Bansuri

Bansuri
Other names Murali, Bansi, Baashi, Baanhi
Classification

Indian Woodwind Instrument
Playing range

2.5 Octaves (six-hole), 3 Octaves (seven-hole)
Related instruments

Venu
Musicians

List of Indian Flautists
More articles

Hindustani classical music, Pannalal Ghosh, Hariprasad Chaurasia

The bansuri is a transverse flute of North Asia made from a single hollow shaft of bamboo with six or seven finger holes. An ancient musical instrument associated with cowherds and the pastoral tradition, it is intimately linked to the love story of Krishnala and Radha and is also depicted in Buddhist paintings from around 100 CE. The Bansuri is revered as Lord Krishna's divine instrument and is often associated with Krishna's Rasa lila; mythological accounts tell of the tunes of Krishna's flute having a spellbinding and enthralling effect not only on the women of the Braj, but even on the animals of the region. The North Indian bansuri, typically about 14 inches in length, was traditionally used as a soprano instrument primarily for accompaniment in lighter compositions including film music. The bass variety (approximately 30", tonic E3 at A440Hz), pioneered by Pannalal Ghosh has now been indispensable in Hindustani Classical music for well over half a century. Bansuris range in size from less than 12" to nearly 40".

History

Hariprasad Chaurasia playing the Bansuri
Raghunath Prasanna playing tripura Bansuri in a concert

The word bansuri originates in the Sanskrit bans (बाँस) [bamboo] + sur (सुर) [melody]. There are two varieties of bansuri: transverse, and fipple. The fipple flute is usually played in folk music and is held at the lips like a whistle. Because it enables superior control, variations and embellishments, the transverse variety is preferred in Indian classical music.

Pannalal Ghosh (1911–1960) elevated the Bansuri from a "folk" instrument to the stage of what was then called "classical" music.[1] He experimented with the length, bore and number of holes, and found that longer length and larger bore allowed for better coverage of the lower octaves. He eventually pioneered longer bansuris with larger bores and a seventh hole placed a quarter turn inwards from the line of the other six finger holes.

A generation of musicians born in the 20's, probably inspired by the raise of bansuri playing initiated by Pannalal Ghosh, kept on developing and exploring the possibilities of the flute to render raga music. The work opportunity offered by the radio and the new institutions growing around North India encouraged many musicians to take on the flute to further its technique and styles. Among them was Raghunath Prasanna (c.1920- June 1999) a shehnai and flute player from Varanasi, Prakash Wadhera (1929-2005) a flute player and musical critic who joined the Gandharva Mahavidyalay as a teacher in Delhi, Vijay Raghav Rao (1925-) from Mumbai, and Devendra Murdeshwar (c.1923-2000).

Construction

Bansuri construction is a complex art. The bamboo suitable for making a bansuri needs to possess several qualities. It must be thin walled and straight with a uniform circular cross section and long internodes. Being a natural material, it is difficult to find bamboo shafts with all these characteristics, which in turn makes good bansuris rare and expensive. Suitable species of bamboo (such as Pseudostachyum) with these traits are endemic to the forests of Assam and Kerala.[2]

After harvesting a suitable specimen, the bamboo is seasoned to allow naturally present resins to strengthen it. Once ready, a cork stopper is inserted to block one end, next to which the blowing hole is burnt in. The holes must be burnt in with red hot skewers since drilling causes the fibrous bamboo to split along the length, rendering it useless. The approximate positions of the finger holes are calculated by measuring the bamboo shaft's inner and outer diameters and applying certain formulae. Flute makers have only one chance to burn the holes, and a single mistake ruins the flute, so they usually begin by burning in a small hole, after which they play the note and using a chromatic tuner and a drone called tanpura, gradually make adjustments by sanding the holes in small increments. Once all the holes are perfected, the bansuri is steeped in a solution of antiseptic oils, after which it is cleaned, dried and its ends are bound with silk or nylon threads for both decoration as well as protection against thermal expansion.

Playing

Sound samples
Bass Bansuri played with key of E(white three)

sound samples
Small Bansuri played with key of E(white three)

sound samples
Carnatic 8-hole Venu flute pitch E

Problems playing these files? See media help.

Indian music is played in 3 octaves—mandra (lower), madhya (middle), and taara (high) -- with ornamentations such as meendas (glides) and gamakas (oscillations).

Bansuris range in length from less than 12 inches (called muralis) up to about 40 inches (shankha bansuris). 20-inch bansuris are common. Another common and similar Indian flute played in South India is the venu, which is shorter in length and has 8 finger holes (this type of Indian flute is played by the Carnatic musician Shashank Subramanyam). The index, middle, and ring fingers of both hands are usually used to finger the six-hole bansuri. For the seven-hole bansuri, the little finger (pinky) of the lower hand is usually employed.[3]

fingering chart for a Bansuri

As with other air-reed wind instruments, the sound of a bansuri is generated from resonance of the air column inside it. The length of this column is varied by closing or leaving open, a varying number of holes. Half-holing is employed to play flat or minor notes. The 'sa' (on the Indian sargam scale, or equivalent 'do' on the octave) note is obtained by covering the first three holes from the blowing-hole. Octaves are varied by manipulating one's embouchure and controlling the blowing strength. Various grip styles are used by flutists to suit different lengths of Bansuris, the two prominent styles being the Pannalal Ghosh grip, which uses the fingertips to close the holes, and the Hariprasad Chaurasia grip, which uses the pads (flat undersides) of the fingers to close the holes.[4] While playing, the sitting posture is also important in that one should be careful not to strain one's back over long hours of practice. The size of a Bansuri affects its pitch. Longer bansuris with a larger bore have a lower pitch and the slimmer and shorter ones sound higher.

In order to play the diatonic scale on a bansuri, one needs to find where the notes lie. For example, in a bansuri where Sa or the tonic is always played by closing the first three holes, is equivalent to C, one can play sheet music by creating a finger notation that corresponds to different notes. A flutist is able to perform complex facets of Raga music such as microtonal inflections, ornamentation, and glissando by varying the breath, performing fast and dextrous fingering, and closing/opening the holes with slow, sweeping gestures. These techniques are demonstrated by the famous Indian flautist Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia.

Tunes as played in Bansuri, Tunes are from folk songs of Nepal

Care and maintenance

Since the bansuri is a natural woodwind instrument, it is prone to cracks and thermal stresses while playing.

Veteran players

Well-known bansuri players include Pannalal Ghosh (1911–1960), Raghunath Prasanna (c. 1920 – 1999), Vijay Raghav Rao (born 1925), Bholanath Prasanna (1930–1996), Raghunath Seth (1931–2014), Hariprasad Chaurasia (born c. 1938), Nityanand Haldipur (born 1948), Rajendra Prasanna (born 1956), Ronu Majumdar (born 1963),Rupak Kulkarni (born 1968) and Pravin Godkhindi (born 1973).

See also

Notes

  1. "the Legacy of Pandit Pannalal Ghosh". David Philipson, CalArts School of Music. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
  2. "Bansuri Bamboo Flute". Brindavan Gurukul.
  3. Leifer, Lyon (2005). How to Play the Bansuri: A Manual for Self-Instruction Based on the Teaching of Devendra Murdeshwar. Rasa Music Co. ISBN 0-9766219-0-8.
  4. "The Right Grip". Prasad Bhandarkar, bansuriflute.com.

External links


This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, May 03, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.