Battle of Seseña

Battle of Seseña Part of the Spanish Civil War T-26 mod. 1933 in service in the Spanish Republican Army, near Salamanca, Spain. Date October 29, 1936 Location Seseña, Toledo, Spain Result Nationalist victory Belligerents Spanish Republic Nationalist Spain Commanders and leaders Enrique Líster Ildefonso Puigdendolas Pavel Arman Lt. Colonel Felix Monasterio Strength 1st Mixed Brigade: (around 3,800 men)[1] 15 T-26 tanks one cavalry column: ? regulares:? at least 11 italian L3/33 tankettes Casualties and losses 8 dead[2] 3 tanks destroyed Soviet claim: 600 dead[3] 11 tankettes destroyed

The Battle of Seseña was an ill-fated Republican assault on the Nationalist stronghold of Seseña, near Toledo, 30 km south of Madrid in October 1936 during the Spanish Civil War. After the fall of Talavera de la Reina and Toledo in September 1936, the Nationalist troops pushed towards Madrid and in October they were 30 km from Madrid. Then the Republican government which had received new Russian weapons decided to launch a counteroffensive in order to stop the Nationalist offensive at Seseña. The attack failed and the Nationalists resumed their advance towards Madrid. The battle is notable for being the first time that tank warfare was seen in the Spanish war and for the use by Nationalist troops of Molotov cocktails against Soviet T-26 tanks.^[4][5]

Background

The professional troops of the Spanish Army of Africa had started their drive to Madrid in August 1936. Equipped with modern weapons they had received from Germany and Italy (Ju-52 and Savoia SM-81 planes, and Italian tankettes), the Nationalist troops, had defeated the government militias in the battles of Mérida, Badajoz, Sierra de Guadalupe^[6] and Talavera de la Reina,^[7] and had occupied Toledo on September 27, 1936. In late October 1936 the Nationalists took several towns near Madrid (Torrejon de Velasco, Seseña, Torrejón de la Calzada and Griñon), breaking the first defensive line of Madrid.^[8]

Meanwhile, the Republican government had requested aid and weapons from France in order to defeat the Nationalist forces and the president of the French Republic, Léon Blum initially decided to send help because a Nationalist victory could damage the international position of France. Nevertheless, on July 25, 1936 Blum decided not to send weapons to the Republic, because the opposition of the British government and the French right.,^[9] and on August 8, 1936 decided to close the frontier,^[10] Then, the Spanish government decided to buy weapons from the Soviet Union. The first Soviet ship with weapons reached Cartagena on October 15, 1936.^[11] On 28 October 1936, the Republican prime minister Largo Caballero decided to launch a counter-offensive with the Soviet weapons in order to detain the Nationalists advance towards Madrid.^[12]

The Battle

On October 29, 1936, the Spanish Republican Army launched an attack against the Nationalist-held town of Seseña. The Republicans attacked with a force of 15 T-26 tanks, armed with a 45mm cannon, led by a Lithuanian tank specialist, Captain Paul Arman, and driven by Russians with Spanish gunners, and the 1st Mixed Brigade, a newly-established mixed brigade led by Enrique Líster. Opposing them, the Nationalists had a force of cavalry led by colonel Monasterio, Moroccan regulares and some Italian tankettes. The Russian tanks were mased together for a shock attack and entered in Seseña. Arman claimed that the Soviet tanks destroyed two infantry battalions, two cavalry squadrons, ten 75 mm guns, two tankettes and 20-30 trucks.^[13] The tanks crossed Seseña and reached Esquivias,^[14] nevertheless, the Mixed Brigade of Lister never entered into the town and the tank force had to retreat.^[15] Mikhail Koltsov, a Russian journalist at Seseña said: "Lister...explained, a grimace upon his face, that his units, had been moving well at first, but after 1,500 metres, they had felt tired and sat down...".^[16] Furthermore, the Nationalists managed to knock down three Russian tanks with Molotov cocktails.^[17] The same day, the Republican army, led by colonel Ildefonso Puigdendolas, launched another assault against the near town of Illescas, but the attack failed and Puigdendolas died.^[18]

Aftermath

The attack failed, because the Spanish Republican infantry had no training to operate with tanks,^[19] but the Russian tanks were shown to be effective. According to Thomas, one Russian tank destroyed 11 Italian tankettes.^[20] The same day a squadron of Russian Katiuska bombers attacked Seville. Because the arrival of the Russian weapons the Nazi Germany decided to increase their aid to the Nationalists and to organize the Legion Condor.^[21]

The Nationalists resumed their offensive, Getafe (13 km south of Madrid) fell on November 4 and on November 8 the Nationalists started their frontal assault on Madrid. Nevertheless, Mola decided to retire a part of their troops from the assault on Madrid, in order to reinforce the flanks, because the fear of another tank attack.^[22]

Notes

1. According to Thomas each mixed brigade was to be 3,800 strong, but most of the brigades never achieve this streng. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.530
2. http://www.gutenberg-e.org/kod01/kod21.html
3. http://www.gutenberg-e.org/kod01/kod21.html
4. History of the Molotov cocktail
5. Thomas, Hugh (1994). The Spanish Civil War. Simon & Schuster, p. 468. ISBN 0-671-75876-4
6. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.362
7. Graham, Helen. (2005). The Spanish Civil War. Oxford University Press. p. 35
8. Beevor, Antony. (2001). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. p.169
9. Preston, Paul. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution&Revenge. Harper Perennial. London. pp.127-128
10. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.375
11. Preston, Paul. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution&Revenge. Harper Perennial. London. p.150
12. Beevor, Antony. (2001). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. p.169
13. http://bobrowen.com/nymas/soviet_tank_operations_in_the_sp.htm
14. http://bobrowen.com/nymas/soviet_tank_operations_in_the_sp.htm
15. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.454
16. Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. p.169
17. Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. p.169
18. es:Batalla de Seseña
19. http://bobrowen.com/nymas/soviet_tank_operations_in_the_sp.htm
20. Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. p.454
21. Beevor, Antony. (2001). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. pp.174-175
22. Jackson, Gabriel. (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939. Princeton University Press. Princeton. p.320

Bibliography

• Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain. The Spanish civil war, 1936-1939. Penguin Books. London. ISBN 978-0-14-303765-1.
• Jackson, Gabriel. (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939. Princeton University Press. Princeton.
• Preston, Paul. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. Harper Perennial. London. ISBN 978-0-00-723207-9 ISBN 0-00-723207-1
• Thomas, Hugh. (2001) The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. ISBN 978-0-14-101161-5

External links

• Soviet tanks operations in the Spanish Civil War
• Stalin and the Spanish Civil War