Barnaul
| Barnaul (English) Барнаул (Russian) | |
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.svg.png) Location of Altai Krai in Russia | |
  Barnaul | |
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| City Day | One of Sundays in August or September[2] |
| Administrative status (as of June 2014) | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Altai Krai[1] |
| Administratively subordinated to | city of krai significance of Barnaul[1] |
| Administrative center of | Altai Krai,[3] city of krai significance of Barnaul[1] |
| Municipal status (as of July 2009) | |
| Urban okrug | Barnaul Urban Okrug[4] |
| Administrative center of | Barnaul Urban Okrug[4] |
| Head[3] | Lyudmila Zubovich[3] |
| Representative body | City Duma[3] |
| Statistics | |
| Population (2010 Census) | 612,401 inhabitants[5] |
| - Rank in 2010 | 21st |
| Time zone | KRAT (UTC+07:00)[6] |
| Founded | 1730s[7] |
| City status since | 1771[2] |
| Postal code(s)[8] | 656000, 656002–656004, 656006, 656008, 656010–656012, 656015, 656016, 656018, 656019, 656021, 656023–656025, 656031, 656033, 656035–656039, 656043–656045, 656048–656050, 656052–656060, 656062–656068, 656700, 656880, 656890, 656899, 656905, 656960, 656961, 656963–656966, 656998, 656999, 901024, 901213 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3852 |
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| Barnaul on Wikimedia Commons | |
Barnaul (Russian: Барнаул; IPA: [bÉ™rnÉˈul]) is a city and the administrative center of Altai Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Barnaulka River into the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. At the end of 2015, the city had a population above 700,000 people,[9] making it the 21st largest city in Russia. The population of the Barnaul metropolitan area is estimated to be over 1.14 million.[10]
Barnaul was founded in 1730 as a settlement to serve a silver smeltmill owned by Akinfiy Demidov of the prominent Demidov industrialist family, and was incorporated as a city in 1771. Now it is one of the largest industrial, cultural and university centres in Siberia.
Geography
Barnaul is located in the forest steppe zone of the West Siberian Plain, on the left bank of the Ob River, at the confluence of Barnaulka into the Ob.
Barnaul is the closest major city to the Altai Mountains to the south. The border with Kasakhstan is only in 345 km to the south-west, whereas the distance from Moscow is 3580 km. The city is also situated relatively close to the border with Mongolia and China.
Barnaul lies in the UTC+7:00 time zone, the difference with the Moscow Time thus being plus three hours.
History
Ancient History
The area around the city has been inhabited by Modern Humans, Neanderthals & Denisovans, for hundreds of thousands of years.[11] In the late BC millennia, the locality was the centre of activity for Scythians and various Turkic peoples.[12]
Russian Empire
Barnaul was founded in 1730[13] and incorporated in 1771. Originally chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, the site was founded by the wealthy Demidov family in the 1730s.[7] In addition to the copper which had originally attracted the Demidovs, substantial deposits of silver were soon found as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown, and soon became the center of silver production in the Russian Empire.[14]
By the 1900s, Barnaul had grown into a major center of trade and culture of the region, especially after the construction of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway.
In 1914, Barnaul was the site of a draft riot, Russia's largest during World War I, which resulted in over a hundred casualties.[15]
World War II
It is estimated that over half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in World War II was produced in Barnaul.[16]
Administrative and municipal status
Barnaul is the administrative center of the krai.[3] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the work settlement of Yuzhny and twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the city of krai significance of Barnaul—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as Barnaul Urban Okrug.[4]
Climate
The continental climate of Barnaul (Köppen Dfb) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian steppe: it is subject to long winters, with an average of −15.5 °C (4.1 °F) in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of +19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter to above +35 °C (95 °F) in the summer.
The climate is relatively dry. The average precipitation in the area is 433 millimeters (17.0 in) per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season.
