, was renamed NXP Semiconductors.[107][108]

During the buyout boom, Bain was active in the acquisition of various retail businesses.[109] In January 2006, Bain announced the acquisition of Burlington Coat Factory, a discount retailer operating 367 department stores in 42 states, in a $2 billion buyout transaction.[110] Six months later, in October 2006, Bain and The Blackstone Group acquired Michaels Stores, the largest arts and crafts retailer in North America in a $6.0 billion leveraged buyout. Bain and Blackstone narrowly beat out Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and TPG Capital in an auction for the company.[111] In June 2007, Bain agreed to acquire HD Supply, the wholesale construction supply business of Home Depot for $10.3 billion.[112] Bain, along with partners Carlyle Group and Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, would later negotiate a lower price ($8.5 billion) when the initial stages of the subprime mortgage crisis caused lenders to seek to renegotiate the terms of the acquisition financing.[113] Just days after the announcement of the HD Supply deal, on June 27, Bain announced the acquisition of Guitar Center, the leading musical equipment retailer in the U.S. Bain paid $1.9 billion, plus $200 million in assumed debt, representing a 26% premium to the stock's closing price prior to the announcement.[114] Bain also acquired Edcon Limited, which operates Edgars Department Stores in South Africa and Zimbabwe for 25 billion-rand ($3.5 billion) in February 2007.[115]

Other investments during the buyout boom included: Bavaria Yachtbau, acquired for €1.3 billion in July 2007[116] as well as Sensata Technologies, acquired from Texas Instruments in 2006 for approximately $3 billion.[117]

Since 2008

In the wake of the closure of the credit markets in 2007 and 2008, Bain managed to close only a small number of sizable transactions. In July 2008, Bain, together with NBC Universal and Blackstone Group agreed to purchase The Weather Channel from Landmark Communications.[118][119]

Subsequent investments include, but are not limited to:

Businesses and affiliates

Bain Capital's family of funds includes private equity, venture capital, public equity, and leveraged debt assets.

Bain Capital Private Equity

Bain Capital Private Equity has raised ten funds and invested in more than 250 companies. The private equity activity includes leveraged buyouts and growth capital in a wide variety of industries.[136] Bain began investing in Europe in 1989 through its London-based affiliate Bain Capital Europe.[137] Bain also operates international affiliates Bain Capital Asia and Bain Capital India.

Bain Capital Private Equity is made up of more than 250 investment professionals, including 38 managing directors operating from offices in Boston, Hong Kong, London, Mumbai, Munich, New York, Shanghai, and Tokyo, as of the beginning of 2011.

Historically, Bain has primarily relied on private equity funds, pools of committed capital from pension funds, insurance companies, endowments, fund of funds, high-net-worth individuals, sovereign wealth funds and other institutional investors. Bain's own investment professionals are the largest single investor in each of its funds. From 1993, when Bain raised its first institutional fund through the beginning of 2012, Bain had completed fundraising for 11 funds with total investor commitments of over $38 billion, including its global private equity funds and separate funds focusing specifically on investments in Europe and Asia. Since 1998, each of Bain's global funds has invested alongside a coinvestment fund that invests only in certain larger transactions. The following is a summary of Bain's private equity funds raised from its inception through the beginning of 2012:[138]

FundVintage
Year		Committed
Capital ($m)
Bain Capital Fund IV1993$300
Bain Capital Fund V1995$500
Bain Capital Fund VI1998$1,400[139]
Bain Capital Fund VII2000$3,117[139]
Bain Capital Fund VIII2004$4,250[139]
Bain Capital Fund VIII-E (Europe)2004$1,015
Bain Capital Fund IX2006$10,000[139]
Bain Capital Europe III2008€3,500
Bain Capital Asia2008$1,000
Bain Capital Fund X2008$11,800[139]
Bain Capital Asia II2011$2,000

Bain Capital Ventures

Main article: Bain Capital Ventures

Bain Capital Ventures is the venture capital arm of Bain Capital, focused on seed through late-stage growth equity, investing in business services, consumer, healthcare, internet & mobile, and software companies. Bain Capital Ventures has raised approximately $1.53 billion of investor capital since 2001 across four investment funds.

