Balija

Balijas
Religions Hinduism (India), Jainism (India), Buddhism (Sri Lanka)
Languages Telugu, Tamil, Kannada
Populated States Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra
Subdivisions
Related groups Kapu
Status Forward caste
‡ Shared by other groups

Balija is a social group of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala. In Karnataka, they are known as Banajigas. They are classified as a forward caste. Balija individuals described themselves as a division of the Kapu caste in some census records and gazetteers.

Origins

Variations of the name in use in the medieval era were Balanja, Bananja, Bananju, and Banijiga, with probable cognates Balijiga, Valanjiyar, Balanji, Bananji[1] and derivatives such as Baliga,[2] all of which are said to be derived from the Sanskrit term Vanik or Vanij, for trader.[1]

The Banajigas comprised a trade guild, the Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu, in the medieval period.[2][3]

The term Balija came to include the Boyas, Gollas, Gavaras, and other castes during the period of the Vijayanagara king, Krishnadevaraya.[4]

Balija branches

There are numerous branches, sub-divisions or social groups which make up the larger Balija social group.

The Kambalattar (Kambalaththu Nayakar) are practically extinct. Remnants of their traditional agnates or cognates in the Telugu country are not to be traced. The polegars of Ettayapuram and Panchalamkurichi belong to this community. Their ancestry is traced to a community of hunters. Being dwellers of quasi-agricultural surroundings they were experts in reclaiming waste lands.[17]

Caste titles

Some Balijas use surnames such as Naidu and Naicker, which share a common root. Nayaka as a term was first used during the Vishnukundina dynasty that ruled from the Krishna and Godavari deltas during the 3rd century AD. During the Kakatiya dynasty, the Nayaka title was bestowed to warriors who had received land and the title as a part of the Nayankarapuvaram system for services rendered to the court. The Nayaka was noted to be an officer in the Kakatiya court; there being a correlation between holding the Nayankara, the possession of the administrative title Angaraksha and the status title Nayaka.[18]

A more widespread usage of the Nayaka title amongst the Balijas appears to have happened during the Vijayanagar empire where the Balija merchant-warriors rose to political and cultural power and claimed Nayaka positions.[19]

Dynasties

The Vijayanagar empire was based on an expanding, cash-oriented economy enhanced by Balija tax-farming.[20] Some Balija families were appointed to supervise provinces as Nayaks (governors, commanders) by the Vijayanagara kings, some of which are:

Varna status

Velcheru Narayana Rao and Sanjay Subrahmanyam say that the emergence of left-hand caste Balijas as trader-warrior-kings was evidence in the Nayak period as a consequence of conditions of new wealth, produced by collapsing two varnas, Kshatriya and Vaishya, into one.[25] In the brahmanical conceptualisation of castes, Balijas were accorded the Shudra position.[26] The fourfold Brahmanical varna concept has not been acceptable to Non-Brahmin social groups and some of them challenged the authority of Brahmins who described them as shudras.[27][28]

While seeking a Kshatriya varna position in the Census of 1901, a reference was made to the Srimad Bhagavatham, Vishnu Puranam and Brahmanda Puranam to seek classification as Somavanshi Kshatriyas.[29]

References

  1. 1 2 Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarkar; Archaeological Survey of India (1983). Epigraphia Indica 18. p. 335:. ISSN 0013-9572. LCCN sa66006469. As regards the derivation of this word, the late Mr Venkayya says:- In Kanarese banajiga is still used to denote a class of merchants. In Telugu the word balija or balijiga has the same meaning. It is therefore probable that the words valañjiyam, valanjiyar, balañji, banañji, banajiga and balija are cognate, and derived from the Sanskrit vanij
  2. 1 2 Nanjundappa KS (Dec 1982). "Industries and Commerce in Karnataka during the Vijayanagara period (1336 To 1565 A.D.)" (PDF). Indian ETD Collection, Vidyanidhi Digital Library, University of Mysore. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  3. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (1999). Footprints of enterprise: Indian business through the ages. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-564774-7.
  4. Velcheru Narayana Rao; David Dean Shulman; Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1992). Symbols of substance: court and state in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-19-563021-1. These left-Sudra groups – often referred to by the cover-title Balija, but also including Boyas, left-hand Gollas, Gavaras, and others – were first mobilised by Krishnadevaraya in the Vijayanagara heyday ... These Balija fighters are not afraid of kings: some stories speak of their killing kings who interfered with their affairs.
  5. Kumar Suresh Singh (1998). People of India: Volume 4, p.219-223
  6. Vijayanagara, Volume 1, Burton Stein, p.87
  7. Brimnes, Niels (1999). Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 9780700711062.
  8. Brimnes, Niels (1999). Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 9780700711062.
  9. Madras: the growth of a colonial city in India, 1780–1840, page 224
  10. Bowmen of Mid-India: a monograph of the Bhils of Jhabua [M. P.] and adjoining territories, Volume 2, page 243
  11. "Religious Gifting and Inland Commerce in Seventeenth-Century South India", by David West Rudner in The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 2 (May 1987), page 361
  12. Archaeological Survey of Mysore, Annual Reports: 1910–1911
  13. Government of Madras Staff, Gazetteer of the Nellore District: brought up to 1938, page 105.
  14. Alf Hiltebeitel (1999). Rethinking India's oral and classical epics: Draupadī among Rajputs, Muslims and Dalits, p.466
  15. Kumar Suresh Singh (1998). People of India: Volume 4, p.227
  16. Singh KS, Thirumalai R, Manoharan S (1997). People of India: Tamil Nadu, p.592
  17. Venkatasubramanian, T.K (1993). Political change and agrarian tradition in South India, c. 1600–1801: a case study, P.51
  18. The Indian economic and social history review, Volume 31, p. 281
  19. Stearns, Peter N. and Langer, Leonard W. (2001). The Encyclopedia of world history, p.368
  20. Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Dean Shulman and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1992). Symbols of substance: court and state in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu, p.10 and p.218
  21. 1 2 Irschick, Eugene F. (1969). Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929. University of California Press. p. 8.
  22. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2002). The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650 (Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 304. ISBN 9780521892261.
  23. Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Improvising empire: Portuguese trade and settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1700, page 206
  24. Velchuru Narayana Rao and Sanjay Subrahmanyam Notes on Political Thought in Medieval and Early Modern South India. Modern Asian Studies (2009), 43:175–210 Cambridge University Press. Page 204
  25. Sheldon I Pollock. (2003). Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia, p.414. University of California Press
  26. G. Krishnan-Kutty (1999). The political economy of underdevelopment in India. Northern Book Centre. pp. 172–. ISBN 978-81-7211-107-6. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  27. G. Krishnan-Kutty (1 January 1986). Peasantry in India. Abhinav Publications. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-81-7017-215-4.
  28. Census of India, 1961, Volume 9, Part 6, Issue 29, p.19-22

Further reading

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