| Climate data for Barnaul | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
32.3 (90.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
36.6 (97.9) |
37.9 (100.2) |
38.3 (100.9) |
34.0 (93.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
38.3 (100.9) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −10.8 (12.6) |
−8.1 (17.4) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.3 (75.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
9.2 (48.6) |
−2.2 (28) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
12.8 (55) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −20.1 (−4.2) |
−18.7 (−1.7) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−10.0 (14) |
−17.4 (0.7) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −48.2 (−54.8) |
−42.9 (−45.2) |
−35.5 (−31.9) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.9 (37.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−7.8 (18) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−38.9 (−38) |
−43.1 (−45.6) |
−48.2 (−54.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24 (0.94) |
18 (0.71) |
17 (0.67) |
28 (1.1) |
40 (1.57) |
55 (2.17) |
68 (2.68) |
44 (1.73) |
43 (1.69) |
37 (1.46) |
37 (1.46) |
31 (1.22) |
433 (17.05) |
| Average rainy days | 0.4 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 6 | 1 | 118 |
| Average snowy days | 22 | 20 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 24 | 122 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 76 | 74 | 63 | 55 | 64 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 73 | 79 | 79 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 77 | 112 | 178 | 218 | 272 | 315 | 320 | 265 | 199 | 109 | 75 | 64 | 2,204 |
| Source #1: pogoda.ru.net[17] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)[18] | |||||||||||||
Economy
Barnaul is an important industrial center of Western Siberia. There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120 thousand people. Leading industries in the city work with diesel and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tires, furniture and footwear.[19]
Transportation
It lies at a junction of the Novosibirsk–Almaty and Biysk train lines. There are also frequent buses to nearby cities Biysk and Gorno-Altaysk.
Barnaul Airport is located about fifteen minutes from the center of the city and offers daily flights to and from Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Education and culture
Barnaul is an important regional center of scientific development. Five universities, including Altai State Technical University, Barnaul State Pedagogical University, Altai State Medical University, Altai State Agrarian University and Altai State University, as well as 35 libraries are located in the city. Barnaul also has five theatres and three museums. The city's Museum of Local Lore was founded in 1823 and is one of the oldest in Siberia, displaying local artists' work as well as unique artifacts from the Altai region.
The city also has 'The South-Siberian Botanical Garden' (SSBG),[20] linked to Altai State University.[21]
Sports
Since 1957 FC Dynamo Barnaul has been the city's professional football club.
Twin towns and sister cities
Barnaul is twinned with:
Flagstaff, Arizona, United States
Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain
Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China
Notable people
- Pyotr Kozmitch Frolov, scientist & inventor
- Tatyana Kotova, Olympic champion in long jump
- Julia Neigel, singer, songwriter
- Ivan Nifontov, Olympic champion in Taekwondo
- Anna Nikolskaya-Ekseli, writer of children's books and sci-fi
- Alexey Novikov-Priboy, writer
- Ivan Polzunov, inventor, creator of the first two-cylinder engine in the world
- Konstantin Scherbakov, pianist
- Sergey Shubenkov, track and field athlete, 2015 World Champion[22]
- Nadezhda Shuvayeva-Olkhova, Olympic champion in Basketball
- Alexey Smertin, former captain of the Russia national football team
- Rita Streich, coloratura soprano
- Nikolai Yadrintsev, explorer & archeologist. Discoveries include the Orkhon script, Genghis Khan's capital, Karakorum
- Mikhail Yevdokimov, comedian & former governor of Altai Krai
- Kot Barsik, mayoral "candidate"[23]
Images of Barnaul
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A cafe on Kalinina Avenue
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Barnaul's main street as seen from the new Ob River Bridge.
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Barnaul's first 25-storey building
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The City Duma of Barnaul
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The Altai Dramatic Theater
See also
References
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 Law #28-ZS
- 1 2 ИÑторичеÑкий опыт хозÑйÑтвенного и культурного оÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð—Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Сибири: Сборник научных трудов. Кн. I. Барнаул: Изд-во Ðлт. ун-та. Под ред. Ю. Ф. Кирюшина и Ð. Ð. Тишкина. 2003. p. 464.