The following is a summary of Bain's private equity funds raised from its inception through the beginning of 2012:[138]

FundVintage
Year		Committed
Capital ($m)
Bain Capital Venture Fund2001$250
Bain Capital Venture Partners 20052005$250
Bain Capital Venture Partners 20072007$500
Bain Capital Venture Partners 20092009$525
Bain Capital Venture Partners 20122012$600[140]

Since 2001, Bain Capital Ventures' most notable investments include DoubleClick, LinkedIn,[141] Shopping.com, Taleo Corporation, MinuteClinic and SurveyMonkey.[142]

Bain Capital Public Equity

Previously known as Brookside Capital,[143] Bain Capital Public Equity is the public equity affiliate of Bain Capital. Established in October 1996, Bain Capital Public Equity's primary objective is to invest in securities of publicly traded companies that offer opportunities to realize substantial long-term capital appreciation. Bain Capital Public Equity employs a long/short equity strategy to reduce market risk in the portfolio[144]

Bain Capital Credit

Formerly known as Sankaty Advisors,[143] Bain Capital Credit is the fixed income affiliate of Bain Capital, a manager of high yield debt securities. With approximately $30 billion of assets under management, Bain Capital Credit invests in a wide variety of securities, including leveraged loans, high-yield bonds, distressed securities, mezzanine debt, convertible bonds, structured products and equity investments. Bain Capital Credit has approximately 140 employees, including 80 investment professionals across offices in the United States, Europe, Asia and Australia.[145]

Appraisals and critiques

Bain Capital's approach of applying consulting expertise to the companies it invested in became widely copied within the private equity industry.[16][146] University of Chicago Booth School of Business economist Steven Kaplan said in 2011 that the firm "came up with a model that was very successful and very innovative and that now everybody uses."[19]

In his 2009 book The Buyout of America: How Private Equity Is Destroying Jobs and Killing the American Economy, Josh Kosman described Bain Capital as "notorious for its failure to plow profits back into its businesses," being the first large private-equity firm to derive a large fraction of its revenues from corporate dividends and other distributions. The revenue potential of this strategy, which may "starve" a company of capital,[147] was increased by a 1970s court ruling that allowed companies to consider the entire fair-market value of the company, instead of only their "hard assets", in determining how much money was available to pay dividends.[148] In at least some instances, companies acquired by Bain borrowed money in order to increase their dividend payments, ultimately leading to the collapse of what had been financially stable businesses.[55]

Investments gallery

Selected Bain Capital investments
Sports Authority
(invested 1987) 
Guitar Center
(acquired June 2006) 
Hospital Corporation of America
(acquired July 2006) 
Gymboree
(acquired October 2010) 
iHeartMedia
(acquired July 2008 as Clear Channel Communications) 
Houghton Mifflin
(acquired December 2002) 
Staples Inc.
(invested 1986) 
D&M Holdings
(acquired July 2008) 
Domino's Pizza
(acquired September 1998) 
The Weather Channel
(invested September 2008) 
Burger King
(acquired December 2002) 
Sealy Corporation
(acquired November 1997) 
Brookstone
(acquired 1991) 
Burlington Coat Factory
(acquired January 2006) 
Dunkin' Donuts
(acquired December 2005) 
Steel Dynamics (invested 1994) 
Apple Leisure Group
(acquired 2012)

     

