Ball (gridiron football)
In Canada and in the United States, the term football refers to a prolate spheroid ball used in the context of playing Gridiron football. Footballs are often made of cow hide leather, as such a material is required in professional and collegiate football. Footballs used in recreation, and in organised youth leagues, may be made of rubber or plastic materials (the high school football rulebooks still allow the inexpensive all-rubber footballs, though they are less common than leather).
History
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In the 1860s, manufactured inflatable balls were introduced through the innovations of shoemaker Richard Lindon. These were much more regular in shape than the handmade balls of earlier times, making kicking and carrying easier. These early footballs were plum-shaped. [1]
The football changed in 1934, with a rule change that tapered the ball at the ends more and reduced the size around the middle. This new, sleeker ball made it much easier to handle, particularly for passers. [2]
Properties
Coach John Heisman was a Shakespearean actor in the offseason, and would open each season by saying to his freshmen football players:
| “ | What is this? It is a prolate spheroid, an elongated sphere in which the outer leather casing is drawn tightly over a somewhat smaller rubber tubing. Better to have died as a small boy than to fumble this football. | ” |
Leather panels are typically tanned to a natural brown color, which is usually required in professional leagues and collegiate play. At least one manufacturer uses leather that has been tanned to provide a "tacky" grip in dry or wet conditions. Historically, white footballs have been used in games played at night so that the ball can be seen more easily; however, improved artificial lighting conditions have made this no longer necessary. At most levels of play (but not, notably, the NFL), white stripes are painted on each end of the ball, halfway around the circumference, to improve nighttime visibility and also to differentiate the college football from the pro football. However, the NFL once explored the usage of white-striped footballs – in Super Bowl VIII.[4]
The leather is usually stamped with a pebble-grain texture to help players grip the ball. Some or all of the panels may be stamped with the manufacturer's name, league or conference logos, signatures, and other markings. Four panels or pieces of leather or plastic are required for each football. After a series of quality control inspections for weight and blemishes, workers begin the actual manufacturing process.
Two of the panels are perforated along adjoining edges, so that they can be laced together. One of these lacing panels receives an additional perforation and reinforcements in its center, to hold the inflation valve. Each panel is attached to an interior lining. The four panels are then stitched together in an "inside-out" manner. The edges with the lacing holes, however, are not stitched together. The ball is then turned right side out by pushing the panels through the lacing hole. A polyurethane or rubber lining called a bladder is then inserted through the lacing hole. Polyvinyl chloride or leather laces are inserted through the perforations, to provide a grip for holding, hiking and passing the football. Before play, according to the NFL rules, the ball must be inflated to an air pressure between 12.5 and 13.5 pounds per square inch (86 and 93 kilopascals).[6] The ball weighs 14 to 15 ounces (400 to 430 grams).
Other leagues
In the CFL the stripes traverse the entire circumference of the ball. The UFL used a ball with lime-green stripes. The XFL used a novel color pattern, a black ball with red curved lines in lieu of stripes, for its footballs; this design was redone in a tan and navy color scheme for the Arena Football League in 2003. Two indoor American football leagues, the Ultimate Indoor Football League and American Indoor Football, use a ball with red, white and blue panels.
Regulations
In an NFL game, the home club must have 36 balls for an outdoor game or 24 for an indoor game, and they must be available for the referee to test with a pressure gauge two hours before the game. Twelve new footballs, sealed in a special box and shipped by the manufacturer, are opened in the officials’ locker room two hours before the game. These balls are specially marked with the letter "K" and are used exclusively for the kicking game.[7]
Since 1941, Horween Leather Company has been the exclusive supplier of leather for National Football League footballs.[8][9][10] The arrangement was established by Arnold Horween, who had played and coached in the NFL.[11] Horween Leather Company also supplies leather to Spalding, supplier of balls to the Arena Football League.[12]
See also
References
- ↑ http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/ball.htm
- ↑ http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/footballhistory.html
- ↑ Pees, Samuel T. "John Heisman, Football Coach". Oil History. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
- ↑ Kerry Byrne. "'The Duke' is back!" (subtitle - "The white stripes")". Coldhardfootballfacts.com. Retrieved 3 August 2006.
- ↑ Cochems, Eddie, "The Forward Pass and On-Side Kick", Spalding's How to Play Foot Ball, American Sports Publishing, Walter Camp, Editor, Revised 1907 edition
- ↑ "Rule 2: The Ball" (PDF). NFL.com. National Football League. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ↑ "Rulebook". Nfl.com. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ↑ "The NFL’s centenarians". Profootballhof.com. 7 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ↑ Scott Oldham (October 2001). "Bombs Away". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ↑ John Maxymuk (2012). NFL Head Coaches: A Biographical Dictionary, 1920–2011. McFarland. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
- ↑ Barbara Rolek (27 October 2003). "Horween's leather bound by tradition". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
- ↑ Horween Leather Company. encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013.