- 1 2 3 4 5 http://www.barnaul.org/
- 1 2 3 Law #144-ZS
- ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Ð’ÑероÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Ð’ÑероÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ↑ ПравительÑтво РоÑÑийÑкой Федерации. Федеральный закон â„–107-ФЗ от 3 Ð¸ÑŽÐ½Ñ 2011 г. «Об иÑчиÑлении времени», в ред. Федерального закона â„–248-ФЗ от 05 Ð°Ð¿Ñ€ÐµÐ»Ñ 2016 г. «О внеÑении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об иÑчиÑлении времени"». Ð’Ñтупил в Ñилу по иÑтечении шеÑтидеÑÑти дней поÑле Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¾Ð¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ (6 авгуÑта 2011 г.). Опубликован: "РоÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð³Ð°Ð·ÐµÑ‚Ð°", â„–120, 6 Ð¸ÑŽÐ½Ñ 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of April 05, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
- 1 2 ÐÐ½Ñ†Ð¸ÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð“Ð¾Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð° РоÑÑии. Moscow: Ð‘Ð¾Ð»ÑŒÑˆÐ°Ñ Ð Ð¾ÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐнциклопедиÑ. 2003. p. 37. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ↑ Почта РоÑÑии. Информационно-вычиÑлительный центр ОÐСУ РПО. (Russian Post). ПоиÑк объектов почтовой ÑвÑзи (Postal Objects Search) (Russian)
- ↑ http://barnaul.fm/2016/02/08/chislo-zhitelej-barnaula-perevalilo-za-700-tysyach-chelovek/
- ↑ http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2012/0517/analit01.php
- ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3238424/Inside-cave-home-Denisovans-Neanderthals-Homo-sapiens-Different-species-early-man-used-shelter-thousands-years.html
- ↑ https://books.google.ca/books?id=ijJ4o2iorhkC&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=scythians+barnaul&source=bl&ots=Ph6ygUJmhn&sig=rozXeR75ObBBpV2fns0SWByPigY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIv9vK6q7-xwIVBFuSCh0iGgHC#v=onepage&q=scythians%20barnaul&f=false
- ↑ "Barnaul - capital of Altai Krai". Altai Region. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
- ↑ http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/borod5/got/15.html
- ↑ Sanborn, Josh. "The Mobilization of 1917 and the Question of the Russian Nation." Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 2: pp. 267-89.
- ↑ http://www.webcitation.org/6144m19m3
- ↑ "Weather And Climate - Climate Barnaul" (in Russian). Retrieved May 14, 2015.
- ↑ "Climate Normals for Barnaul". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ↑ http://www.barnaul.org/vlast/itogi-08/
- ↑ "The South-Siberian Botanical Garden". ssbg.asu.ru. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ↑ "South-Siberian Botanical Garden". biologybrowser.com. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ↑ http://barnaul.fm/2015/08/28/sergej-shubenkov-vyigral-zoloto-na-chempionate-mira-po-lyogkoj-atletike-v-pekine/
- ↑ "This City in Siberia Would Rather Elect a Cat Mayor". 2015-12-13. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
Sources
- ÐлтайÑкий краевой Совет народных депутатов. Закон â„–28-ЗС от 1 марта 2008 г. «Об админиÑтративно-территориальном уÑтройÑтве ÐлтайÑкого краÑ», в ред. Закона â„–72-ЗС от 2 ÑентÑÐ±Ñ€Ñ 2015 г. «О внеÑении изменений в Закон ÐлтайÑкого ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ "Об админиÑтративно-территориальном уÑтройÑтве ÐлтайÑкого краÑ"». Ð’Ñтупил в Ñилу 8 марта 2008 г. Опубликован: "ÐлтайÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°", â„–67, 8 марта 2008 г. (Altai Krai Council of People's Deputies. Law #28-ZS of March 1, 2008 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #72-ZS of September 2, 2015 On Amending the Law of Altai Krai "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Altai Krai". Effective as of March 8, 2008.).
- ÐлтайÑкое краевое Законодательное Собрание. Закон â„–144-ЗС от 27 Ð´ÐµÐºÐ°Ð±Ñ€Ñ 2008 г. «О ÑтатуÑе и границах муниципального и админиÑтративно-территориального Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¾Ð´ Барнаул ÐлтайÑкого краÑ», в ред. Закона â„–44-ЗС от 2 Ð¸ÑŽÐ»Ñ 2009 г «О внеÑении изменений в Приложение 1 к Закону ÐлтайÑкого ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ "О ÑтатуÑе и границах муниципального и админиÑтративно-территориального Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ñ€Ð¾Ð´ Барнаул ÐлтайÑкого краÑ"». Ð’Ñтупил в Ñилу через 10 дней поÑле Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ опубликованиÑ. Опубликован: "ÐлтайÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°", â„–5–6, 15 ÑÐ½Ð²Ð°Ñ€Ñ 2009 г. (Altai Krai Legislative Assembly. Law #144-ZS of December 27, 2008 On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal and the Administrative-Territorial Formation of the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #44-ZS of July 2, 2009 On Amending Appendix 1 of the Law of Altai Krai "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal and the Administrative-Territorial Formation of the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the day of the official publication.).
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Барнаул. |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Barnaul. |
Barnaul travel guide from Wikivoyage- Barnaul.org Official website of Barnaul
- Weather in Barnaul
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