    References

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    35. ↑ "Venture-Capital Funds Grow Larger and Larger - But Start-Up Companies Find They're Still Left Out in the Cold". The Wall Street Journal, September 7, 1989
    36. ↑ Bain Names Chief Executive And Begins a Reorganization. New York Times, January 30, 1991
    37. ↑ Mead Corp. to Lay Off 1,000. New York Times, July 3, 1992
    38. ↑ "American Pad & Paper Company Profile". Answers.com. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
    39. ↑ Deseret News: 30 companies Mitt Romney's Bain Capital invested in from 1986-1998 - "American Pad & Paper" By Jackie Hicken June 17, 2012
    40. ↑ SEC.gov: 8-K filing December 21, 2000
    41. ↑ SEC.gov Fiscal year end December 31, 1999 10-K for American Pad & Paper Company retrieved October 28, 2012
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    44. ↑ Totes To Buy A Majority Interest In Aris Isotoner. New York Times, June 6, 1997
    45. ↑ TRW Credit Reporting Unit To Be Sold for $1 Billion. Bloomberg Business News, February 10, 1996
    46. ↑ Large British Retailer to Buy U.S. Credit-Data Company. New York Times, November 15, 1996
    47. ↑ Sealy to be Sold to Management and an Investor Group. New York Times, November 4, 1997
    48. ↑ Raytheon in $358 million Deal to Sell Laundry Business. New York Times, February 24, 1998
    49. ↑ Domino's Pizza Founder To Retire And Sell A Stake. New York Times, September 26, 1998
    50. ↑ Playing Movies Like a Growth Stock. New York Times, December 21, 1998
    51. 1 2 Kranish, Michael; Helman, Scott (February 2012). "The Meaning of Mitt". Vanity Fair.
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    53. ↑ Fabrikant, Geraldine (January 30, 1991). "Bain Names Chief Executive And Begins a Reorganization". The New York Times.
    54. ↑ Phillips, Frank (October 8, 1994). "Romney agrees to talk; union balks". The Boston Globe.
    55. 1 2 Yang, Jia Lynn (December 14, 2011), "Mitt Romney’s Bain Capital tenure shows mixed record on bankruptcies", Washington Post
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    57. ↑ Phillips, Frank (January 5, 1995). "Strike-bound factory tied to Romney during US Senate race is set to close". The Boston Globe.
    58. ↑ Hoover, Ken (January 13, 2012).Mitt Romney-Led Bain Funded Steel Dynamics' Success. Investors Business Daily
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    61. ↑ "Missouri Valley Special Collections : Item Viewer". Kchistory.org. 2001-02-08. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
    62. ↑ Sullivan, Andy (January 6, 2012). "Special report: Romney's steel skeleton in the Bain closet". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
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    64. 1 2 Dade Behring Form 10K 1999 Annual Report. Securities and Exchange Commission, Filed March 30, 2000
    65. ↑ Aventis May Sell Controlling Stake in Dade Behring. New York Times, December 20, 2000
    66. ↑ Dade Behring Registration Statement. Securities and Exchange Commission, April 11, 2003
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    68. 1 2 Byers, Dylan. "Bain Capital: Romney left in Feb. 1999". Politico. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
    69. ↑ Glenn Kessler (July 12, 2012). "Mitt Romney and his departure from Bain" (blog by expert). The Washington Post. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
    70. 1 2 3 Kranish; Helman, The Real Romney, pp. 206–207.
    71. ↑ "Is Romney to Blame for Cancer Death?". FactCheck. August 8, 2012.
    72. ↑ Callum Borchers (July 16, 2012). "Mitt Romney and backers use ‘day-to-day’ to reshape questions about Bain". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
    73. ↑ Mitt Romney, quoted by the Boston Herald in February 1999 (Greg Gatlin, “Romney Looks To Restore Olympic Pride,” The Boston Herald, February 12, 1999)
    74. ↑ Bain Capital Fund VI, L.P. (February 20, 2001). "SCHEDULE 13D (Rule 13d-101)". Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved July 14, 2012. Bain Capital, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Bain Capital"), is the sole managing partner of the BCIP entities. Mr. W. Mitt Romney is the sole shareholder, sole director, Chief Executive Officer and President of Bain Capital and thus is the controlling person of Bain Capital.
    75. ↑ Marshall, John. "No, Romney Didn’t Leave Bain in 1999". Retrieved 11 July 2012.
    76. ↑ Borchers, Callum. "Mitt Romney stayed at Bain 3 years longer than he stated". Christopher M. Mayer. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
    77. 1 2 3 Gentile, Sal (July 15, 2012). "Former Bain Capital partner says Romney was 'legally' CEO of Bain Capital until 2002". msnbc.com.
    78. 1 2 Braun, Stephen; Gillum, Jack (July 25, 2012). "Fact Check: Romney Met Bain Partners After Exit". Associated Press.
    79. ↑ King, John. "John King: Why is 1999 so important in 2012?". CNN. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
    80. ↑ Charles, Deborah (July 12, 2012). "Romney faces new questions over tenure at Bain". Chicago Tribune. Reuters.
    81. ↑ Kuhnhenn, Jim (August 14, 2007). "Romney Worth As Much As $250 Million". The Washington Post. Associated Press.
    82. 1 2 Confessore, Nicholas; Drew, Christopher; Creswell, Julie (December 18, 2011). "Buyout Profits Keep Flowing to Romney". The New York Times.
    83. ↑ Hicks, Josh (November 2, 2011). "Romney’s claims about Bain Capital job creation". The Washington Post.
    84. ↑ Hagey, Keach (January 11, 2012). "Mitt Romney’s Bain Capital days: A black box". Politico.
    85. ↑ Callum Borchers; Christopher Rowland (July 12, 2012). "Mitt Romney stayed at Bain 3 years longer than he stated: Firm’s 2002 filings identify him as CEO, though he said he left in 1999". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
    86. ↑ King, John. "John King: Why is 1999 so important in 2012?". CNN. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
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    88. ↑ Michael D. Shear (July 13, 2012). "Romney Seeks Obama Apology for Bain Attacks". The New York Times. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
    89. ↑ "Mitt Romney's Own 2002 Testimony Undermines Bain Departure Claim". Huffington Post. July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012. [Statement by Bain] "Mitt Romney left Bain Capital in February 1999 to run the Olympics and has had absolutely no involvement with the management or investment activities of the firm or with any of its portfolio companies since the day of his departure," the statement reads. "Due to the sudden nature of Mr. Romney's departure, he remained the sole stockholder for a time while formal ownership was being documented and transferred to the group of partners who took over management of the firm in 1999. Accordingly, Mr. Romney was reported in various capacities on SEC filings during this period."
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    91. ↑ Group to Buy Controlling Interest in Datek Online for $700 Million. New York Times, December 02, 2000
    92. ↑ Bain Capital Buys Toys Unit of Consolidated Stores. New York Times, December 09, 2000
    93. ↑ Buyout Profits Keep Flowing to Romney. New York Times, December 18, 2011
    94. ↑ Bain Capital Buys Stake In Huntsman, Chemical Company. New York Times, February 24, 2001
    95. ↑ Huntsman, Bain Capital dealing: Huntsman offering $600 million equity stake to venture firm. Deseret News, Feb. 24, 2001
    96. ↑ U.S. Investors Agree to Buy Burger King From Diageo for $2.26 Billion. New York Times, July 26, 2002
    97. ↑ A Lower Price Is Said to Revive Burger King Sale, New York Times, December 12, 2002
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    102. ↑ Deal Mania: Shades of the '80s: The leveraged buyout is back in vogue. U.S. News & World Report, April 10, 2005
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    104. ↑ Do Too Many Cooks Spoil the Takeover Deal?. New York Times, April 3, 2005
    105. ↑ Parent of Dunkin' Donuts Sold For $2.4 Billion to Equity Firms (New York Times, 2005
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    108. ↑ KKR in deal to buy Philips Semiconductors. Forbes, August 2, 2006
    109. ↑ Bain Adds Guitar Center To Its Lineup. Forbes, June 27, 2007
    110. ↑ Bain to Buy Burlington Coat Factory. The Street.com, January 18, 2006
    111. ↑ Consortium Buys Michaels for $6 Billion. New York Times, July 1, 2006
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    113. ↑ Private Equity's White-Knuckle Deal. Business Week, September 17, 2007
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    116. ↑ Bavaria set to Boom with Bain. Sail World, July 1, 2007
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    123. ↑ Bain Capital pays $1.6 billion for Dow division, Mass High Tech, March 2, 2010
    124. ↑ Dagher, Veronica; Holmes, Elizabeth (October 12, 2010). "Bain Pays .8 Billion for Gymboree". The Wall Street Journal.
    125. ↑ Physio-Control's sale to Bain completed, The Seattle Times, January 30, 2012
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    128. ↑ "BMC Software Signs Definitive Agreement to be Acquired for $46.25 per Share in Cash". Retrieved 2013-07-08.
    129. ↑ Cameron French (10 December 2013). "Bain Capital buys majority stake in parka maker Canada Goose". Reuters.
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    131. ↑ Baran, Michelle (2013-04-14). "Travel Impressions acquisition presents different opportunities". Travel Weekly. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
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    136. ↑ Bain Capital Private Equity (company website)
    137. ↑ Bain Capital Europe (company website)
    138. 1 2 Data collected from Preqin, a private equity database system
    139. 1 2 3 4 5 Includes coinvestment funds for Bain Capital Fund VI ($300m), Bain Capital Fund VII ($617m), Bain Capital Fund VIII ($750m), Bain Capital Fund IX ($2 billion) and Bain Capital Fund X ($1.8 billion), each raised alongside the main funds
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    141. ↑ Tuesday, June 17th, 2008 (2012-01-31). "LinkedIn Closes Its Round; Got That Billion Dollar Valuation". Techcrunch.com. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
    142. ↑ Business Wire (2009-04-20). "SurveyMonkey Announces Group Led by Spectrum Equity to Become Majority Investor". Businesswire.com. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
    143. 1 2 Kreutzer, Laura. "Bain Capital Rebrands Credit Affiliate, Public Equity Unit". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
    144. ↑ Brookside Capital (company website)
    145. ↑ Sankaty Advisors (company website)
    146. ↑ Vickers, Marcia (June 27, 2007). "The Republicans' Mr. Fix-it". Fortune.
    147. ↑ Kosman, The Buyout of America, p. 106.
    148. ↑ Kosman, The Buyout of America, p. 118.

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